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42-802: The Inter-Hours are called for during the Lesser Fasts ( Nativity Fast , and the Apostles' Fast . According to Nikolsky Ustav , they are to be read during Great Lent if the Ladder of Divine Ascent is not read during the Little Hours. Each Inter-Hour follows one of the Little Hours is named for the Hour it follows (i.e., the Inter-Hour of the First Hour, etc.). The structure of each Inter-Hour

84-639: A Great Feast falls during the course of the fast; in this case, the Entry of the Theotokos (November 21). After the apodosis (leave-taking) of that feast, hymns of the Nativity are chanted on Sundays and higher-ranking feast days. The liturgical Forefeast of the Nativity begins on December 20, and concludes with the Paramony on December 24. During this time hymns of the Nativity are chanted every day. In

126-654: A Fast of the Nativity for one week prior to the Feast of the Nativity on January 6 (see Armenian Calendar of Saints ). Philip the Apostle 3 May: Roman Rite , Protestant Church in Germany 1 May: Anglican Communion , Old Catholics , ELCA , LCMS Philip the Apostle ( Greek : Φίλιππος ; Aramaic : ܦܝܠܝܦܘܣ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲗⲓⲡⲡⲟⲥ , Philippos ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to

168-422: A miraculous healing and his preaching Philip converted the wife of the proconsul of the city. This enraged the proconsul, and he had Philip, Bartholomew, and Mariamne all tortured. Philip and Bartholomew were then crucified upside-down , and Philip preached from his cross. As a result of Philip's preaching the crowd released Bartholomew from his cross, but Philip insisted that they not release him, and Philip died on

210-511: A synthesis between the body and the soul, so what happens to one can be used to have an effect on the other. In the Byzantine Rite, the fast traditionally entails fasting from red meat , poultry , meat products , eggs, dairy products , fish, oil, and wine. Fish, wine and oil are allowed on Saturdays and Sundays as well as most Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays, and oil and wine are generally allowed on Tuesdays and Thursdays, except in

252-757: Is as follows: The Fixed Psalms are as follows: The Inter-Hours are only done on "days with Alleluia"; that is to say, days when the services follow a Lenten format and, as a result, the Divine Liturgy may not be celebrated. According to present-day usage, the Inter-Hours are often said only on the first day of the Lesser Fasts. Nativity Fast Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: In Christianity ,

294-629: Is read at the Divine Liturgy is a selection from Hebrews 11:9–40 ; the Gospel is the Genealogy of Christ from the Gospel of Matthew ( 1:1–25 ) Christmas Eve is traditionally called Paramony ( Greek : παραμονή , Slavonic : navechérie ). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able to, refrain from food until the first star is observed in

336-536: Is seen in the evening sky (or at the very least, until after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy that day). If Paramony falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the day is not observed as a strict fast, but a meal with wine and oil is allowed after the Divine Liturgy, which would be celebrated in the morning. In some places, the services on weekdays during the fast are similar to the services during Great Lent (with some variations). Many churches and monasteries in

378-892: The Coptic Orthodox Church , an additional fast is observed on the three days before the beginning of the Nativity Fast, to commemorate the miraculous moving of the mountain of Mukattam (which lies within a suburb of Cairo ) at the hands of Saint Simon the Tanner in the year 975, during the rule of the Muslim Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz Li-Deenillah . Uniquely, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates Nativity on January 6. Their Fast of Advent begins after seventh Sunday before Christmas. They then observe

420-663: The Divine Liturgy on this day. The Sunday before Nativity is even broader in its scope of commemoration than the previous Sunday, in that it commemorates all of the righteous men and women who pleased God from the creation of the world up to Saint Joseph . The Menaion provides an even fuller service for this day than the previous Sunday. At the Vespers portion of the All-Night Vigil three Old Testament "parables" ( paroemia ) are read: Genesis 14:14–20 , Deuteronomy 1:8–17 and Deuteronomy 10:14–21 . The Epistle which

462-693: The Divine Liturgy . During the Vespers, eight Old Testament lections ("parables") which prefigure or prophesy the Incarnation of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Nativity falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning, with its readings and antiphons, and

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504-475: The Dormition Fast . As is always the case with Byzantine fasting rules, persons who are ill, the very young or elderly, and nursing mothers are exempt from fasting. Each individual is expected to confer with their confessor regarding any exemptions from the fasting rules, but should never place themselves in physical danger. There has been some ambiguity about the restriction of fish, whether it means

546-520: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . The fasting rules also permit fish, wine and oil on certain feast days that occur during the course of the fast: Evangelist Matthew (November 16), Apostle Andrew (November 30), Great-martyr Barbara (December 4), St. Nicholas (December 6), St. Spiridon and St. Herman (December 12), St. Ignatius (December 20), etc. The Nativity Fast is not as severe as Great Lent or

588-1066: The Gregorian calendar . For those Eastern Orthodox churches which still follow the Julian calendar —the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem , the Russian Orthodox Church , the Serbian Orthodox Church , the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Ukrainian Orthodox Church , the Macedonian Orthodox Church , Mount Athos , the Portuguese Orthodox Church , and all Old Calendarists , as well as some parishes of

630-637: The Incarnation of God , whereas the Western Advent focuses on three comings (or advents ) of Jesus Christ : his birth, reception of his grace by the faithful, and his Second Coming or Parousia . The Byzantine fast is observed from November 15 to December 24, inclusively. These dates apply to the Eastern Catholic Churches, and Eastern Orthodox churches which use the Revised Julian calendar , which currently matches

672-750: The Kingdom of God , and 9:2–7 , foretelling the birth of the Messiah ("For unto us a child is born...and he shall be called...the Mighty God...."). The Divine Liturgy for the Nativity of Christ is celebrated on Christmas morning. However, in those monasteries which continue to celebrate the All-Night Vigil in its long form—where it literally lasts throughout the night—the conclusion of the Vigil at dawn on Christmas morning will often lead directly into

714-648: The Nativity Fast —or Fast of the Prophets in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church —is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Church and Catholic Church in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus on December 25. Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches commence the season on November 24 and end

756-818: The New Testament . Later Christian traditions describe Philip as the apostle who preached in Greece , Syria , and Asia-Minor . In the Roman Rite , the feast day of Philip, along with that of James the Less , is traditionally observed on 1 May, the anniversary of the dedication of the church dedicated to them in Rome (now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles ). In the short-lived calendar reform of 1960, it

798-939: The Romanian Orthodox Church , of the Polish Orthodox Church , and of the Orthodox Church of America —the Winter Lent does not begin until November 28 (Gregorian) which coincides with November 15 on the Julian calendar. The Ancient Church of the East fasts dawn til dusk from December 1 until December 25 on the Gregorian calendar. Sometimes the fast is called Philip's Fast (or the Philippian Fast), as it traditionally begins on

840-576: The Russian tradition will perform the Lenten services on at least the first day of the Nativity Fast. Often the hangings in the church will be changed to a somber, Lenten colour. During the course of the fast, a number of feast days celebrate those Old Testament prophets who prophesied the Incarnation ; for instance: Obadiah (November 19), Nahum (December 1), Habbakuk (December 2), Zephaniah (December 3), Haggai (December 16), Daniel and

882-648: The Russian usage , the hangings in the church are changed to the festive color (usually white) at the beginning of the Forefeast. Two Sundays before Nativity (hence, between 11 and 17 December of each year ), the Church calls to remembrance the ancestors of the church, both before the giving of the Law of Moses and after, like Adam , "and on through Seth , Enoch , Noah , Abraham , Isaac , Jacob , King David , and other" biblical righteous. Seth, son of Adam, started

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924-649: The Three Holy Youths (December 17). These last are significant not only because of their perseverance in fasting, but also because their preservation unharmed in the midst of the fiery furnace is interpreted as being symbolic of the Incarnation—the Virgin Mary conceived God the Word in her womb without being consumed by the fire of the Godhead . As is true of all of the four Byzantine fasts,

966-569: The patriarchal cross , and a cross with a carpenter's square . Philip is remembered (with James ) in the Church of England with a Festival on 1 May . The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Philip on several days of the year. His feast day begins the Nativity Fast in the Eastern Orthodox Church , that is called Philip's Fast (or the Philippian Fast ), the Fast is Eastern equivalent of Western Advent . Saint Philip

1008-761: The 5,000 people. Later he appears as a link to the Greek community. Philip bore a Greek name , could likely speak Greek, and may have been known to the Greek pilgrims in Jerusalem. He advises Andrew that certain Greeks wish to meet Jesus, and together they inform Jesus of this (John 12:21). During the Last Supper , when Philip asked Jesus to show them the Father, he provides Jesus the opportunity to teach his disciples about

1050-506: The allowance of invertebrate fish or all fish. Often, even on days when fish is not allowed, shellfish may be consumed. More detailed guidelines vary by jurisdiction, but the rules strictly state that from the December 20 to December 24 (inclusively), no fish may be eaten. The Eve of Nativity (December 24) is a strict fast day , called Paramony ( lit.   ' preparation ' ), on which no solid food should be eaten until Sirius

1092-605: The apocryphal Letter from Peter to Philip , also one of the texts in the Nag Hammadi Library , and dated to the end of the 2nd century or early 3rd. This text begins with a letter from St. Peter to St. Philip, asking him to rejoin the other apostles who had gathered at the Mount of Olives . Fred Lapham believes that this letter indicates an early tradition that "at some point between the Resurrection of Jesus and

1134-595: The celebration of the Divine Liturgy. When the Vigil is separate from the Divine Liturgy, the Lenten fast continues even after the Vigil, until the end of the Liturgy the next morning. On December 25, the Afterfeast of the Nativity of Christ begins. From that day to January 4 (the day before Theophany Eve) is a fast-free period. The Eve of the Theophany (January 5) is another strict fast day ( paramony ). In

1176-523: The cross. Philip is also said to have been martyred by beheading, rather than crucifixion, in the city of Hierapolis . The relics of Philip the Apostle are currently found in the crypt of Basilica Santi Apostoli, Rome , as well as the Church of St. Philip the Apostle in Cheektowaga, New York . In 2011, Italian archaeologist Francesco D'Andria claimed to have discovered the original tomb of Philip during excavations in ancient Hierapolis , close to

1218-685: The day following the Feast of St. Philip the Apostle (November 14). Some churches, such as the Melkite Greek Catholic Church , have abbreviated the fast to start on December 10, following the Feast of the Conception by Saint Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos . Through the discipline of fasting , when practiced with prayer, repentance , and almsgiving , it is believed that by controlling bodily desire for food, other passions are controlled as well, and that

1260-401: The descendants of the Sons of God . The Menaion contains a full set of hymns for this day which are chanted in conjunction with the regular Sunday hymns from the Octoechos . These hymns commemorate various biblical persons, as well as the prophet Daniel and the Three Young Men . There are also special Epistle ( Colossians 3:4–11 ) and Gospel ( Luke 14:16–24 ) readings appointed for

1302-427: The evening or after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated in the morning. Some of the hymns are similar to those of Theophany (Epiphany) and Great and Holy Friday , thus tying the symbolism of Christ's Nativity to his death on the Cross. The Royal Hours are followed by the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with

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1344-401: The fasting is lessened to some degree—a meal with wine and oil being served after the Liturgy. The All-Night Vigil on the night of December 24 consists of Great Compline , Matins and the First Hour . One of the highlights of Great Compline is the exultant chanting of "God is with us!" interspersed between selected verses from the prophecy of Isaiah 8:9–18 , foretelling the triumph of

1386-433: The final parting of his risen presence from the disciples, Philip had undertaken a sole missionary enterprise, and was, for some reason, reluctant to return to the rest of the Apostles." Later stories about Philip's life can be found in the anonymous Acts of Philip , probably written by a contemporary of Eusebius. This non-canonical book recounts the preaching and miracles of Philip. According to these accounts, following

1428-560: The modern Turkish city of Denizli . The 1st-century tomb, found to be empty of relics, stood at the centre of the 4th- or 5th-century three-naved basilica, the Church of the Sepulchre, which was one of the focal points of an entire ancient pilgrimage hill complex dedicated to Philip. Ancient Greek prayers are carved into the walls of the tomb and church venerating Philip the Apostle, and a 6th-century bread stamp ( signum pistoris  [ es ] ) shows Philip holding bread (John 6) with this specific three-naved church on his left side, and

1470-411: The patriarch of Constantinople and primate of the Orthodox church, celebrated the liturgy of St. Philip in the Church of the Sepulchre and in the martyrion church of the apostle. Philip is commonly associated with the symbol of the Latin cross . Other symbols assigned to Philip include: the cross with the two loaves (because of his answer to the Lord in John 6:7), a basket filled with bread, a spear with

1512-407: The previously identified nearby martyrion church to his right, removing all doubts about the basilica being the one to contain the original tomb of the apostle. The church built on his tomb and the martyrion church some 40 yards away were places of intense veneration for centuries: In Philip's Church of the Sepulchre the marble floors were worn down by thousands of people. In 2012, Bartholomew ,

1554-431: The resurrection of Jesus, Philip was sent with his sister Mariamne and Bartholomew to preach in Greece , Phrygia , and Syria . Included in the Acts of Philip is an appendix, entitled "Of the Journey of Philip the Apostle: From the Fifteenth Act Until the End, and Among Them the Martyrdom." This appendix gives an embellished account of Philip's martyrdom in the city of Hierapolis . According to this account, through

1596-446: The same town. He also was among those surrounding John the Baptist when the latter first pointed out Jesus as the Lamb of God . It was Philip who first introduced Nathanael (sometimes identified with Bartholomew ) to Jesus. According to Butler , Philip was among those attending the wedding at Cana . Of the four Gospels, Philip figures most prominently in the Gospel of John. Jesus tests Philip (John 6:6) when he asks him how to feed

1638-411: The season on the day of Ethiopian Christmas , which falls on January 7. The corresponding Western season of preparation for Christmas , which also has been called the Nativity Fast and St. Martin's Lent , has taken the name of Advent . The Eastern fast runs for 40 days instead of four (in the Roman Rite ) or six weeks ( Ambrosian Rite ) and thematically focuses on proclamation and glorification of

1680-437: The soul can orient more away from worldly needs and more towards spiritual needs. Through this practice one is better enabled to draw closer to Christ , and engage in the continuous and synergistic process of becoming more Christ-like . While fasting is practiced with the body, it is important to note that emphasis is placed on the spiritual facet of the fast rather than mere physical deprivation. Eastern Orthodox theology sees

1722-413: The unity of the Father and the Son . Philip the Apostle should not be confused with Philip the Evangelist , who was appointed with Stephen and five others to oversee charitable distributions (Acts 6:5). One of the Gnostic codices discovered in the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 bears Philip's name in its title, on the bottom line. An early extra-biblical story about St. Philip is preserved in

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1764-421: Was transferred to 11 May, but since 1969 it has been assigned to 3 May. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Philip's feast day on 14 November. The Synoptic Gospels list Philip as one of the apostles. The Gospel of John recounts Philip's calling as a disciple of Jesus. Philip is described as a disciple from the city of Bethsaida , and the evangelist connects him with Andrew and Peter , who were from

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