Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563)
31-598: The International Commission on English in the Liturgy ( ICEL ) is a commission set up by a number of episcopal conferences of English-speaking countries for the purpose of providing English translations of the liturgical books of the Roman Rite , the originals of which are in Latin . Decisions to adopt these translations are made by the episcopal conference of the country concerned, and these decisions are reviewed by
62-443: A more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language). The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language. On the other hand, formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with
93-589: A new English translation of the Roman Missal, which followed the principle of " formal equivalence " mandated by Liturgiam Authenticam . The completed translation received the approval of the Holy See in April 2010 and was put into effect in most countries at the end of November 2011. Before and after its implementation, this translation generated controversy both because of its language and syntax, and because of
124-683: The Antilles , Bangladesh, CEPAC (Pacific islands), Gambia - Liberia - Sierra Leone, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia - Singapore, Malawi, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The eleven member bishops are assisted by the ICEL secretariat in Washington, which coordinates the work of specialists throughout the world who work on preparing translations. Liturgical books that have appeared in ICEL translations (some of which have been superseded) include: Of all
155-887: The Catholic Church in a given territory. Episcopal conferences have long existed as informal entities. The first assembly of bishops to meet regularly, with its own legal structure and ecclesial leadership function, is the Swiss Bishops' Conference, which was founded in 1863. More than forty episcopal conferences existed before the Second Vatican Council . Their status was confirmed by the Second Vatican Council and further defined by Pope Paul VI's 1966 motu proprio , Ecclesiae sanctae . Episcopal conferences are generally defined by geographic borders, often national ones, with all
186-661: The Holy See before being put into effect. Bishops from English-speaking countries who were in Rome for the Second Vatican Council set up the Commission in 1963 in view of their intention to implement the Council's authorization to use more extensively the vernacular language, instead of Latin, in the liturgy. On 15 September 2003, ICEL was formally established as a mixed commission of several bishops conferences in accordance with
217-404: The receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors." The desire is that the reader of both languages would understand the meanings of the text in a similar fashion. In later years, Nida distanced himself from the term "dynamic equivalence" and preferred the term " functional equivalence ". What the term "functional equivalence" suggests is not just that the equivalence is between
248-762: The Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Cardinal Robert Sarah , clarifying that the Holy See and its departments would have only limited authority to confirm liturgical translations recognized by a local episcopal conference. In late February, 2018, the Council of Cardinals and Pope Francis undertook a consideration of the theological status of episcopal conferences, re-reading Pope John Paul II's Apostolos Suos in
279-399: The Roman Missal, particularly because even the 1973 ICEL version was at some points an adaptation rather than a translation. An example was the rendering of the response " Et cum spiritu tuo " ("And with your spirit") as "And also with you". To correspond with the demands of the Congregation for Divine Worship, there was a change in the leadership of the ICEL in 2002. After this ICEL prepared
310-503: The best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida ), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text ; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text. Nida formulated the distinction originally in relation to Bible translations . The "Formal-equivalence" approach emphasizes fidelity to
341-453: The bishops in a given country belonging to the same conference, although they may also include neighboring countries. Certain authority and tasks are assigned to episcopal conferences, particularly with regard to setting the liturgical norms for the Mass . Episcopal conferences receive their authority under universal law or particular mandates. In certain circumstances, as defined by canon law ,
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#1732765056997372-652: The bishops of different rites in a nation, both Eastern Catholic and Latin Catholic ; these are described in canon 322 §2 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . The nature of episcopal conferences, and their magisterial authority in particular, was subsequently clarified by Pope John Paul II in his 1998 motu proprio , Apostolos suos , which stated that the declarations of such conferences "constitute authentic magisterium" when approved unanimously by
403-485: The books that ICEL translated, the Roman Missal is the one that Catholics in general are most familiar with. The first translation that ICEL produced appeared in 1973, less than four years after the Latin original had appeared. In keeping with the 1969 Vatican instruction on translation Comme le prévoit, it was not a literal translation of the Latin texts but sought what has come to be called " dynamic equivalence ," capturing
434-636: The conference; otherwise the conference must achieve a two-thirds majority and seek the recognitio , that is, recognition of approval, of the Holy See, which they will not receive if the majority "is not substantial". In the 2013 apostolic exhortation , Evangelii Gaudium , Pope Francis expressed his concern that the intent of the Second Vatican Council, which would give episcopal conferences "genuine doctrinal authority, has not yet been sufficiently elaborated." On September 9, 2017, Pope Francis modified canon law , granting episcopal conferences specific authority "to faithfully prepare … approve and publish
465-448: The decisions of an episcopal conference are subject to ratification from the Holy See . Individual bishops do not relinquish their immediate authority for the governance of their respective dioceses to the conference. The operation, authority, and responsibilities of episcopal conferences are currently governed by the 1983 Code of Canon Law (see especially canons 447–459) In addition, there are assemblies of bishops which include
496-499: The entire volume in 2002 – refused its consent for adoption of the proposed new English version based on the earlier Latin edition. On 28 March 2001, the Congregation for Divine Worship issued the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam , which included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in
527-474: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life An episcopal conference , often also called a bishops’ conference or conference of bishops , is an official assembly of the bishops of
558-438: The function of the source text in the source culture and the function of the target text (translation) in the target culture, but that "function" can be thought of as a property of the text. It is possible to associate functional equivalence with how people interact in cultures . A similar distinction was expressed by Maimonides in a letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon , his translator, in 1199. He wrote: I shall premise one rule:
589-432: The grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original grammatical structure. Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases,
620-524: The instruction Liturgiam authenticam . Eleven bishops conferences are full members of ICEL, each of them represented by a bishop. Those full members of ICEL are the conferences of Australia , Canada , England and Wales , India , Ireland , New Zealand , Pakistan , the Philippines , Scotland , South Africa , and the United States of America . Another 15 are associate members: those of
651-656: The language. By 1998, ICEL completed a new version in English of the Roman Missal. This translation included richer translations of the Latin texts, but it also included original compositions prepared by ICEL, particularly alternative collects based on the Sunday Lectionary, an alternative contemporary form of the Easter Proclamation ( Exsultet ), variant texts in the Order of Mass , and some options in
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#1732765056997682-412: The lexical details and grammatical structure of the source language , whereas "dynamic equivalence" tends to employ a rendering that is more natural to the target language . According to Eugene Nida , dynamic equivalence , the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of
713-495: The light of Pope Francis's Evangelii Gaudium . Source: Notes In addition to the episcopal conferences as defined by the Holy See, there are a number of other regional groupings of bishops: Synods of Bishops of the Patriarchal and Major Archiepiscopal Churches National assemblies of Hierarchs of Churches Sui Iuris (including eastern Catholic as well as Latin ordinaries) Formal equivalence In semantics ,
744-541: The liturgical books for the regions for which they are responsible after the confirmation of the Apostolic See." The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments , which formerly had primary responsibility for translations, was ordered to "help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task." On October 22, 2017, the Holy See released a letter that Pope Francis had sent to
775-494: The meaning of the prayer but avoiding technical terms: "no special literary training should be required of the people; liturgical texts should normally be intelligible to all, even to the less educated". The resulting English translation of the Roman Missal (called Sacramentary in the United States) received wide acceptance, but was also criticized for straying too far from the Latin originals and for occasional banality in
806-412: The most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." In the following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released. These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of
837-458: The order of words, putting many words for one word, and vice versa, so that the subject be perfectly intelligible in the language into which he translates. Maimonides comes down on the side of dynamic/functional equivalence, though perhaps not going so far as to consider the cultural function of the text. He does clearly reject formal equivalence as "doubtful and corrupt". Because the functional equivalence approach eschews strict adherence to
868-453: The process by which it was prepared. Episcopal conference Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
899-463: The rubrics, particularly around the celebration of weekday Masses. This new translation was approved by all the bishops' conferences that were members of ICEL and was submitted to the Congregation of Divine Worship for confirmation, as required by canon law . The Congregation, whose work on a new edition of the Roman Missal in Latin was already well advanced – part of it was published in 2000 and
930-658: The source language to analyze how meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated idioms , rhetorical devices (such as chiastic structures in the Hebrew Bible ) and diction in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning. Sandy Habib observed how the Arabic, Hebrew and English words for angel have slightly varying connotations. This leads to religio-cultural differences over questions such as whether angels are immortal or capable of doing evil, and their appearance (e.g.
961-426: The translator who proposes to render each word literally and adhere slavishly to the order of the words and sentences in the original, will meet with much difficulty and the result will be doubtful and corrupt. This is not the right method. The translator should first try to grasp the meaning of the subject, and then state the theme with perfect clarity in the other language. This, however, cannot be done without changing