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36-509: The InterTribal Sinkyone Wilderness Council is a consortium of Northern California tribal nations focused on environmental and cultural preservation. The council, which includes members of 10 federally recognized tribes in Mendocino and Lake counties, has worked to protect lands of cultural importance along the North Coast within the traditional Sinkyone tribal territory since it

72-676: A pygmy form . Lichens and mosses are diverse and can be abundant. Maritime chaparral is composed of a variety of shrubs that grow in the fog belt. Endemic species of manzanita ( Arctostaphylos ) and Ceanothus are locally common. Manzanita species include woolyleaf manzanita ( Arctostaphylos tomentosa ), glossyleaf manzanita ( Arctostaphylos nummularia ), Hooker's manzanita ( Arctostaphylos hookeri ), pajaro manzanita ( Arctostaphylos pajaroensis ), Montara manzanita ( Arctostaphylos montaraensis ), and others. Gasquet manzanita ( Arctostaphylos hispidula ) occurs in southern Oregon. Among Ceanothus , hairy ceanothus ( Ceanothus oliganthus )

108-700: A number of ecoregions , which vary in their species composition , but are predominantly of conifers , sometimes with an understory of broadleaf trees , ferns and shrubs . In the WWF's system, the ecoregions of the Pacific temperate rainforests are the Northern Pacific coastal forests , Haida Gwaii , British Columbia mainland coastal forests , Central Pacific coastal forests , Central and Southern Cascades forests , Klamath-Siskiyou forests , and Northern California coastal forests ecoregions. The forests in

144-467: Is common, while Mason's ceanothus ( Ceanothus masonii ), Carmel ceanothus ( Ceanothus griseus ), and wart-stem ceanothus ( Ceanothus verrucosus ) are local endemics. Other widespread shrubs and trees include chamise ( Adenostoma fasciculatum ), California buckwheat ( Eriogonum fasciculatum ), black sage ( Salvia mellifera ), coffeeberry ( Rhamnus californica ), buckthorn ( Rhamnus crocea ), and coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ). This habitat

180-421: Is dense and diverse; beaked hazel ( Corylus cornuta ), evergreen huckleberry ( Vaccinium ovatum ), Pacific rhododendron ( Rhododendron macrophyllum ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), Sadler's oak ( Quercus sadleriana ), dwarf Oregon-grape ( Mahonia nervosa ), and poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ) are typically found. Closed-cone conifer forests are found in small, scattered patches throughout

216-464: Is due to the rarity of fire. Unlike drier forests, which burn periodically, temperate rain forests are naturally subject to only small-scale disturbances, such as blow-downs and avalanches. This rain forest spans a wide range of latitude - from about 40 degrees north to about 60 degrees north . The differences in climate from south to north create several major forest zones, characterized by different species. The first survey to systematically explore

252-400: Is limited to lowland flats and valleys, which have been preferentially targeted for logging. Historically, the most common protocol has been to place protected areas in the mountains, leaving the valleys to the timber industry. So while some very large areas are protected as parks and monuments, very little of the highest-value habitat has been protected, and much of it has already been cut. In

288-1020: Is often found near closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands. Northern coastal grasslands , or coastal prairies, are generally found below 1,000 feet (300 m) on coastal terraces or mountain balds. In areas where fire has been suppressed, coastal scrub plants invade. Common grasses include bentgrass ( Agrostis spp.), California brome ( Bromus carinatus ), Nootka reedgrass ( Calamagrostis nutkaensis ), California oatgrass ( Danthonia californica ), red fescue ( Festuca rubra ), Idaho fescue ( Festuca idahoensis ), tufted hair-grass ( Deschampsia caespitosa ), prairie Junegrass ( Koeleria macrantha ), tall trisetuem ( Trisetum canescens ). Common forbs include Douglas iris ( Iris douglasiana ), western blue-eyed grass ( Sisyrinchium bellum ), hairy gumplant ( Grindelia hirsutula ), and footsteps of spring ( Sanicula arctopoides ). Northern coastal scrub consists of shrublands found at elevations below 1,500 feet (460 m) on bluffs, terraces, dunes, and hills near

324-689: Is often present. Other hardwoods include California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ), red alder ( Alnus rubra ), madrone ( Arbutus menziesii ), and bigleaf maple ( Acer macrophyllum ). The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry ( Rubus parviflorus ), redwood sorrel ( Oxalis oregana ), elk clover ( Aralia californica ), dwarf Oregon grape ( Mahonia nervosa ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), and many ferns, such as deer fern ( Blechnum spicant ), sword fern ( Polystichum munitum ), and leathery polypody ( Polypodium scouleri ). Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of

360-703: The Lost Coast of Mendocino County is considered the nation's first intertribal wilderness. The 3,845-acre site (1,556 ha) was acquired by the council in 1997 following a campaign led by The Trust for Public Land . Four Corners was donated to the council in 2012 by the Save the Redwoods League which is an organization focused on the protection and restoration of coast redwood and giant sequoia forests and connecting people to them. As part of their effort to return lands and autonomy to Indigenous communities,

396-941: The Tongass National Forest , in the 1950s, in part to aid in Japanese recovery from World War II, the US Forest Service set up long term contracts with two pulp mills: the Ketchikan Pulp Company (KPC) and the Alaska Pulp Company (APC). These contracts were for 50 years, and divided up the forest into areas slated for APC logs and areas slated for KPC logs. These two companies conspired to drive log prices down, conspired to drive smaller logging operations out of business, and were major and recalcitrant polluters of their local areas. These long term contracts guaranteed low prices to

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432-646: The forest canopy in the Carmanah Valley of Vancouver Island yielded 15,000 new species, a third of all invertebrates known to exist in all of Canada . Among the collection were 500 species previously unknown to science. Common individuals include raccoons , opossums , coyotes , black-tailed deer , ensatinas , red foxes , bullfrogs , banana slugs , Roosevelt elk , black slugs , shrew moles , gulls , mice , and numerous other organisms. Moose rarely set foot into these forests because they prefer colder, drier and snowier biomes which are most common in

468-754: The Sinkyone language, was acquired from the Save the Redwoods League in 2022. Located west of the Sinkyone Wilderness State Park and north of the Intertribal Sinkyone Wilderness, the remote 523-acre area (212 ha) (formerly known as Andersonia West) had been purchased by the league in July 2020. As part of their effort to return lands and autonomy to Indigenous communities, the league again donated and transferred

504-1167: The absence of fire, and coastal scrub succeeds to mixed evergreen forest under further absence of fire. Riparian woodlands and shrublands are a mosaic of tree-dominated plant communities and open shrublands found along rivers. Species composition varies with elevation, slope, floodplain width, and flooding history. Nevertheless, common trees include white alder ( Alnus rhombifolia ), red alder ( Alnus rubra ), box elder ( Acer negundo ), Fremont cottonwood ( Populus fremontii ), red willow ( Salix laevigata ), coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii ), California sycamore ( Platanus racemosa ), coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ), and bigleaf maple ( Acer macrophyllum ). Common shrubs include sandbar willow ( Salix exigua ) and arroyo willow ( Salix lasiolepis ). Live oak woodlands and savannas are dominated by coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ). Canopy cover varies from dense forest to open savannas. In forests, California blackberry ( Rubus ursinus ), creeping snowberry ( Symphoricarpos mollis ), toyon ( Heteromeles arbutifolia ), and poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ) are common in

540-649: The coast, narrower in the southernmost parts of the ecoregion. The ecoregion is a sub-ecoregion of the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which extends up the Pacific Coast to Kodiak Island in Alaska . The ecoregion lies close to the Pacific Ocean , and is kept moist by Pacific Ocean storms during the winter months, and by coastal fogs in the summer months. These factors keep the ecoregion cooler in

576-805: The coast. This habitat is often subject to wind and maritime fog. The shrubs are mostly evergreen, small-leaved, and sclerophyllous . Characteristic species include coyote brush ( Baccharis pilularis ), yellow bush lupine ( Lupinus arboreus ), blueblossom ( Ceanothus thyrsiflorus ), seaside woolly sunflower ( Eriophyllum stoechadifolium ), sticky monkey-flower ( Mimulus aurantiacus ), poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ), California blackberry ( Rubus ursinus ), thimbleberry ( Rubus parviflorus ), salmonberry ( Rubus spectabilis ), coffeeberry ( Rhamnus californica ), oceanspray ( Holodiscus discolor ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), cow parsnip ( Heracleum maximum ), and western sword fern ( Polystichum munitum ). Coastal grassland succeeds to coastal scrub in

612-796: The ecoregion, typically adjacent to maritime chaparral. Common pines are lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ), bishop pine ( Pinus muricata ), Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ), and knobcone pine ( Pinus attenuata ). These forests can also be home to several endemic cypresses, including Monterey cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ), Gowen cypress ( Cupressus goveniana ), and Santa Cruz cypress ( Cupressus abramsiana ). Shrub species include glossyleaf manzanita ( Arctostaphylos nummularia ), bog Labrador tea ( Rhododendron groenlandicum ), evergreen huckleberry ( Vaccinium ovatum ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), Pacific rhododendron ( Rhododendron macrophyllum ), and California bayberry ( Myrica californica ). Soil conditions sometimes cause these forests to take on

648-400: The end of World War II , cutting over half of their total area. In California, only 4% of the redwoods have been protected. In Oregon and Washington , less than 10% of the original coastal rainforest area remains. An even larger percentage of the productive forest has been logged. Much of the land is rock, ice, muskeg, or less productive forest on steep slopes. The stereotypical old growth

684-415: The food supply for a seed only after it is triggered by fertilization. The Pacific temperate rainforests now remains the only region on Earth of noteworthy size and significance where, due to unique climatic conditions, the conifers flourish as they did before being displaced by flowering plants. The northern Pacific temperate rain forests are relatively young, emerging in the past few thousand years following

720-576: The forest land to the tribal council while retaining a conservation easement. Northern California coastal forests The Northern California coastal forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of coastal Northern California and southwestern Oregon . The ecoregion covers 13,300 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi), extending from just north of the California-Oregon border south, to southern Monterey County . The ecoregion rarely extends more than 65 km inland from

756-450: The greatest majority of large trees. When flowering plants emerged (in the following Cretaceous period), they quickly prevailed, causing most conifers to become extinct, and those that survived to adapt to harsh conditions. Perhaps the most significant difference in this change is that the primitive conifers invested their energy in the basic food supply for every seed, with no certainty of fertilization; by contrast, flowering plants create

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792-502: The inland Western United States compared to the coast, but small sightings of moose have been reported along the British Columbia coast. The rain forest exists in a complicated landscape of islands and fjords, and many species depend on both the forest and the ocean. Salmon are one of the primary species of the rainforest, spawning in the forest streams. The marbled murrelet nests in old growth trees at night, but feeds in

828-512: The league donated and transferred the forest land to the tribal council while retaining a conservation easement . The council designated Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, (pronounced "tsih-ih-LEY-duhn"), as a tribal protected area which recognizes that it is within the Sinkyone traditional territory and that it holds great cultural significance for the council and its member tribes as it was the hunting, fishing and ceremonial grounds of generations of Indigenous peoples . Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, which means "fish run place" in

864-577: The montane portions of various cities of the San Francisco Peninsula , Fort Bragg , Eureka , and Brookings . Redwood forests are interspersed with several other plant communities throughout this ecoregion. The dominant forest type in this ecoregion is the coastal redwood forest. These are the tallest forests on Earth, with individual redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) trees reaching heights of 100 metres (330 ft). These forests are generally found in areas exposed to coastal fog. In

900-500: The north contain predominantly Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ), while those in the coastal forests are home to both species mentioned, as well as coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ) and shore pine ( Pinus contorta ). Notably, many of the world's largest and tallest tree species are found in this ecoregion. Dense growths of epiphytes and mosses cover

936-517: The north, they occur on upland slopes, in riparian zones, and on riverine terraces. In the south, where annual precipitation is lower, they are constrained to coves and ravines. Coast Douglas-firs ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii ) are nearly always associated with redwoods, but in the north the forests can also include Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) and western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ). Like coast Douglas-fir, tanoak ( Notholithocarpus densiflorus )

972-476: The ocean during the day. Many of the most iconic photos of these forests include a large bear somewhere in the frame. Grizzly bears and black bears once thrived throughout the rain forest zone and beyond. Black bears can still be found throughout the forest's range, while grizzlies are largely confined to areas north of the Canada–US border. These forests have some of the largest concentrations of grizzly bears in

1008-480: The pulp companies — in some cases resulting in trees being given away for less than the price of a hamburger. Since 1980, the US Forest Service has lost over a billion dollars in Tongass timber sales. Half a million acres (2,000 km ) of the Tongass was selected by native corporations under the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act . Much of this area has been clearcut. The most controversial timber sales in

1044-509: The redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii ), canyon live oak ( Quercus chrysolepis ), tanoak ( Notholithocarpus densiflorus ), madrone ( Arbutus menziesii ), California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ), and golden chinquapin ( Chrysolepis chrysophylla ). The shrub understory

1080-588: The region. The council is made up of the Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria , Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians , Hopland Band of Pomo Indians , Pinoleville Pomo Nation , Potter Valley Tribe , Redwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians , Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians , Round Valley Indian Tribes , Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians and Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians . Intertribal Sinkyone Wilderness on

1116-409: The retreat of the ice sheets of the last ice age . The ecosystem of Pacific temperate rainforests is so productive that the biomass on the best sites is at least four times greater than that of any comparable area in the tropics . In sheer mass of living and decaying material - trees, mosses, shrubs, and soil - these forests are more massive than any other ecosystem on the planet. In part, this

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1152-631: The summer and warmer in the winter, as compared to ecoregions further inland. The ecoregion is also defined by the distribution of the Coast Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), with isolated groves located in protected canyons as far south as Redwood Gulch, in southern Monterey County . The greatest concentration of remaining Old-growth forest are in the northernmost portion of the ecoregion, primarily within Humboldt and Del Norte counties. Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include

1188-499: The trees, and lush vegetation is present everywhere. Hardwood trees such as the bigleaf maple and the alder are also common, especially at lower elevations and along stream banks, and are vital to the ecosystem, in part because of their nitrogen fixing . About 200 million years ago (during the Triassic and Jurassic periods), the landscape was dominated by conifers , which were the most diverse group of trees and constituted

1224-642: The understory. Some of the rarest forests that occurs in this coastal region are the Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests , an example of which occurs in the Carbonera Creek watershed of Santa Cruz County, California . These forest are dominated by ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). Pacific temperate rain forests This ecoregion is a subregion of the Cascadia bioregion . These rainforests occur in

1260-699: The world, mainly due to the region's rich salmon streams. The Great Bear Rainforest in Canada is home to the rare white variant of the black bear known as the Kermode bear , also known colloquially as the "spirit bear." The endangered spotted owl was at the center of logging controversies in Oregon and Washington. Other wildlife species of note include the bald eagle , marbled murrelet , wolf , mountain lion and sitka deer . Pacific temperate rainforests have been subject to ongoing large-scale industrial logging since

1296-476: Was established in 1986. Nonprofit and governmental organizations have cooperated with the council in the restoration of property to descendants of its original inhabitants which is part of an effort to return Indigenous lands and autonomy to Indigenous communities. After the invasion of the traditional Sinkyone tribal territory by multitudes of Euro-American settlers in the mid-1850s, Sinkyone people eventually became enrolled members at several tribes located throughout

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