Acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning , is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a short period of time. Symptoms can start within an hour of exposure, and can last for several months. Early symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. In the following hours or weeks, initial symptoms may appear to improve, before the development of additional symptoms, after which either recovery or death follow.
113-526: Immortan Joe , birth name Joe Moore , is a fictional character in the Australian post-apocalyptic action film series Mad Max . The main antagonist of the 2015 film Mad Max: Fury Road ; he is also a major character in Fury Road 's companion comic book series of the same name and its 2024 prequel Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga . In the radioactive, post-apocalyptic wasteland of the series, Immortan Joe
226-674: A harem of sex slaves , a candidate for whom, Imperator Furiosa , becomes his trusted military lieutenant on taking down the Warlord Dementus in Furiosa , before turning against him to free Joe's remaining slaves from the Citadel, thus triggering the events of Fury Road . In Fury Road , Immortan Joe was portrayed by Hugh Keays-Byrne , who previously portrayed the Toecutter in the original Mad Max . In Furiosa , Immortan Joe
339-404: A prodrome . The speed of symptom onset is related to radiation exposure, with greater doses resulting in a shorter delay in symptom onset. These presentations presume whole-body exposure, and many of them are markers that are invalid if the entire body has not been exposed. Each syndrome requires that the tissue showing the syndrome itself be exposed (e.g., gastrointestinal syndrome is not seen if
452-524: A community of oil drillers trying to defend itself against a roving band of marauders. The film follows an archetypal "Western" frontier movie motif, as does Max's role as a hardened man who rediscovers his humanity. Miller explained that the Mad Max films "effectively look forward to the past ... in the same way that the American Western allowed for allegory figures playing out morality tales in
565-531: A glorious death in battle, promising valiant soldiers a place in Valhalla . He also allows them to live in his rock fortress, the Citadel, while the locals live in squalid tunnels. To quickly move his War Boys across the Wasteland, he maintains a large collection of pre-apocalyptic vehicles, which he calls the "House of Holy Motors"; his mechanics creatively repurpose the vehicles into fighting machines, including
678-447: A grade of "B+" on a scale of A+ to F. 1985 · Tina Turner Many licensed products are based on the Mad Max franchise. Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials. Novelisations of the first three films have also been published by QB Books. The first two novelisations were written by Terry Hayes , who ended up co-writing the script for the second film after getting along well with Miller. A novelisation for
791-399: A high neutron activation cross section to shield neutrons will result in the shielding material itself becoming radioactive and hence more dangerous than if it were not present. There are many types of shielding strategies that can be used to reduce the effects of radiation exposure. Internal contamination protective equipment such as respirators are used to prevent internal deposition as
904-539: A higher dose than would otherwise be expected. The dose to the targeted tissue mass must be averaged over the entire body mass, most of which receives negligible radiation, to arrive at a whole-body absorbed dose that can be compared to the table above. Exposure to high doses of radiation causes DNA damage, later creating serious and even lethal chromosomal aberrations if left unrepaired. Ionizing radiation can produce reactive oxygen species , and does directly damage cells by causing localized ionization events. The former
1017-406: A landscape." This sequel to Miller's Mad Max was a worldwide box office success that further boosted the career of Mel Gibson. Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome is a 1985 film, the third installment in the franchise. The film was directed by George Miller and George Ogilvie , was written by Miller and Terry Hayes, and starred Mel Gibson and Tina Turner . In this film, Max is still wandering through
1130-434: A latent period averaging 20 to 40 years. Acute effects of ionizing radiation were first observed when Wilhelm Röntgen intentionally subjected his fingers to X-rays in 1895. He published his observations concerning the burns that developed that eventually healed, and misattributed them to ozone. Röntgen believed the free radical produced in air by X-rays from the ozone was the cause, but other free radicals produced within
1243-431: A latent phase may occur and last from a few days up to several weeks, when intense reddening, blistering , and ulceration of the irradiated site is visible. In most cases, healing occurs by regenerative means; however, very large skin doses can cause permanent hair loss, damaged sebaceous and sweat glands , atrophy , fibrosis (mostly keloids ), decreased or increased skin pigmentation, and ulceration or necrosis of
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#17327872641961356-458: A major part in radiotherapy accidents. The latter of the two is caused by the failure of equipment software used to monitor the radiational dose given. Human error has played a large part in accidental exposure incidents, including some of the criticality accidents, and larger scale events such as the Chernobyl disaster . Other events have to do with orphan sources , in which radioactive material
1469-520: A massive war in the Middle East and around the world. In the timeline of the later two films, the collapse happened around the 2010s, and was caused by a combination of resource wars and subsequent environmental damage . The first Mad Max film takes place in the original timeline and is a mostly traditional origin story. In a dystopian Australia where the government no longer has the capacity to effectively protect its citizens, Max Rockatansky
1582-467: A reduction in dose rate below 0.1 Gy/h also tends to reduce cell death. This technique is routinely used in radiotherapy. The human body contains many types of cells and a human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3–30 days), the loss of two important types of cells that are constantly being regenerated causes death. The loss of cells forming blood cells ( bone marrow ) and
1695-486: A result of inhalation and ingestion of radioactive material. Dermal protective equipment, which protects against external contamination, provides shielding to prevent radioactive material from being deposited on external structures. While these protective measures do provide a barrier from radioactive material deposition, they do not shield from externally penetrating gamma radiation. This leaves anyone exposed to penetrating gamma rays at high risk of ARS. Naturally, shielding
1808-467: A series of post-apocalyptic and dystopian action films . The franchise began in 1979 with Mad Max , and was followed by three sequels: Mad Max 2 (1981; released in the United States as The Road Warrior ), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015); Miller directed or co-directed all four films. A spin-off, Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga , was released in 2024 and
1921-540: A series of legends about the titular character, the kinds of campfire stories that might be passed around in the Wasteland at dark." Because Mad Max films are generally told as folklore, the Mad Max franchise has historically been less concerned with continuity than most science fiction or fantasy franchises, like Star Wars or Star Trek . There is "no strict chronology," and the films are allowed to contradict each other. At least one critic has suggested that "the franchise’s canon cannot be reconciled in any way — barring
2034-448: A short period of time (> ~0.1 Gy/h). Alpha and beta radiation have low penetrating power and are unlikely to affect vital internal organs from outside the body. Any type of ionizing radiation can cause burns, but alpha and beta radiation can only do so if radioactive contamination or nuclear fallout is deposited on the individual's skin or clothing. Gamma and neutron radiation can travel much greater distances and penetrate
2147-517: A skull fetish even a teenage goth would envy". Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote, "Perhaps the closest 2015 has gotten to providing fodder for 'Greatest Villains of All Time' lists was in Mad Max: Fury Road , where slaver-warlord Immortan Joe sported a nauseating headpiece and an equally nauseating dadbod." Mad Max Mad Max is an Australian media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy . It centers on
2260-679: A sneak attack on the undefended Citadel. Joe agrees with Furiosa. The War Boys fool Dementus into thinking that they are headed for Gastown. Meanwhile, Joe successfully ambushes the unsuspecting Dementus on his way to the Citadel, allowing the War Boys to gain the upper hand in Joe's 40-day war with the Biker Horde. After the War Boys break the Horde, Furiosa captures the fleeing Dementus, and Joe promotes her to Imperator. Joe does not directly appear in
2373-572: A third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin with pseudomonal coverage: e.g., cefepime , ceftazidime , or an aminoglycoside: i.e. gentamicin , amikacin ). The prognosis for ARS is dependent on the exposure dose, with anything above 8 Gy being almost always lethal, even with medical care. Radiation burns from lower-level exposures usually manifest after 2 months, while reactions from the burns occur months to years after radiation treatment. Complications from ARS include an increased risk of developing radiation-induced cancer later in life. According to
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#17327872641962486-420: A wandering drifter in the wasteland. He periodically encounters remaining pockets of civilisation, which rope him into their political machinations or personal problems. Max, who is habitually wary of others, frequently struggles to decide whether to help others or go his own way. Ultimately, he assists the survivors in the nick of time before departing into the wasteland once more. Most Mad Max films suggest that
2599-504: Is a limited comic book series created by George Miller, Nico Lathouris , and Mark Sexton. Serving as a prequel to the 2015 film of the same name, the series focuses on several of the film's characters. It consists of four issues. Beginning in May 2015, Vertigo published one issue per month, ending in August. A single-volume collection of all of the issues was published on 26 August. Reception of
2712-432: Is a powerful warlord; his cult and army of fanatical "War Boys" revere him as a god of Norse mythology , who will lead them to Valhalla . He dominates the regional economy through his control over the Citadel, one of the only remaining sources of fresh water in the wasteland. However, Joe is also incredibly sick due to radiation. His desire to breed a genetically healthy heir to his kingdom leads him to acquire and mistreat
2825-452: Is a skilled policeman trying to keep order on the highways. When Max takes his family to the beach for a holiday, a vicious biker gang murders his wife and child. Max kills the gang in revenge. Disillusioned by the collapse of ordered society, Max quits his job and becomes a wanderer in the increasingly devastated wasteland. The remaining Mad Max films follow Max's comings and goings in the wasteland. By Mad Max 2 , global war has destroyed
2938-473: Is afflicted with Osteogenesis imperfecta . As a result, Joe urgently purchases, kidnaps, and steals genetically healthy women in the hopes of breeding a healthy heir before he dies. The comic book tells the origins of Joe's rise to power. Originally Colonel Joe Moore , the man who would become Immortan Joe was a highly celebrated soldier in the Australian Army who in the early 21st century fought in
3051-659: Is difficult because of confounding factors. ARS may be accompanied by conventional injuries such as steam burns, or may occur in someone with a pre-existing condition undergoing radiotherapy. There may be multiple causes for death, and the contribution from radiation may be unclear. Some documents may incorrectly refer to radiation-induced cancers as radiation poisoning, or may count all overexposed individuals as survivors without mentioning if they had any symptoms of ARS. The following table includes only those known for their attempted survival with ARS. These cases exclude chronic radiation syndrome such as Albert Stevens , in which radiation
3164-577: Is during the 1999 Tokaimura nuclear accident , where technician Hisashi Ouchi had lost a majority of his skin due to the high amounts of radiation he absorbed during the irradiation. This effect had been demonstrated previously with pig skin using high energy beta sources at the Churchill Hospital Research Institute, in Oxford . ARS is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation (> ~0.1 Gy) over
3277-683: Is especially harmful. While DNA damage happens frequently and naturally in the cell from endogenous sources, clustered damage is a unique effect of radiation exposure. Clustered damage takes longer to repair than isolated breakages, and is less likely to be repaired at all. Larger radiation doses are more prone to cause tighter clustering of damage, and closely localized damage is increasingly less likely to be repaired. Somatic mutations cannot be passed down from parent to offspring, but these mutations can propagate in cell lines within an organism. Radiation damage can also cause chromosome and chromatid aberrations, and their effects depend on in which stage of
3390-469: Is exposed to a given subject over a long duration. The table also necessarily excludes cases where the individual was exposed to so much radiation that death occurred before medical assistance or dose estimations could be made, such as an attempted cobalt-60 thief who reportedly died 30 minutes after exposure. The result column represents the time of exposure to the time of death attributed to the short and long term effects attributed to initial exposure. As ARS
3503-432: Is featured with the duo edited into it. Radiation poisoning ARS involves a total dose of greater than 0.7 Gy (70 rad ), that generally occurs from a source outside the body, delivered within a few minutes. Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally. They may involve nuclear reactors , cyclotrons , certain devices used in cancer therapy , nuclear weapons , or radiological weapons . It
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3616-486: Is generally divided into three types: bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular syndrome, with bone marrow syndrome occurring at 0.7 to 10 Gy, and neurovascular syndrome occurring at doses that exceed 50 Gy. The cells that are most affected are generally those that are rapidly dividing. At high doses, this causes DNA damage that may be irreparable. Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and symptoms. Repeated complete blood counts (CBCs) can indicate
3729-467: Is not hazardous once fallout is no longer being deposited. For example, assume the shelter is in an area of heavy fallout and the dose rate outside is 400 roentgen (R) per hour, enough to give a potentially fatal dose in about an hour to a person exposed in the open. If a person needs to be exposed for only 10 seconds to dump a bucket, in this 1/360 of an hour he will receive a dose of only about 1 R. Under war conditions, an additional 1-R dose
3842-399: Is of little concern." In peacetime, radiation workers are taught to work as quickly as possible when performing a task that exposes them to radiation. For instance, the recovery of a radioactive source should be done as quickly as possible. Usually, matter attenuates radiation, so placing any mass (e.g., lead, dirt, sandbags, vehicles, water, even air) between humans and the source will reduce
3955-428: Is only necessary to protect enough bone marrow to repopulate the exposed areas of the body with the shielded supply. This concept allows for the development of lightweight mobile radiation protection equipment, which provides adequate protection, deferring the onset of ARS to much higher exposure doses. One example of such equipment is the 360 gamma , a radiation protection belt that applies selective shielding to protect
4068-510: Is rarer, with an event possibly occurring during the solar storm of 1859 . Intentional exposure is controversial as it involves the use of nuclear weapons , human experiments , or is given to a victim in an act of murder. The intentional atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in tens of thousands of casualties; the survivors of these bombings are known today as hibakusha . Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of thermal radiation as visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, to which
4181-507: Is the whole-body absorbed dose . Several related quantities, such as the equivalent dose , effective dose , and committed dose , are used to gauge long-term stochastic biological effects such as cancer incidence, but they are not designed to evaluate ARS. To help avoid confusion between these quantities, absorbed dose is measured in units of grays (in SI , unit symbol Gy ) or rad (in CGS ), while
4294-464: Is typically made based on a history of significant radiation exposure and suitable clinical findings. An absolute lymphocyte count can give a rough estimate of radiation exposure. Time from exposure to vomiting can also give estimates of exposure levels if they are less than 10 Gy (1000 rad). A guiding principle of radiation safety is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). This means try to avoid exposure as much as possible and includes
4407-431: Is unknowingly kept, sold, or stolen. The Goiânia accident is an example, where a forgotten radioactive source was taken from a hospital, resulting in the deaths of 4 people from ARS. Theft and attempted theft of radioactive material by clueless thieves has also led to lethal exposure in at least one incident. Exposure may also come from routine spaceflight and solar flares that result in radiation effects on earth in
4520-409: Is very damaging to DNA, while the latter events create clusters of DNA damage. This damage includes loss of nucleobases and breakage of the sugar-phosphate backbone that binds to the nucleobases. The DNA organization at the level of histones , nucleosomes , and chromatin also affects its susceptibility to radiation damage . Clustered damage, defined as at least two lesions within a helical turn,
4633-592: The water and oil wars that helped bring on a global apocalypse. After the collapse of civilization, he and his men deserted their posts and went into the Outback , as most others did. They then became a brutal road gang, with Joe often taking the wives and daughters of rival gang members as his slaves. He also had an unnamed brother, who followed him. During one of his raids, a fat cannibal about to be executed tells Joe of an aquifer, nearly impossible to enter. Despite many casualties, Joe eventually manages to capture
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4746-463: The "War Rig," a heavily armed and armoured supply tanker that ferries trade goods through the lawless wasteland. Although the War Boys obey Joe without question and believe him to be immortal, Joe is slowly dying, and none of his three sons are ideal successors: Rictus Erectus is physically imposing but slow-witted and needs an oxygen tank to breathe; Scabrous Scrotus is deformed and psychologically unstable; and Corpus Colossus, though highly intelligent,
4859-503: The 1958 Cecil Kelley criticality accident , where the absorbed doses in Gy or rad are the only useful quantities, because of the targeted nature of the exposure to the body. Radiotherapy treatments are typically prescribed in terms of the local absorbed dose, which might be 60 Gy or higher. The dose is fractionated to about 2 Gy per day for curative treatment, which allows normal tissues to undergo repair , allowing them to tolerate
4972-447: The 19th- best film of the 21st century . Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga , the fifth film in the franchise, is a 2024 post-apocalyptic action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller and Nico Lathouris. It is a prequel to Fury Road ; Miller said that while the franchise has "no strict chronology," it "probably" takes place after Beyond Thunderdome . The film stars Anya Taylor-Joy as Furiosa and Chris Hemsworth as her adversary,
5085-533: The 2021 film Space Jam: A New Legacy revealed the film's inclusion of Mad Max characters among other Warner Bros. characters in crowd scenes. In the actual film, in addition to characters being spectators, Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner appear in the Mad Max world doing their classic chase with Wile E. as a War Boy, before Bugs Bunny and LeBron James show up to get them both. Footage from Fury Road
5198-479: The 2024 premiere for Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga , Miller said that he would like for a future Mad Max game to be directed by Metal Gear creator Hideo Kojima . After viewing an advance showing of Furiosa , Kojima wrote on Twitter that he had been a fan of the franchise since he saw the first Mad Max film when he was sixteen. He added that Miller "is my God, and the SAGA that he tells is my Bible." Mad Max: Fury Road
5311-606: The Bullet Farm. Although his forces have captured Max Rockatansky , he is unaware of Max's significance. However, when he sees that Furiosa has veered off course, Joe checks his private vault and realizes that the Five Wives have escaped in the War Rig. Enraged and desperate, Joe takes every able-bodied War Boy in the Citadel with him in pursuit. He also commands Gastown and the Bullet Farm to send their own armies to help. In
5424-524: The Bullet Farm; Kalashnikov becomes known as the Bullet Farmer. Joe also rewards the man who revealed the location of the Citadel with control of Gastown; that man becomes known as the People Eater. Though now in control of the Citadel, Joe begins to succumb to radiation sickness . Immortan Joe appears in Furiosa , the Fury Road prequel, when the warlord Dementus's Biker Horde lays siege to
5537-430: The Bullet Farmer. However, Dementus ambushes the War Rig, and Furiosa is the only survivor. When Furiosa arrives back at the Citadel, Joe's war council is debating how to respond to black smoke billowing from Gastown. Furiosa, who is familiar with Dementus's style of warfare from her time as his prisoner, recognizes that the smoke is a ruse and that Dementus wants Joe to launch an all-out attack on Gastown so that he can make
5650-489: The Citadel undefended. He nonetheless manages to overtake the War Rig with his personal vehicle, the Gigahorse. However, Furiosa boards the Gigahorse and uses a harpoon to rip off Joe's breathing mask, tearing Joe's jaw apart and killing him. Furiosa's war party commandeers the Gigahorse and ditches the War Rig in the canyon where Angharad died, preventing the rest of Joe's army from pursuing them. Furiosa returns unhindered to
5763-510: The Citadel, where Max presents Joe's corpse to the locals, who celebrate his death. Having lost their "savior", the remaining War Boys reluctantly surrender the Citadel to Furiosa, ending Joe's regime and dynasty for good. Writing about the film for ABC News , Michael Rothman described Immortan Joe as "a real bad guy who looks nothing like any villain that's ever graced the silver screen". Vanity Fair 's Joanna Robinson described him as "nightmarish" and "a fairly classic Miller creation with
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#17327872641965876-415: The Citadel. Here, Joe began to wear a respirator mask due to his illness. Also, with the exception of Kalashnikov, his old crew of soldiers have either died or left, leaving Joe with a cult-like army of mostly young men known as the "War Boys". The War Boys worship Joe as a divine being who will bring their souls to Valhalla. Although Dementus encourages the War Boys to stage a coup, Joe succinctly demonstrates
5989-569: The Dag, Cheedo "the Fragile", and his favorite, "the Splendid" Angharad. ( Furiosa shows that Joe's policy is to discard his wives after three failed attempts at breeding a healthy heir.) Two of these wives – Angharad and the Dag – are pregnant with potential heirs. At the beginning of the film, Joe dispatches the War Rig (commanded by Imperator Furiosa) on a seemingly routine supply run to Gastown and
6102-478: The U.S. Navy officer cap insignia), were created at Artisan Armours in the United Kingdom. The cornerstone of Joe's power is the War Boys, an army of dying young men who have contracted cancer and other fatal diseases from the radioactivity of the Wasteland. To rally these men to his banner, Joe invents an automobile-centered religion with himself as its head. He encourages the already-dying War Boys to seek
6215-485: The United States) is a 1981 Australian post-apocalyptic action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller, Terry Hayes , and Brian Hannant . Mel Gibson returned as Max Rockatansky. In this film, the societal breakdown depicted in Mad Max has degenerated into a global apocalypse, for which the film's prologue provides additional backstory. Max, now wandering through the post-apocalyptic wasteland, meets
6328-412: The aquifer, which would eventually become the Citadel. His followers acclaim him as "immortal," which is eventually adapted into the honorific "Immortan." While Joe is attempting to capture the aquifer, he sends out scouts who discover an abandoned oil refinery and a lead mine, which would eventually become Gastown and the Bullet Farm respectively. Joe puts his right-hand-man Major Kalashnikov in charge of
6441-412: The atmosphere is largely transparent. This event is also known as "flash", where radiant heat and light are bombarded into any given victim's exposed skin, causing radiation burns. Death is highly likely, and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no terrain or building masking-effects within a radius of 0–3 km from a 1 megaton airburst. The 50% chance of death from
6554-522: The bikers. The film, starring the then little-known Mel Gibson , was released internationally in 1980. It became a top-grossing Australian film, and has been credited for further opening the global market to Australian New Wave films. For twenty years, it held the record in the Guinness Book of Records for the most profitable film ever made. The Blair Witch Project claimed the record in 1999. Mad Max 2 (released as The Road Warrior in
6667-548: The blast extends out to ~8 km from a 1 megaton atmospheric explosion. Scientific testing on humans within the United States occurred extensively throughout the atomic age. Experiments took place on a range of subjects including, but not limited to; the disabled, children, soldiers, and incarcerated persons, with the level of understanding and consent given by subjects varying from complete to none. Since 1997 there have been requirements for patients to give informed consent, and to be notified if experiments were classified. Across
6780-560: The body are now understood to be more important. David Walsh first established the symptoms of radiation sickness in 1897. Ingestion of radioactive materials caused many radiation-induced cancers in the 1930s, but no one was exposed to high enough doses at high enough rates to bring on ARS. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in high acute doses of radiation to a large number of Japanese people, allowing for greater insight into its symptoms and dangers. Red Cross Hospital Surgeon Terufumi Sasaki led intensive research into
6893-599: The body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without any sickness. In the early twentieth century, radiographers would commonly calibrate their machines by irradiating their own hands and measuring the time to onset of erythema . Accidental exposure may be the result of a criticality or radiotherapy accident. There have been numerous criticality accidents dating back to atomic testing during World War II, while computer-controlled radiation therapy machines such as Therac-25 played
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#17327872641967006-502: The bone marrow stored in the pelvic area as well as other radio sensitive organs in the abdominal region without hindering functional mobility. Where radioactive contamination is present, an elastomeric respirator , dust mask , or good hygiene practices may offer protection, depending on the nature of the contaminant. Potassium iodide (KI) tablets can reduce the risk of cancer in some situations due to slower uptake of ambient radioiodine. Although this does not protect any organ other than
7119-448: The cells in the digestive system ( microvilli , which form part of the wall of the intestines ) is fatal. Treatment usually involves supportive care with possible symptomatic measures employed. The former involves the possible use of antibiotics , blood products , colony stimulating factors , and stem cell transplant . There is a direct relationship between the degree of the neutropenia that emerges after exposure to radiation and
7232-467: The chaos of the pursuit, Max escapes; with nowhere else to go, he agrees to help Furiosa. Joe nearly catches the War Rig in a narrow canyon, but each time the War Boys attempt to shoot Furiosa, Angharad climbs to the outside of the War Rig to act as a human shield, knowing that Joe will not risk injuring his unborn baby. During one of these encounters, Angharad trips and falls into the path of Joe's monster truck, which runs her over, killing both Angharad and
7345-519: The characters of Max and spin-off character Imperator Furiosa have crossed over into the folklore of a survivor civilisation. The series has been well received by critics; The Road Warrior and Fury Road in particular have been ranked among the best action films ever made . The series has also had a significant influence on popular culture, most notably apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction , and encompasses works in additional media including video games and comic books. In 2016, Fury Road became
7458-403: The controversial but commonly applied linear no-threshold model , any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to produce any symptoms of radiation sickness, can induce cancer due to cellular and genetic damage. The probability of developing cancer is a linear function with respect to the effective radiation dose . Radiation cancer may occur after ionizing radiation exposure following
7571-498: The dose exposure. ARS is generally rare. A single event can affect a large number of people, as happened in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster . ARS differs from chronic radiation syndrome , which occurs following prolonged exposures to relatively low doses of radiation. Classically, ARS is divided into three main presentations: hematopoietic , gastrointestinal , and neuro vascular . These syndromes may be preceded by
7684-540: The effects on humans subjected to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the indigenous peoples of the Marshall Islands subjected to the Castle Bravo thermonuclear bomb, animal studies and lab experiment accidents, have been compiled by the U.S. Department of Defense . A person who was less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the atomic bomb Little Boy 's hypocenter at Hiroshima, Japan,
7797-521: The end of the game, opening the way for the People Eater (Joe's military strategist in Furiosa ) to take over Gastown. By Fury Road , Immortan Joe is still the wasteland's most powerful warlord, with allies firmly in charge of both Gastown and the Bullet Farm. However, the Citadel is in decline. Joe's health has worsened even more, with him requiring servants to even get up. He has no healthy heir and only five remaining wives: Toast "the Knowing", Capable,
7910-406: The entire body from high energy gamma radiation is optimal, but the required mass to provide adequate attenuation makes functional movement nearly impossible. In the event of a radiation catastrophe, medical and security personnel need mobile protection equipment in order to safely assist in containment, evacuation, and many other necessary public safety objectives. Research has been done exploring
8023-403: The exposed tissue. As seen at Chernobyl , when skin is irradiated with high energy beta particles , moist desquamation (peeling of skin) and similar early effects can heal, only to be followed by the collapse of the dermal vascular system after two months, resulting in the loss of the full thickness of the exposed skin. Another example of skin loss caused by high-level exposure of radiation
8136-429: The feasibility of partial body shielding, a radiation protection strategy that provides adequate attenuation to only the most radio-sensitive organs and tissues inside the body. Irreversible stem cell damage in the bone marrow is the first life-threatening effect of intense radiation exposure and therefore one of the most important bodily elements to protect. Due to the regenerative property of hematopoietic stem cells , it
8249-426: The fetus. A C-section reveals that the fetus was physically perfect, which enrages Joe even further. Joe stops his army in the desert while he ponders his next move. To his great surprise, he sees that the War Rig has turned around and is heading back to the Citadel, as Furiosa's original destination can no longer support human life. In an ironic echo of the Furiosa film's Gastown ruse, Joe realizes that he has left
8362-536: The first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition, winning six of its ten nominations. The exact causes of the collapse of civilization in the series are never specified, but some details are given. In the timeline of the original three films, the 1979 oil crisis caused by the Iranian Revolution worsened, leading to worldwide energy shortages and unrest. Tensions boiled over when Iranian forces attacked Saudi Arabia , igniting
8475-448: The following year. In 2016, Fury Road won six Academy Awards from ten nominations; the six wins were more than any other film that year. In Metacritic's tally of 105 critic lists of the best films of the decade, Fury Road topped more lists than any other film, with 20 critics placing it at number one, over twice as many as second-placed Moonlight . In addition, a 2016 BBC poll of 177 film critics listed Mad Max: Fury Road as
8588-533: The foolishness of this plan by ordering a War Boy to commit a suicide bombing in front of Dementus. The War Boys then attack the Biker Horde en masse, driving them from the Citadel. However, Joe is forced to negotiate with Dementus after the latter uses trickery to capture Gastown from Joe's brother, which produces the petrol that Joe uses to pump water from the Citadel's underground aquifer. After Dementus's retinue reveals that his prisoner Furiosa does not have any birth defects, Joe buys Furiosa from Dementus. He tells
8701-438: The form of solar storms . During spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to both galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar particle event (SPE) radiation. The exposure particularly occurs during flights beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Evidence indicates past SPE radiation levels that would have been lethal for unprotected astronauts. GCR levels that might lead to acute radiation poisoning are less well understood. The latter cause
8814-463: The game, but the game introduces a band of War Boys led by his son Scabrous Scrotus. In the game, Scrotus is depicted as the third leader of Gastown (after Immortan Joe's brother and Dementus); Joe refused to let Scrotus inherit the Citadel due to the latter's insanity. When Max lodges a chainsaw in Scrotus's head at the beginning of the game, Scrotus becomes hell-bent on taking Max down. He is killed at
8927-422: The increased risk of developing infection. Since there are no controlled studies of therapeutic intervention in humans, most of the current recommendations are based on animal research. The treatment of established or suspected infection following exposure to radiation (characterized by neutropenia and fever) is similar to the one used for other febrile neutropenic patients. However, important differences between
9040-472: The introduction of time travel." Mad Max is a 1979 Australian action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller and James McCausland from a story by Miller and producer Byron Kennedy. Set "a few years from now", it tells the story of highway policeman Max Rockatansky, who is repeatedly attacked by a criminal biker gang amidst a broader social breakdown , and who is caught between his opposing desires to stay home with his family and to take revenge on
9153-460: The isolates causing sepsis. Because aerobic and facultative Gram-positive bacteria (mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci ) cause sepsis in about a quarter of the victims, coverage for these organisms may also be needed. A standardized management plan for people with neutropenia and fever should be devised. Empirical regimens contain antibiotics broadly active against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria ( quinolones : i.e., ciprofloxacin , levofloxacin ,
9266-400: The license before completion they changed the title to Outlander to avoid legal issues. Mad Max is a 2015 video game developed by Avalanche Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . It is based on the setting of Mad Max and was released for PlayStation 4 , Windows , Xbox One , Linux , and macOS . The titular character was voiced by Bren Foster . At
9379-595: The mitotic cycle the cell is when the irradiation occurs. If the cell is in interphase , while it is still a single strand of chromatin, the damage will be replicated during the S1 phase of the cell cycle , and there will be a break on both chromosome arms; the damage then will be apparent in both daughter cells . If the irradiation occurs after replication, only one arm will bear the damage; this damage will be apparent in only one daughter cell. A damaged chromosome may cyclize, binding to another chromosome, or to itself. Diagnosis
9492-558: The others are measured in sieverts (in SI, unit symbol Sv ) or rem (in CGS). 1 rad = 0.01 Gy and 1 rem = 0.01 Sv. In most of the acute exposure scenarios that lead to radiation sickness, the bulk of the radiation is external whole-body gamma, in which case the absorbed, equivalent, and effective doses are all equal. There are exceptions, such as the Therac-25 accidents and
9605-462: The pattern of bacterial susceptibility and nosocomial infections in the affected area and medical center and the degree of neutropenia. Broad-spectrum empirical therapy (see below for choices) with high doses of one or more antibiotics should be initiated at the onset of fever. These antimicrobials should be directed at the eradication of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli (i.e., Enterobacteriaceae , Pseudomonas ) that account for more than three quarters of
9718-588: The perspective of a questionably reliable narrator retelling the story many years after the fact, suggesting that the characters of Max and Furiosa have crossed over into the folklore of a survivor civilisation. (Although Fury Road lacks a narrator, Miller has said that in his mind, it was also "based on the Word Burgers of the History Men [cf. folktales told by bards or griots ] and eyewitness accounts of those who survived." ) Miller "sees Mad Max as
9831-405: The preteen Furiosa that when she comes of age, she may become one of his "wives." However, Furiosa escapes from Joe's private vault. Unable to flee the Citadel alone, she joins Joe's army under a false identity and rises up the ranks. Years later, Joe resolves to attack Gastown, as Dementus's mismanagement has led it to near-ruin. He sends the War Rig to pick up weapons and ammunition from his ally,
9944-429: The radiation dose. This is not always the case, however; care should be taken when constructing shielding for a specific purpose. For example, although high atomic number materials are very effective in shielding photons , using them to shield beta particles may cause higher radiation exposure due to the production of bremsstrahlung x-rays, and hence low atomic number materials are recommended. Also, using material with
10057-491: The reception on Furiosa " before taking more concrete steps. Following the release of Furiosa, Hardy (who was promoting The Bikeriders at the time) said "I don't think it's happening" in an interview, either talking about his involvement in the film or the film itself. This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in the franchise. Distributor rental Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave both Mad Max: Fury Road and Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga
10170-490: The remaining trappings of pre-apocalyptic civilisation have given way to a system of ruthless warlords, who dominate Australia's remaining agricultural and industrial centers with their private armies. Max, still wandering the wasteland, is captured by warlord Immortan Joe , but seizes the opportunity to escape when Joe's lieutenant Furiosa attempts her own escape from Joe's fortress. Max and Furiosa team up to fend off Joe's army so that they can reach Furiosa's home, from where she
10283-599: The remaining world governments. The old society has essentially collapsed, and gangs and warlords dominate the wasteland. Isolated pockets of civilisation remain, desperately preserving remnants of pre-apocalyptic technology, especially oil refineries ( Mad Max 2 , Furiosa , Fury Road ). By the time of Beyond Thunderdome , Furiosa , and Fury Road , society has devolved into a barter economy , with chattel and sex slavery being widespread. Furiosa and Fury Road also suggest that Christianity and other pre-apocalypse World religions have been replaced by new religions native to
10396-427: The series has been mixed; some consider it unnecessary and poorly executed, and many harshly criticised the issue centred on Imperator Furiosa . However, the issue focused on Nux and Immortan Joe and the two issues focused on Max Rockatansky were received more positively. Characters from the comic book series were later adapted to the 2015 Mad Max video game and the 2024 film Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga . The trailer for
10509-475: The severity of exposure. Treatment of ARS is generally supportive care . This may include blood transfusions , antibiotics , colony-stimulating factors , or stem cell transplant . Radioactive material remaining on the skin or in the stomach should be removed. If radioiodine was inhaled or ingested, potassium iodide is recommended. Complications such as leukemia and other cancers among those who survive are managed as usual. Short-term outcomes depend on
10622-513: The stomach and intestines are not exposed to radiation). Some areas affected are: Early symptoms of ARS typically include nausea, vomiting, headaches, fatigue, fever , and a short period of skin reddening . These symptoms may occur at radiation doses as low as 0.35 grays (35 rad). These symptoms are common to many illnesses, and may not, by themselves, indicate acute radiation sickness. A similar table and description of symptoms (given in rems , where 100 rem = 1 Sv ), derived from data from
10735-547: The syndrome in the weeks and months following the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Sasaki and his team were able to monitor the effects of radiation in patients of varying proximities to the blast itself, leading to the establishment of three recorded stages of the syndrome. Within 25–30 days of the explosion, Sasaki noticed a sharp drop in white blood cell count and established this drop, along with symptoms of fever, as prognostic standards for ARS. Actress Midori Naka , who
10848-601: The third film was written by Joan D. Vinge . Mad Max is a 1990 video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System developed by Gray Matter and published by Mindscape . It is based on the film Mad Max 2 , with the object of the game is to survive life in the post-apocalyptic world by battling survivalists and collecting resources. Mindscape did develop another Mad Max game originally titled The Road Warrior for Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis , but due to Mindscape losing
10961-457: The three components of time, distance, and shielding. The longer that humans are subjected to radiation the larger the dose will be. The advice in the nuclear war manual entitled Nuclear War Survival Skills published by Cresson Kearny in the U.S. was that if one needed to leave the shelter then this should be done as rapidly as possible to minimize exposure. In chapter 12, he states that "[q]uickly putting or dumping wastes outside
11074-458: The thyroid gland, their effectiveness is still highly dependent on the time of ingestion, which would protect the gland for the duration of a twenty-four-hour period. They do not prevent ARS as they provide no shielding from other environmental radionuclides. If an intentional dose is broken up into a number of smaller doses, with time allowed for recovery between irradiations, the same total dose causes less cell death . Even without interruptions,
11187-410: The two conditions exist. Individuals that develop neutropenia after exposure to radiation are also susceptible to irradiation damage in other tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and central nervous system. These patients may require therapeutic interventions not needed in other types of neutropenic patients. The response of irradiated animals to antimicrobial therapy can be unpredictable, as
11300-523: The warlord Dementus; in addition, Jacob Tomuri portrays Mad Max in a cameo appearance. In this film, Furiosa is kidnapped by Dementus's Biker Horde, which sells her to Immortan Joe. Over the following decade, she trains as a soldier and mechanic so that she can take revenge on Dementus for killing her mother. While writing Fury Road , Miller and McCarthy found that they had enough story material for two additional scripts, one of which centered on Fury Road co-protagonist Imperator Furiosa. In March 2020, it
11413-403: The wasteland, civilisation has shifted to a barter economy, and gladiatorial combat is a key source of entertainment. After robbers steal Max's belongings, the local boss Aunty (played by Turner) recruits Max to fight a political rival in her "Thunderdome", with a promise to replace his belongings if he wins. Miller initially lost interest in the project after his friend and producer Byron Kennedy
11526-500: The wasteland. During his wanderings, Max periodically encounters remaining pockets of civilisation, which rope him into their political machinations or personal problems. Typically, Max goes along for self-interested reasons, but eventually his motives become more altruistic. Mad Max films typically highlight their protagonists' struggle to reclaim their humanity in a dystopian wasteland that has taught them to place little value on kindness and decency. Most Mad Max films are told from
11639-638: The world, the Soviet nuclear program involved human experiments on a large scale, which is still kept secret by the Russian government and the Rosatom agency. The human experiments that fall under intentional ARS exclude those that involved long term exposure . Criminal activity has involved murder and attempted murder carried out through abrupt victim contact with a radioactive substance such as polonium or plutonium . The most commonly used predictor of ARS
11752-412: Was "basically ... a novella" about Max's travels in the Wasteland in the year preceding his capture by Immortan Joe's forces at the start of Fury Road , and that they were planning to adapt the novella into a screenplay. Miller envisioned that The Wasteland would feature a character-based story like that of Furiosa , although there would still be "a lot of action." He added that he was "waiting to see
11865-468: Was also directed by Miller. Mel Gibson originally portrayed the series' title character, Max Rockatansky , in the first three films, while Tom Hardy and Jacob Tomuri portrayed the character in the later two films. The series follows Max, who starts the series as a police officer in a future Australia which is experiencing societal collapse due to war, critical resource shortages, and ecocide . As Australia devolves further into barbarity, Max becomes
11978-662: Was announced that Miller had begun auditioning new actresses for the title role; Miller considered using digital de-aging technology to make Charlize Theron look like she was in her twenties, but decided that the technology had not yet overcome the uncanny valley . Although Furiosa , like Fury Road , was disrupted by inclement weather in Australia, advances in VFX technology allowed the Furiosa shoot to move forward in Australia as originally planned. Shooting took place from June to October 2022. In March 2015, Hardy revealed that he
12091-465: Was attached to star in three more Mad Max films, following Fury Road . After the release of Fury Road , Miller announced that he was planning to release a follow-up film with the working title of Mad Max: The Wasteland . Miller provided more concrete details while promoting his films Three Thousand Years of Longing and Furiosa . He revealed that The Wasteland would be another Fury Road prequel, explaining that he and Lathouris had written what
12204-446: Was evident in experimental studies where metronidazole and pefloxacin therapies were detrimental. Antimicrobials that reduce the number of the strict anaerobic component of the gut flora (i.e., metronidazole) generally should not be given because they may enhance systemic infection by aerobic or facultative bacteria , thus facilitating mortality after irradiation. An empirical regimen of antimicrobials should be chosen based on
12317-399: Was found to have absorbed about 9.46 grays (Gy) of ionizing radiation. The doses at the hypocenters of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings were 240 and 290 Gy, respectively. Cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) refers to the skin symptoms of radiation exposure. Within a few hours after irradiation, a transient and inconsistent redness (associated with itching ) can occur. Then,
12430-509: Was kidnapped twenty years earlier. The film spent many years in development hell ; Mel Gibson was attached to return as Max in 2003, but the production fell through. Location scouting resumed in 2009, but production was delayed until June 2012 due to unusually high levels of rain, which caused vegetation to grow in the Australian desert, detracting from the post-apocalyptic feeling that Miller wanted. Shooting ultimately took place in Namibia
12543-462: Was killed in a helicopter crash, but he later agreed to move forward with the assistance of Ogilvie. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre . Mad Max: Fury Road , the fourth film of the franchise, is a 2015 post-apocalyptic action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller, Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris . It features Tom Hardy as Mad Max and Charlize Theron as his unlikely ally Imperator Furiosa . In this film,
12656-427: Was portrayed by Lachy Hulme as Keays-Byrne died in 2020. In Fury Road , Immortan Joe is the "ruler of the wasteland... He wears a clear, plastic carapace — chest armor — over oozing sores, his long, white hair flaring around a skeleton-smile mask he uses to hide a breathing apparatus." Several versions of his carapace, which display medals made from car and mobile phone parts and some actual military insignia (such as
12769-817: Was present during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, was the first incident of radiation poisoning to be extensively studied. Her death on 24 August 1945 was the first death ever to be officially certified as a result of ARS (or "Atomic bomb disease"). There are two major databases that track radiation accidents: The American ORISE REAC/TS and the European IRSN ACCIRAD. REAC/TS shows 417 accidents occurring between 1944 and 2000, causing about 3000 cases of ARS, of which 127 were fatal. ACCIRAD lists 580 accidents with 180 ARS fatalities for an almost identical period. The two deliberate bombings are not included in either database, nor are any possible radiation-induced cancers from low doses. The detailed accounting
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