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30-672: Tupolev is successor to the Soviet Tupolev Design Bureau ( OKB -156, design office prefix Tu ) founded in 1922 by aerospace pioneer and engineer Andrei Tupolev , who led the company for 50 years until his death in 1972. Tupolev designed over 100 models of civilian and military aircraft and produced more than 18,000 aircraft for Russia, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc since its founding, and celebrated its 100th anniversary on 22 October 2022. Tupolev

60-579: A passenger aircraft in 1978. In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu-154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu-154M. In the 1980s the design bureau developed

90-559: Is a transliteration of the Russian initials of " опытно-конструкторское бюро " – opytno konstruktorskoye byuro , meaning 'experiment and design bureau'. During the Soviet era , OKBs were closed institutions working on design and prototyping of advanced technology , usually for military applications . The corresponding English language term for such a bureau's activity is R&D or " research and development ." For security, each bureau

120-486: Is involved in numerous aerospace and defence sectors including development, manufacturing, and overhaul for both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems, and also missile and naval aviation technologies. In 2006, Tupolev became a division of the United Aircraft Corporation in a merger with Mikoyan , Ilyushin , Irkut , Sukhoi , and Yakovlev by decree of

150-562: Is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear . These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low-pressure tires , which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example, the Tu-154 airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727 , has 14 tyres,

180-625: Is why NATO gave the code name Backfin and the (fictitious) designation Yak-42. A commissioning was never planned for the Tu-98. The only prototype was flown only for test purposes and at the air parade in Tushino . The design of the Tu-98 had a major impact on the prototype of the Tupolev Tu-28 interceptor, officially known as the Tu-128. In addition to aerodynamic tests for the Tu-128, the Tu-98

210-580: The Kubinka military airfield near Moscow in June 1956 and presented by Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev as the latest Soviet bomber development. The US military was impressed and, as no details were given about the aircraft, assigned the design to the Yakovlev design office. There were also speculations about an alleged series production, which was estimated at 15 pieces per year in 1958, which

240-624: The Tu-16 . Work on the prototype began on the basis of the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on April 12, 1954. The aircraft's chief designer was D. S. Markov. The aircraft was built in 1955 and took to the air for the first time in 1956. Test flights continued until 1959. The Tu-98 did not pass any of the state tests nor did it enter into production due to numerous, unresolved manufacturing and technological difficulties. The aircraft

270-471: The Tushino airfield outside Moscow in June 1956, but it subsequently did not enter service, and only the single prototype was completed. The basic design of the Tu-98 had a great influence on the subsequent prototype of the Tupolev Tu-28 interceptor, officially known as the Tu-128 (NATO codename 'Fiddler'). The Tu-98 was a supersonic bomber developed by OKB-156 , designed as a replacement for

300-640: The 1990s to the 2000s: At the MAKS-2003 airshow, Tupolev revealed the Tu-444 supersonic business jet concept; development was intended to start in the first half of 2004, however nothing further came of the program. In early 2023 United Aircraft Corporation confirmed it would get Tupolev to produce 20 aircraft a year of the TU-214 variant and to develop a freighter version to meet Russia's needs. In September 2021, Rustam Minnikhanov , President of Tatarstan

330-520: The ANT-4 twin-engined bomber which first flew in 1925 and the four-engined ANT-6 of 1932, from which such airplanes as the ANT-20 were derived (see Yefim Gordon & Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2005. pp. 22–28 & 30–34). Tupolev's design approach in these two airplanes defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military. During World War II ,

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360-583: The Russian President Vladimir Putin . Tupolev OKB was founded by Andrei Tupolev in 1922. Its facilities are tailored for aeronautics research and aircraft design only, manufacturing is handled by other firms. It researched all-metal airplanes during the 1920s, based directly on the pioneering work already done by Hugo Junkers during World War I. Among the notable results during Tupolev's early period were two significant all-metal heavy bombers with corrugated duralumin skins,

390-495: The Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress , it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare . The Tu-16 was developed into the civil Tu-104 . The Tu-95 became the basis of the unique Tu-114 medium-to-long-range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft

420-630: The Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tu-20 , more commonly referred to as the Tu-95. It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu-4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet-like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet-like performance. In many respects

450-566: The agency. His role included the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tu-144 , the popular Tu-154 airliner and the Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber . All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West. The Tu-144 proved a disappointment, with crashes in 1973 and 1978 resulting in its withdrawal as

480-687: The development of the aviation industry and the successes achieved in their work. The high award was presented to Alexander Konyukhov, CEO of PJSC Tupolev, by Arkady Dvorkovich, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The ceremony of awarding state and departmental awards took place during an expanded meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. OKB OKB ( Russian : ОКБ )

510-589: The facilities and resources to construct prototypes. Designs accepted by the state were then assigned to factories for mass production. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , many OKBs became Scientific Production Organizations ( Научно-производственное объединение ) (NPO). There were some attempts to merge them in the 1990s, and there were widespread amalgamations in 2001–2006 to create " national champion " corporations, such as Almaz-Antey to consolidate surface-to-air missile development. Tupolev Tu-98 The Tupolev Tu-98 ( NATO reporting name Backfin )

540-622: The first time in the domestic bomber, a remote-controlled aft-firing dual AM-23 gun DK-18 installation was used. The guns were aimed by the ARS-1 “Argon” radar sight, the antenna unit of which was placed in the upper part of vertical stabilizer. An additional AM-23 cannon was mounted in the forward right fuselage, which could be fired by the pilot. Rocket-bomb armament aircraft provided suspension FAB-100, FAB-250 or FAB-500 in various combinations, as well as up to 300 NAR  [ ru ] ARS-85, or 61 TRS-132, or 18 TRS-212. For naval aviation, it

570-427: The fuselage. Wing - two-spar, caisson design. The control system was performed according to the traditional scheme - with a fixed stabilizer, although for the first time in all control channels, Andrey Nikolayevich agreed to use irreversible hydraulic boosters (his saying is known - “the best booster is the one that stands on the ground”). The front desk had a two-wheel axle, the main ones had two pairs of wheels. For

600-791: The mid-1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B-58 Hustler , the Tu-22 proved rather less capable, although it remained in service much longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile, the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu-139 and the Tu-143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. In the 1960s A. N. Tupolev's son, A. A. Tupolev , became active with management of

630-562: The same number as Boeing's far larger 777-200 . Even before the first flights of the Tu-16 and Tu-20/Tu-95, Tupolev was working on supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tu-98 . Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tu-102 (later developed into the Tu-28 interceptor ) and the Tu-105 , which evolved into the supersonic Tu-22 bomber in

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660-576: The supersonic Tu-160 strategic bomber. Features include variable-geometry wings. With the end of the Cold War , research work was concentrated on subsonic civil aircraft, mainly on operating economics and alternative fuels. The developments include fly-by-wire , use of efficient high-bypass turbofans and advanced aerodynamic layouts for the 21st century transport aircraft such as the Tu-204 / Tu-214 , Tu-330 and Tu-334 . Among Tupolev projects from

690-452: The twin-engined, all-metal Tu-2 was one of the best front-line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal. This was succeeded by the development of the jet-powered Tu-16 bomber, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance. As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly intercontinental range,

720-527: Was a prototype swept wing jet bomber developed by Tupolev for the Soviet Union . The Tu-98 emerged from a program for a fast supersonic bomber to replace the Tupolev Tu-16 . It was powered by two Lyulka AL-7 turbojet engines with side-mounted intakes high on the fuselage (above the wingroot). The Tu-98 was built in 1955 and first flown in 1956. It was shown to an American delegation at

750-617: Was elected chairman of the board of directors of Tupolev. The staff of the Design Bureau has been awarded high state awards and commendations: In 2007 and 2012 for their great contribution to the development of the aviation industry, the staff of JSC Tupolev was awarded the Gratitude of the President of Russia . On April 18, 2018 the staff of PJSC Tupolev received the gratitude of the President of Russia for their great contribution to

780-468: Was later used as a flying, supersonic research laboratory during the development of the Tu-128 interceptor. The last flight was made on November 21, 1960, when the undercarriage collapsed. The prototype was subsequently written off. The "98" was further developed into a lightweight version of the supersonic bomber called the "98A" (Tu-24). The Tu-98 was shown to a US delegation under General Twining at

810-482: Was located in the fuselage, which made the wing “clean”, but led to a considerable reduction of stability on the ground. The crew consisted of a pilot - a ship commander, a navigator-operator and a navigator-navigator. All crew stations had ejection seats. The front of the aircraft was a single pressurized cabin. Behind the pressurized cabin there was a technical compartment with photographic equipment (AFA-33/75). The fuel system consisted of 4 main and one centering tanks in

840-579: Was only officially identified by a number, but were often semi-officially referenced by the name of its lead designer. For example, OKB-51 was led by Pavel Sukhoi , and it eventually became known as the OKB of Sukhoi . Successful and famous bureaus often retained these names after the death or replacement of their founding designers. These relatively small state-run organisations were not intended for mass production of aircraft, rockets, or other vehicles or equipment which they designed. However, they usually had

870-527: Was parked in Zhukovsky for a while before it was scrapped. The Tu-98 also provided information for the construction of the Tu-22 . The aircraft is built according to the scheme of a mid wing with a swept wing (the sweep angle on the leading edge is 55 degrees). Two AL-7F engines were installed in the stern, and the car was distinguished by long canals and air intakes shifted upwards. The main landing gear

900-405: Was used for tests with the future Tu-128 RP-7 "Smersch" radar, where the glazed bow was replaced by the device, and the "Kompleks 80" fire control system. The R-4 air-to-air missiles intended as armament for this type were also tested with the Tu-98. The official name of the machine for it was Tu-98LL for "letajuschtschaja laboratorija", flying laboratory. After these tests were completed, the Tu-98

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