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24-753: IL28 or IL-28 may be: Ilyushin Il-28 , a Cold War-era Soviet ground attack aircraft Interleukin 28 , a cytokine for stimulating the growth of T cell lymphocytes Illinois Route 28, the former name of U.S. Route 34 in Illinois See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "il28"  or "il-28" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing il28 All pages with titles beginning with IL-28 All pages with titles containing IL-28 IL (disambiguation) 28 (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

48-654: A beam in the bomb bay. One unusual design feature of the Il-28 was that the wings and tail were split horizontally through the centre of the wing, while the fuselage was split vertically at the centreline, allowing the separate parts to be built individually and fitted out with systems before being bolted together to complete assembly of the aircraft. This slightly increased the weight of the aircraft structure, but eased manufacture and proved to be more economical. The first prototype, powered by two imported Nenes, made its maiden flight on 8 July 1948, with Vladimir Kokkinaki at

72-803: A different tail turret based on that of the Tupolev Tu-16 , and fitted with faster-firing AM-23 cannons. Chinese-built Il-28s designated H-5 and built by HAMC were still flying in the 1990s with several hundreds in China itself, and a smaller number in North Korea and Romania . The three main Chinese versions are the H-5 bomber, followed by the HJ-5 trainer, and the H-5R (HZ-5) long range (in comparison to

96-881: A small group of around a dozen serviceable aircraft. They give North Korea a means of bombing targets in South Korea and Western Japan, although they would be vulnerable to modern anti air missiles and interceptors. Several Ilyushin Il-28s are preserved in museums and as monuments in Russia, Germany, Hungary and in other countries. Note: Order of variants determined chronologically by production/development dates. Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83 General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Bombardier (air force) A bombardier or bomb aimer

120-713: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ilyushin Il-28 After a number of attempts at a four-engined bomber (the Lyulka TR-1 powered Ilyushin Il-22 and the unbuilt Rolls-Royce Derwent powered Ilyushin Il-24), the Ilyushin Design Bureau began development of a new jet-powered tactical bomber in late 1947. Western intelligence focused on

144-602: Is the crew member of a bomber aircraft responsible for the targeting of aerial bombs . "Bomb aimer" was the preferred term in the military forces of the Commonwealth , while "bombardier" (from the French word for "bomb thrower" and similar in meaning to " grenadier ") was the equivalent position in the United States Armed Forces . In many planes, the bombardier took control of the airplane during

168-475: The Sino-Soviet split occurred in the late 1950s, it decided to place the Il-28 into production, despite no manufacturing license being obtained. Chinese-built aircraft differed from the original Soviet aircraft in that they have a redesigned wing structure, abandoning the horizontal manufacturing break, saving 110 kilograms (240 lb) at the cost of a more difficult construction. Chinese aircraft also used

192-590: The 1980s. The Soviet Union had relegated the Il-28 to second-line duties by the late-1950s. The supersonic Yak-28 was introduced in the early 1960s to take over the Beagle's low-level attack role; some Il-28 variants lingered in Soviet service into the 1980s. The last Soviet-built examples were still flying in Egypt into the 1990s. The People's Republic of China received over 250 Soviet-built Il-28s from 1952, and when

216-538: The Commonwealth, a bomb aimer could be an officer or (more frequently) a senior non-commissioned officer (sergeant or flight sergeant ) or warrant officer ; like wireless operators, air engineers and air gunners, all officer bomb aimers were commissioned from the ranks after non-commissioned aircrew service, unlike pilots and navigators who could also join directly as commissioned officers. During World War II , US Army Air Forces bombardiers were recognized with

240-554: The Moscow May Day parade of 1950 (as ordered by Joseph Stalin when it was ordered into production in 1949). The Il-28 soon became the standard tactical bomber in the Soviet forces and was widely exported. The Il-28 was widely exported, serving in the air arms of some 20 nations ranging from the Warsaw Pact to various Middle-Eastern and African air forces. Egypt was an early customer, and targeting Egyptian Il-28s on

264-639: The Nene, the RD-45 , with Ilyushin designing the new bomber around two RD-45s. The Il-28 was smaller than the previous designs and carried a crew of only three (pilot, navigator and gunner). It was also smaller than the competing design from the Tupolev design bureau, the three-engined (i.e. two Nenes and a Rolls-Royce Derwent ) Tupolev Tu-73 , which had been started long before the Ilyushin project, and flew before

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288-563: The RD-45 to be used in order to improve the aircraft's performance. The first pre-production aircraft with VK-1 engines flew on 8 August 1949, and featured reshaped engine nacelles to reduce drag, while the radome for the navigation radar was moved from the rear fuselage to just aft of the nosewheel. Full production in three factories started in September 1949, with service deliveries starting in early 1950, allowing 25 Il-28s to be displayed at

312-599: The award of the Bombardier Badge . They were selected during training for their sense of timing and manual dexterity. With the establishment of an independent US Air Force in 1947, USAF bombardiers were awarded the wings known as the Navigator badge, now known as the Combat Systems Officer badge. Commonwealth bomb aimers wore a single-wing aircrew brevet with the letter "B". The aircraft of

336-493: The bombing run, using a device such as the Norden bombsight which was connected to the autopilot of the plane. Often stationed in the extreme front of the aircraft, on the way to the target and after releasing the bombs, he could also serve as the front gunner in aircraft that had a front turret . In the latter part of the 20th century, the title of bombardier fell into disuse, due largely to changes in technology, emanating from

360-528: The controls. Testing was successful, with the Il-28 demonstrating good handling and reaching a speed of 833 km/h (518 mph). It was followed on 30 December 1948 by the second prototype, with Soviet built RD-45 engines replacing the Nenes. After the completion of state tests in early 1949 the aircraft was ordered into large scale production on 14 May 1949, with the Klimov VK-1 , an improved version of

384-448: The design of the Il-28 was approved. The Il-28 design was conventional in layout, with high, unswept wings and a swept horizontal tail and fin. The engines were carried in bulky nacelles slung directly under the wings. The nosewheel retracted rearwards, while the mainwheels retracted forwards into the engine nacelles. The crew of three were accommodated in separate, pressurised compartments. The navigator, who also acted as bombardier ,

408-468: The four-engine developments while the twin-engine Ilyushin Il-28 was created to meet a requirement for a bomber to carry a 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb) bombload at 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph). The new design took advantage of the sale of a number of Rolls-Royce Nene jet engines by Great Britain to the Soviet Union, which allowed Soviet engineers to quickly produce an unlicensed copy of

432-898: The ground was a priority for the Royal Air Force during the Suez Crisis and later by the Israeli Air Force during the Six-Day War , and Yom Kippur War . Egyptian Il-28s also took part in the North Yemen Civil War , starting in 1963. In addition to attacks on the royalist forces, they also bombed the Saudi cities of Jizan , Najran , and Khamis Mushait . Two Egyptian Il-28s may have been shot down near Sanaa by Royal Saudi Air Force Hawker Hunters flown by British pilots, in 1966. The Soviet Union

456-697: The reconnaissance version of the Shenyang J-6 ) reconnaissance aircraft, and later, the HD-5 ECM / ESM version. The latter two types have been phased out. The type is known to still be in active service with the North Korean Air Force, although little is known as to whether they are a mix of survivors from the batch of 24 Soviet-manufactured aircraft delivered in the 1960s and some of the newer Chinese-built H-5 variant, or are solely H-5s. Some of these are probably used for spares to maintain

480-567: The replacement of this manual function with the development of computerized technology and smart bombs , that has given rise to terms like weapon systems officer or combat systems officer to describe the modern role. The equivalent in the US Navy and US Marine Corps is the naval flight officer . In the United States, the position of bombardier was originally held by a sergeant , but they were commissioned as officers in 1941. In

504-450: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IL-28&oldid=1038043568 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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528-524: The turret was sometimes removed as a weight saving measure. While the pilot and navigator sat on ejector seats , the gunner had to parachute out of a hatch in the floor in the event of an emergency. Two more fixed, forward-firing 23 mm cannon with 100 rounds each were mounted under the nose and fired by the pilot, while a bomb bay was located in the fuselage, capable of holding four 100 kg (220 lb) bombs in individual containers, or single large bombs of up to 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) slung from

552-573: Was accommodated in the glazed nose compartment and was provided with an OPB-5 bombsight based on the American Norden bombsight of the Second World War, while the pilot sat under a sideways opening bubble canopy with an armoured windscreen. The gunner sat in a separate compartment at the rear of the fuselage, operating a power driven turret armed with two Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 23 mm cannons with 250 rounds each. In service,

576-945: Was in the process of providing the type for local assembly in Cuba when this was halted by the Cuban Missile Crisis , after which Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove them. The type also saw limited use in Vietnam and with the Afghan forces in Afghanistan . Four ex-Egyptian and two ex-Soviet Il-28s (all with Egyptian crews) were operated by the Nigerian Air Force in the Biafra Wars . Finland also had four examples of this type delivered between 1961 and 1966 for target-towing duties. They remained in service until

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