Robert Sargin - Director; Director of China Program
116-628: The International Law Institute, also known as the ILI , was founded as part of Georgetown University in 1955. The ILI provides training and technical assistance for the legal, economic and financial problems of developing countries and emerging economies. Since 1983, the ILI has been an independent, non-profit educational institution serving government officials, legal and business professionals and scholars from its headquarters in Washington, D.C. To date,
232-820: A $ 20 million gift from Alwaleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz Alsaud , member of the Saudi Royal Family ; at that time the second-largest donation ever to the university, it was used to expand the activities of the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding . In October 2002, Georgetown University began studying the feasibility of opening a campus of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Qatar , when
348-545: A cemetery , large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles. New buildings and major renovations are required to meet LEED Silver criteria, and the campus was nominated for the District Sustainability People's Choice Award in 2018. Healy Hall, designed by Paul J. Pelz in Neo-Medieval style and built from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and
464-650: A company can become an international business. Therefore, to conduct business overseas, companies should be aware of all the factors that might affect any business activities, including, but not limited to: difference in legal systems, political systems, economic policy , language , accounting standards , labor standards , living standards, environmental standards , local cultures , corporate cultures , foreign-exchange markets , tariffs , import and export regulations, trade agreements , climate , and education . Each of these factors may require changes in how companies operate from one country to another. Each factor makes
580-419: A conflict. People want to live in a clean and quiet environment, without pollution or unnecessary noise. If a conflict arises, this may lead to a negative change in customer's perception of the company. Actual or potential threat of adverse effects on living organisms and environment by effluents, emissions, wastes, resource depletion , etc., arising out of an organization's activities is considered to be risks of
696-412: A country that has an uncertain assurance of safety from these attacks. Bribery is the act of receiving or soliciting of any items or services of value to influence the actions of a party with public or legal obligations. This is considered to an unethical form of practicing business and can have legal repercussions. Firm that want to operate legally should instruct employees to not involve themselves or
812-407: A country's situation and put a firm in an awkward position. Political risks are the likelihood that political forces will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. Political risk tends to be greater in countries experiencing social unrest . When political risk is high, there is a high probability that a change will occur in
928-438: A crucial role in sustainable development, as companies increasingly prioritize ethical practices, environmental responsibility, and social impact. Collaboration between governments, businesses, and international organizations is essential to address issues like climate change, labor rights, and economic inequality. In essence, international business is a dynamic force driving economic growth, fostering global cooperation, and shaping
1044-430: A decade studying and teaching at the law schools of Columbia University and Georgetown University . Following World War II he returned to Germany to work for the reconstruction of legal education. Professor Kronstein believed that closer ties between European and American legal systems would facilitate business and trade. The institute's early years were marked by scholarly work and academic exchanges. Beginning in
1160-459: A departure from the earlier norm where firms held minor or passive ("portfolio") investments abroad. This paradigm shift necessitated a fresh nomenclature, leading to the introduction of the term "multinational enterprise" (MNE), referring to entities with substantial operations in multiple nations. "International business" is also defined as the study of the internationalization process of multinational enterprises. A multinational enterprise (MNE)
1276-400: A difference and a connection. One of the first scholars to engage in developing a theory of multinational companies was Canadian economist Stephen Hymer . Throughout his academic life, he developed theories that sought to explain foreign direct investment (FDI) and why firms become multinational. There were three phases of internationalization according to Hymer's work. In this thesis,
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#17327649320671392-488: A diverse range of channels that facilitate the dissemination of information and communication among businesses operating across borders. These channels play a crucial role in keeping stakeholders informed about global market trends, emerging opportunities, and potential risks. Here are some of the key types of international business media: In addition to traditional media, there are also a number of social media channels that focus on international business. These channels can be
1508-579: A dozen foreign heads of state . Georgetown has educated more U.S. diplomats than any other university, as well as many American politicians and civil servants . In 1634, Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in colonial-era British America . In 1646, the defeat of the Royalists in the English Civil War led to stringent laws against Catholic education and
1624-422: A firm appropriate tools to reduce risk of failure abroad. Risks that arise from poor planning include: large expenses in marketing, administration and product development (with no sales); disadvantages derived from local or federal laws of a foreign country, lack of popularity because of a saturated market , vandalism of physical property due to instability of country; etc. There are also cultural risks when entering
1740-425: A foreign market. Lack of research and understanding of local customs can lead to alienation of locals and brand dissociation. Strategic risks can be defined as the uncertainties and untapped opportunities embedded in your strategic intent and how well they are executed. As such, they are key matters for the board and impinge on the whole business, rather than just an isolated unit. A company has to be conscious about
1856-407: A good way to stay up-to-date on the latest news and developments, and they can also be a valuable platform for connecting with other businesses and professionals. To achieve success in penetrating a foreign market and remaining profitable, efforts must be directed towards the planning and execution of Phase I. The use of conventional SWOT analysis , market research , and cultural research, will give
1972-426: A government governs a country ( governance ) can affect the operations of a firm. The government might be corrupt , hostile, or totalitarian ; and may have a negative image around the globe. A firm's reputation can change if it operates in a country controlled by that type of government. Also, an unstable political situation can be a risk for multinational firms. Elections or any unexpected political event can change
2088-448: A government will indiscriminately change the laws, regulations, or contracts governing an investment—or will fail to enforce them—in a way that reduces an investor's financial returns is what we call 'policy risk.'" Exchange rates can fluctuate rapidly for a variety of reasons, including economic instability and diplomatic issues. Terrorism is a voluntary act of violence towards a group(s) of people. In most cases, acts of terrorism
2204-525: A hill above the Potomac River and identifiable by Healy Hall , a National Historic Landmark . It is classified among R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity and its undergraduate admissions is considered highly selective . The university offers degree programs in forty-eight disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 graduate students from more than 135 countries. The school's athletic teams are nicknamed
2320-401: A host country (when these are higher) and gaining an experience curve . Some possible disadvantages to exporting are high transport costs and high tariff barriers . The second entry mode is a turnkey project. In a turnkey project, an independent contractor is hired by the company to oversee all of the preparation for entering a foreign market. Once the preparation is complete and the end of
2436-531: A host-country firm, or setting up a new wholly owned subsidiary in the host country. The first entry mode is exporting . Exporting is the sale of a product in a different national market than a centralized hub of manufacturing. In this way, a firm may realize a substantial scale of economies from its global sales revenue. As an example, many Japanese automakers made inroads into the U.S. market through exporting. There are two primary advantages to exporting: avoiding high costs of establishing manufacturing in
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#17327649320672552-411: A liaison office at Fudan on January 12, 2008, to further collaboration. John J. DeGioia , Georgetown's first lay president, led the school from 2001 to 2024. DeGioia continued its financial modernization and sought to "expand opportunities for intercultural and interreligious dialogue." DeGioia also founded the annual Building Bridges Seminar in 2001, which brings global religious leaders together, and
2668-520: A new Jesuit Residence to the campus. The school's first performing arts center , named for Royden B. Davis , was completed in November 2005. The new business school headquarters, named for Rafik Hariri , opened in Fall 2009, and Regents Hall, the new science building, opened in Fall 2012. Along with the adjacent Leavey Student Center, these two large buildings have become popular study spaces and overlook
2784-526: A newly developed scenic lawn space. International business International business refers to the trade of goods and service goods, services, technology, capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale. It may also refer to commercial entities operating in different countries. International business involves cross-border transactions of goods and services between two or more countries. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, and people for
2900-592: A restrictive Early Action admissions program, as students who have applied through an Early Decision process at another school are not permitted to apply early to Georgetown. 94% of students accepted for the class of 2017 were in the top 10% of their class and the interquartile range of SAT scores was 700–770 in Reading/Writing and 680–780 in Math. Georgetown accepts the SAT and ACT , though it does not consider
3016-577: A risk for a company to operate in a country and they may experience an unexpected economic crisis after establishing the subsidiary. Economic risks is the likelihood that economic management will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. In practice, the biggest problem arising from economic mismanagement has been inflation. Historically many governments have expanded their domestic money supplying misguided attempts to stimulate economic activity. According to Professor Okolo: "This area
3132-466: A static view of cross-border interactions. However, the term "foreign" often evoked notions of remoteness or strangeness, failing to capture the dynamic essence of international engagements. As commerce evolved with the advent of firms engaging in substantial direct investments across borders, newer terms to encapsulate the changing landscape. The mid-19th century marked the rise of companies owning and controlling production facilities in various countries,
3248-683: A system of shuttles, known as GUTS buses. Georgetown also has a branch of the School of Foreign Service in Doha , Qatar, as well as villas in Alanya , Turkey, and Fiesole , Italy. In their campus layout, Georgetown's administrators consistently used the traditional quadrangle design. In 2023, Georgetown announced that it would open a new campus in Jakarta, Indonesia. Georgetown's undergraduate and medical school campuses are situated on an elevated site above
3364-856: A two-to-one margin. Georgetown University's faculty members give more support to liberal candidates, and while their donation patterns are generally consistent with those of other American university faculties, they gave more than average to Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign . The faculty includes former Society for Classical Studies president James J. O'Donnell , theologian John Haught , social activistd Chai Feldblum , Nobel laureate George Akerlof , writer and human rights advocate Carolyn Forché , award-winning literary critic Maureen Corrigan , linguist Deborah Tannen , business philosopher Jason Brennan , and hip hop scholar Michael Eric Dyson . Many former politicians choose to teach at Georgetown, including former Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright and Henry Kissinger , former U.S. Ambassador to
3480-532: A university, and focus on higher education . In 1901, the School of Medicine added a dental school in 1901 and the undergraduate School of Nursing in 1903. Georgetown Preparatory School relocated from campus in 1919 and fully separated from the university in 1927. The School of Foreign Service (SFS) was founded in 1919 by Edmund A. Walsh , to prepare students for leadership in diplomacy and foreign commerce. The School of Dentistry became independent of
3596-659: A wholly owned subsidiary, when a firm owns 100 percent of the stock of a company in a foreign country because it has either set up a new operation or acquires an established firm in that country. Exports and import Data is from the CIA World Factbook , compiled in 2017: Strategic variables affect the choice of entry mode for multinational corporation expansion beyond their domestic markets . These variables are global concentration, global synergies, and global strategic motivations of MNC. International Business Media International business media encompasses
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3712-658: Is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". As of 2014 , Georgetown's libraries held over 3.5 million printed items, including 1.25 million e-books, in seven buildings, with most in Lauinger Library . The Blommer Science Library in the Reiss Science Building on campus, houses most of the Science collection. Additionally, the Law School campus includes
3828-767: Is a National Historic Landmark . Within Healy Hall are a number of notable rooms including Gaston Hall , Riggs Library, and the Bioethics Library Hirst Reading Room. Both Healy Hall and the Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory , built in 1844, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In addition to the front lawn, the main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle behind Healy Hall, which
3944-519: Is a private Jesuit research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. , United States. Founded by Bishop John Carroll in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic institution of higher education in the United States and the nation's first federally chartered university. The university has eleven undergraduate and graduate schools. Georgetown's main campus is on
4060-617: Is a branch of law that basically aims to provide legal rules applicable to relations between business entities when the movement of products, services or values involves several countries. There has been growth in globalization in recent decades due to the following factors. Managers in international business must understand social science disciplines and how they affect different functional business fields. To maintain and achieve successful business operations in foreign nations, persons must understand how variations in culture and traditions across nations affect business practices. This idea
4176-637: Is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets, production and/or operations in several countries. Well-known MNEs include fast-food companies such as: McDonald's (MCD), YUM (YUM), Starbucks Coffee Company (SBUX), etc. Other industrial MNEs leaders include vehicle manufacturers such as: Ford Motor Company, and General Motors (GMC). Some consumer electronics producers such as Samsung, LG and Sony, and energy companies such as Exxon Mobil, and British Petroleum (BP) are also multinational enterprises. Multinational enterprises range from any kind of business activity or market, from consumer goods to machinery manufacture;
4292-420: Is affected by the currency exchange rate, government flexibility in allowing the firms to repatriate profits or funds outside the country. The devaluation and inflation will also affect the firm's ability to operate at an efficient capacity and still be stable." Furthermore, the taxes that a company has to pay might be advantageous or not. It might be higher or lower in the host countries. Then "the risk that
4408-650: Is derived from hatred of religious, political and cultural beliefs. An example was the infamous 9/11 attacks , labeled as terrorism due to the massive damages inflicted on American society and the global economy stemming from the animosity towards Western culture by some radical Islamic groups . Terrorism not only affects civilians, but it also damages corporations and other businesses. These effects may include: physical vandalism or destruction of property , sales declining due to frightened consumers and governments issuing public safety restrictions. Firms engaging in international business will find it difficult to operate in
4524-466: Is gained through the knowledge and use of language, thereby mitigating a language barrier . A study by Lohmann (2011) in Economics Letters delved into the impact of language barriers on trade. The findings suggest that fluency in the local language can significantly enhance trade interactions. Advantages of being an international businessperson who is fluent in the local language include
4640-1044: Is globalization, which has significantly altered the landscape of trade by facilitating increased interconnectedness between nations. International business thrives on the principle of comparative advantage, wherein countries specialize in producing goods and services they can produce most efficiently. This specialization fosters efficiency, leading to optimal resource allocation and higher overall productivity. Moreover, international business fosters cultural exchange and understanding by promoting interactions between people of diverse backgrounds. However, it also poses challenges, such as navigating complex regulatory frameworks, cultural differences, and geopolitical tensions. Effective international business strategies require astute market analysis, risk assessment, and adaptation to local customs and preferences. The role of technology cannot be overstated, as advancements in communication and transportation have drastically reduced barriers to entry and expanded market reach. Additionally, international business plays
4756-611: Is home to Dahlgren Chapel; however, in recent decades, Red Square has replaced the Dahlgren Quadrangle as the focus of student life. North of Red Square is an extended pathway that is home to buildings such as the Intercultural Center (ICC), the Reiss Science building, the newly constructed dormitory named after Pedro Arrupe , and the large Leavey Student Center. The medical school is located in
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4872-540: Is known as cultural literacy . Without knowledge of a host country's culture, corporate strategizing is more difficult and error-prone when entering foreign markets compared with the home country's market and culture. This can create a "blind spot" during the decision making process and result in ethnocentrism . Education about international business introduces the student to new concepts that can be applicable in international strategy in topics such as marketing and operations. A considerable advantage in international business
4988-789: Is not English; and International Judicial Assistance, by Bruno A. Ristau and Michael Abbell, a seven-volume work designed as a practical guide for attorneys engaged in transnational litigation. The International Law Institute offers courses which cover topics relating to national and international business , investment , and governance . These topics include procurement , privatization , arbitration and mediation , negotiating and implementing trade agreements , The World Trade Organization (WTO) rights and obligations, project management , legislative drafting, judicial administration, corporate governance , bank restructuring, and borrowing & debt management. In addition, for foreign lawyers and law students preparing for graduate legal( L.L.M ) study in
5104-508: Is part of Georgetown's effort to promote religious pluralism. The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs was begun as an initiative in 2004, and after a grant from William R. Berkley, was launched as an independent organization in 2006. Additionally, The Center for International and Regional Studies opened in 2005 at the new Qatar campus. Between 2012 and 2018, Georgetown received more than $ 350 million from Gulf Cooperation Council countries including Saudi Arabia , Qatar, and
5220-537: Is relatively limited. Stores in university-owned buildings are prohibited from selling or distributing birth control products. The university hosts the Cardinal O'Connor Conference on Life annually in January to discuss the pro-life movement. Georgetown University Medical Center and Georgetown University Hospital , operated by MedStar Health , are prohibited from performing abortions. However, as of 2004 ,
5336-406: Is technological change, particularly developments in communication, information processing , and transportation technologies. The discourse surrounding international business has a transition in terminology over the years, reflecting shifts in understanding and the expanding scope of cross-border commerce. Initially, phrases such as "foreign trade" and "foreign exchange" were prevalent, embodying
5452-428: Is the difference between V (the value of the product being sold) and C (the cost of production per each product sold). Value creation can be categorized as: primary activities ( research and development , production, marketing and sales, customer service ) and as support activities (information systems, logistics, human resources). All of these activities must be managed effectively and be consistent with
5568-830: The Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy , the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal , The Georgetown Law Journal , the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs , and the Georgetown Public Policy Review . Georgetown University has four campuses in Washington, D.C.: the undergraduate campus located in the neighborhood of Georgetown, the Medical Center, the School of Continuing Studies (in Chinatown) and
5684-539: The Hoyas and include a men's basketball team , which is a member of the Big East Conference . Notable alumni include 32 Rhodes Scholars , 46 Marshall Scholars , 33 Truman Scholars , 543 Fulbright Scholars , 8 living billionaires , 25 U.S. governors , 2 U.S. Supreme Court Justices , 2 U.S. Presidents , more than 450 members of United States Congress , as well as international royalty and more than
5800-537: The National Science Foundation , National Institutes of Health , the U.S. Department of Energy , and the U.S. Department of Defense . In 2010, the school received $ 5.6 million from the Department of Education to fund fellowships in several international studies fields. Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center is one of 41 research-intensive comprehensive cancer centers in
5916-691: The Potomac River overlooking Northern Virginia . Because of this, Georgetown University is often referred to as "The Hilltop". The main gates, known as the Healy Gates , are located at the intersection of 37th and O Streets NW, and lead directly to the heart of campus. The main campus is relatively compact, being 104 acres (0.4 km ) in area, but includes fifty-four buildings, student residences and apartments capable of accommodating 80% of undergraduates, and various athletic facilities. Most buildings employ collegiate Gothic architecture and Georgian brick architecture . Campus green areas include fountains,
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#17327649320676032-543: The United Arab Emirates . Georgetown University was founded by former Jesuits in the tradition of Ignatius of Loyola ; it is a member of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . Georgetown is not a pontifical university , though seven Jesuits serve on the 36 member Board of Directors, the university's governing body. Catholic spaces at the university, including Dahlgren Chapel ,
6148-432: The firm strategy . However, the success of firms that extend internationally depends on the goods or services sold and on the firm's core competencies (Skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily match or imitate). For a firm to be successful, the firm's strategy must be consistent with the environment in which the firm operates. Therefore, the firm needs to change its organizational structure to reflect changes in
6264-401: The "franchisor" sells the intangible property to the franchisee, and also requires the franchisee operate as dictated by the franchisor. Lastly, a joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary are two more entry modes in international business. A joint venture is when a firm created is jointly owned by two or more companies (Most joint venture are 50-50 partnerships ). This is in contrast with
6380-604: The Civil war caused enrollment levels to remain low until well after the war. Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade. When the Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's rowing team, was founded in 1876 it adopted two colors: blue, used for Union uniforms , and gray, used for Confederate uniforms . These colors signified the peaceful existence of students who held various loyalties. Enrollment did not recover until
6496-645: The College of Arts and Sciences welcoming its first female students in the 1969–1970 academic year , Georgetown became fully coeducational . In 1975, Georgetown established the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies , soliciting funds from the governments of the United States, Saudi Arabia , Oman , and Libya as well as American corporations with business interests in the Middle East. It later returned
6612-552: The Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service both offer master's programs. The School of Foreign Service is renowned for its academic programs in international affairs. The School of Foreign Service graduate and undergraduate programs are ranked first in the world by Foreign Policy . The Center for Contemporary Arab Studies also offer a Master's of Arab Studies, as well as certificates. Each graduate school offers at least one double degree with another graduate school. Additionally,
6728-599: The Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, the Law Center, the School of Medicine, the McCourt School of Public Policy , and the School of Continuing Studies. Master's students occasionally share some advanced seminars with undergraduates, and most undergraduate schools offer abbreviated bachelor's and master's programs following completion of the undergraduate degree. The McDonough School of Business and
6844-581: The ILI and its global affiliates have trained over 39,400 officials, managers, and practitioners- from 186 countries- since it held its first seminar in 1971. The ILI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. , and has regional centers in Kampala, Uganda , Abuja, Nigeria , Cairo, Egypt , Santiago, Chile , and Istanbul, Turkey . The ILI's training and technical assistance programs are conducted by adjunct faculty and advisors, professionals of all nationalities from government, academia, multilateral organizations, and
6960-1466: The ILI's Asia Initiatives. Board Member of Friends of the Law Library of Congress; Board Member of United Rule of Law Appeal [Non-ILI Board Member] Kenneth Lazarus Partner - Lazarus & Associates Former Counsel to Present to the United States Marian Hagler (Secretary) Managing Member, Hagler Law LLC, Denver, CO Former General Counsel, BOE Midstream, Denver, CO Former Partner, Dentons, Washington, DC Former of Counsel, Baker & McKenzie, Washington, DC David Mao Assoc. Vice President & Chief Operating Officer, GULC, Washington, DC Former Acting Librarian, Library of Congress, Washington, DC Swithin Munyantwali Vice Chairman- African Centre for Legal Excellence - (ILI Uganda) Former Chairman - Barclays Bank Uganda Independent Non Executive Director, Absa Group John Niehuss Director, Center for Private Investment in Infrastructure, ILI Faculty, Michigan Law, University of Michigan Eli Whitney Debevoise II Partner - Arnold & Porter LLP Former Executive Director, World Bank Hongxia Liu Associate Vice Chancellor & Chief Operating Officer, New York University, Shanghai Formerly Executive Director at
7076-925: The Institute of International Education Former Executive Dean, School of Foreign Service and Professor at Georgetown University Former Consultant to Ford Foundation, the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, the United States Information Agency, and IBM William Alford Vice Dean Graduate Program and International Legal Studies, Harvard University Director, East Asian Legal Studies Chair, Harvard Law School Project on Disability Michael Baxter (Counsel to ILI - Non-Board Member) Partner - Convington & Burling Dr. Borzu Sabahi Partner, Curtis Mallet Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP Georgetown University Georgetown University
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#17327649320677192-813: The Law Center offers a joint degree with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health . The School of Continuing Studies includes the Center for Continuing and Professional Education, and operates four types of degree programs, over thirty professional certificates and non-degree courses, undergraduate and graduate degrees in Liberal Studies , as well as summer courses for graduates, undergraduates, and high school students. The School of Dentistry closed in 1990 after 89 years in operation. Admission to Georgetown has been deemed "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report , with
7308-609: The Law Center. The undergraduate campus and Medical Center are together in the Georgetown neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington and form the main campus. Other centers are located around Washington, D.C., including the Center for Continuing and Professional Education at Clarendon in Arlington County, Virginia . Transit between these locations and the Washington Metro is supplied by
7424-542: The School of Medicine in 1956. The School of Business was separated from the SFS in 1957. In 1998, it was renamed the McDonough School of Business in honor of alumnus Robert E. McDonough. Georgetown also aimed to expand its resources and student body. The School of Nursing has admitted female students since its founding, and most of the university classes were made available to women on a limited basis by 1952. With
7540-702: The Turkish Corporate Governance Association Formerly Special Counsel, Reid & Priest, New York Former Asst. Professor of Public International Law, Istanbul University School of Law Charles O. Verrill Jr. (Co-Vice Chairman and Treasurer) Former Partner, Wiley, Rein & Fielding Board of Visitors Duke University Law School Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown University Mark Walter Executive Director - International Law Institute Robert Sargin Director - International Law Institute; Director of
7656-418: The U.S, and others whose jobs require an understanding of the U.S. legal system , the ILI runs the longest continually running U.S. legal orientation program. Two courses are offered- introduction to Legal English and Legal Writing and Orientation to the U.S. Legal System. Participants are introduced to the U.S. legal methods and process, central U.S. judicial doctrines and the basic research skills needed in
7772-828: The United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick , U.S. Agency for International Development administrator Andrew Natsios , National Security Advisor Anthony Lake , and CIA director George Tenet . Former Supreme Court Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. , Antonin Scalia , and John Roberts have each taught at the university. Internationally, the school attracts former ambassadors and heads of state, including former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar , Saudi Ambassador Prince Turki Al-Faisal , President Laura Chinchilla of Costa Rica , and President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe . Georgetown University
7888-622: The United States, and developed the breakthrough HPV vaccine for cervical cancer , and conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRC) technology. Centers that conduct and sponsor research at Georgetown include the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs , the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding and the Woodstock Theological Center . Regular publications include
8004-812: The World Justice Project Director of Legal Research at the US Law Library of Congress Representative and Director, Asia Pacific at International Law Development Organization (IDLO) Elizabeth Anderson Executive Director, World Justice Project Timothy Schnabel Executive Director of the Uniform Law Commission Former Attorney, US State Department Office of Legal Advisors Alberto Mora Director, American Bar Association, Rule of Law Initiative Executive Director of Global Programs, Human Rights Center and UN Relations Dr. Allan Goodman President of
8120-870: The assistance of the US State Department and the Oxford University Press . The Digest is available both in print and on the State Department's website. The posting on the web is the Department of State's Office of the Legal Adviser and the International Law Institute's attempt to make the historical record of U.S. practice of international law accessible. The Digest traces its history back to an 1877 treatise by John Lambert Cadwalader , which
8236-467: The author departs from neoclassical theory and opens up a new area of international production. At first, Hymer started analyzing neoclassical theory and financial investment , where the main reason for capital movement is the difference in interest rates . After this analysis, Hymer analyzed the characteristics of foreign investment by large companies for production and direct business purposes, calling this Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By analyzing
8352-465: The company in such activities. Companies should avoid doing business in countries where unstable forms of government exist as it could bring unfair advantages against domestic business and/or harm the social fabric of the citizens. International business activities are governed by international commercial law , which is a set of legal rules, conventions, treaties, domestic laws and commercial customs used to regulate trade between countries. Therefore, It
8468-400: The contract is reached, the plant is turned over to the company fully ready for operation. Licensing and franchising are two additional entry modes that are similar in operation. Licensing allows a licensor to grant the rights to an intangible property to the licensee for a specified period of time for a royalty fee. Franchising, on the other hand, is a specialized form of licensing in which
8584-519: The country's political environment that will endanger foreign firms there. Corrupt foreign governments may also take over the company without warning , as seen in Venezuela. Technological improvements bring many benefits, but some disadvantages as well. Some of these risks include "lack of security in electronic transactions , the cost of developing new technology ... the fact that this new technology may fail, and, when all of these are coupled with
8700-471: The curriculum has evolved to reflect, and promote, the centrality of the private sector and an enabling role on the part of the public sector in promoting the conditions for economic growth. This direction was heightened in the early 1990s when the institute's work expanded to include the problems facing nations formerly part of the Soviet Union as they began to make the transition to market economies and
8816-444: The early 1970s—under the leadership of a new director, Professor Don Wallace Jr., of Georgetown - the ILI expanded its focus to include professional training in the legal, economic, and financial problems of developing countries. An early collaborator in this work was Professor Robert Hellawell of Columbia University Law School. The earliest courses offered were Foreign Investment Negotiation and International Procurement . Since then
8932-624: The economic and political gap between countries. There is an increasing amount of demand for business people with an education in international business. A survey conducted by Thomas Patrick from University of Notre Dame concluded that bachelor's degree and master's degree holders felt that the training received through education were very practical in the working environment. Increasingly, companies are sourcing their human resource requirement globally. For example, at Sony Corporation , only fifty percent of its employees are Japanese. Business people with an education in international business also had
9048-531: The environment. As new business leaders come to fruition in their careers, it will be increasingly important to curb business activities and externalizations that may hurt the environment. These are the economic risks explained by Professor Okolo: "This comes from the inability of a country to meet its financial obligations. The changing of foreign-investment or/and domestic fiscal or monetary policies. The effect of exchange-rate and interest rate make it difficult to conduct international business." Moreover, it can be
9164-642: The extradition of known Jesuits from the colony, including missionary Andrew White , and the destruction of their school at Calverton Manor. During most of the remainder of Maryland's colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. Following the end of the American Revolutionary War , plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized. At Benjamin Franklin 's recommendation, Pope Pius VI appointed former Jesuit John Carroll
9280-606: The first head of the Catholic Church in the United States , even though the papal suppression of the Jesuit order was still in effect. Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis , where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23, 1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built. Future Congressman William Gaston
9396-471: The first federal university charter , which allowed it to confer degrees, with the first bachelor's degrees being awarded two years later. In 1844, the school received a corporate charter under the name " The President and Directors of Georgetown College ", affording the growing school additional legal rights. In response to the demand for a local option for Catholic students, the Medical School
9512-484: The following: In many cases, it plays a crucial role. It is truly impossible to gain an understanding of a culture's buying habits without first taking the time to understand the culture. Examples of the benefit of understanding local culture include the following: The international business standards focus on the following: By focusing on these, students will gain a better understanding of Political economy . These are tools that would help future business people bridge
9628-433: The future of commerce on a worldwide scale. To conduct business overseas, multinational companies need to bridge separate national markets into one global marketplace. There are two macro-scale factors that underline the trend of greater globalization. The first consists of eliminating barriers to make cross-border trade easier (e.g. free flow of goods and services, and capital, referred to as " free trade "). The second
9744-684: The hospital was performing research using embryonic stem cells . Between 1996 and 1999, the administration added crucifixes to many classroom walls, a change that attracted national attention. Before 1996, crucifixes had hung only in hospital rooms and historic classrooms. Some of these crucifixes are historic works of art, and are noted as such. In May 2004, Imam Yahya Hendi , the school's on-campus Muslim cleric, faced pressure to remove crucifixes while he and other campus faith leaders defended their placement. The Edward B. Bunn, S.J. Intercultural Center rotates displays of various faith and culture symbols in its lobby. In September 2005, Georgetown
9860-522: The late 19th century, during the presidency of Patrick Francis Healy from 1873 to 1881. Born in Athens, Georgia as a slave by law and mixed-race by ancestry, Healy was the first person of African descent to head a predominantly white American university. He identified as Irish Catholic, like his father, and was educated in Catholic schools in the United States and France. He is credited with reforming
9976-586: The limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a mass sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations in Maringouin, Louisiana , from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. President James Madison signed into law Georgetown's congressional charter on March 1, 1815, creating
10092-625: The money it received from Muammar Qaddafi 's Libyan government, which had been used to fund a chair for Hisham Shirabi , and also returned further donations from Iraq . Georgetown ended its bicentennial year of 1989 by electing Leo J. O'Donovan , S.J. as president. He subsequently launched the Third Century Campaign to build the school's endowment. In December 2003, Georgetown completed the campaign after raising over $ 1 billion for financial aid, academic chair endowment, and new capital projects. In 2005, Georgetown received
10208-422: The motivations for FDI. According to Hymer, there are two main determinants of FDI; where an imperfect market structure is the key element. The first is the firm-specific advantages which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably, used in the foreign country. The second determinant is the removal of control where Hymer wrote: "When firms are interconnected, they compete in selling in
10324-422: The multinational enterprise. His OLI paradigm, in particular, remains as the predominant theoretical contribution to study international business topics. Hymer and Dunning are considered founders of international business as a specialist field of study . The conduct of international operations depends on a company's objectives and the means with which they carry them out. The operations affect and are affected by
10440-435: The nation's fifth-largest law library as of 2007. Georgetown faculty conduct research in hundreds of subjects, but research priorities are in religion, ethics, science, public policy, and cancer medicine. In 2019, Georgetown spent $ 240.9 million on research, ranking it 101st nationwide, with $ 94.0 million in federal funding. In 2007, it received about $ 14.8 million in federal funds for research, with 64% from
10556-595: The non-profit Qatar Foundation first proposed the idea. The School of Foreign Service in Qatar opened in 2005 along with four other U.S. universities in the Education City development. That same year, Georgetown began hosting a two-week workshop at Fudan University 's School of International Relations and Public Affairs in Shanghai , China. This later developed into a more formal connection when Georgetown opened
10672-667: The northwestern part of the main campus on Reservoir Road. It is integrated with Georgetown University Hospital. In the 21st-century, the West side of the Hilltop has emerged as a newly developing area of the main campus. The university completed the Southwest Quadrangle Project in late 2003 and brought a new 907-bed upperclassmen residence hall, the Leo J. O'Donovan dining hall, a large underground parking facility, and
10788-411: The outdated existing technology, [the fact that] the result may create a dangerous effect in doing business in the international arena." Companies that establish a subsidiary or factory abroad need to be conscious about the externalizations they will produce, as some may have negative effects such as noise or pollution . This may cause aggravation to the people living there, which in turn can lead to
10904-412: The physical and societal factors and the competitive environment . All firms that want to go international have one goal in common; the desire to increase their respective economic values when engaging in international trade transactions. To accomplish this goal, each firm must develop its individual strategy and approach to maximize value , lower costs, and increase profits. A firm's value creation
11020-670: The private sector. 2 The institute was founded in 1955 at the Georgetown University Law Center A sister institute, the Insitut für Ausländisches und Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht , was founded at the same time at Johannes Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany ; it continues its work today. Professor Heinrich Kronstein , the institute's first director, fled Germany in the 1930s and spent more than
11136-402: The production costs to not waste time and money. If the expenditures and costs are controlled, it will create an efficient production and help the internationalization. Operational risk is the prospect of loss resulting from inadequate or failed procedures, systems or policies; employee errors, systems failure, fraud or other criminal activity, or any event that disrupts business processes. How
11252-424: The purpose of the international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, and construction. International business is also known as globalization . International business encompasses a myriad of crucial elements vital for global economic integration and growth. At its core, it involves the exchange of goods, services, and capital across national borders. One of its pivotal aspects
11368-539: The rule of law. Today the International Law Institute is an independent, not-for-profit organization . It continues to work closely with Georgetown University , as well as with numerous corporations, international organizations, and governments. The International Law Institute publishes numerous publications. The most notable is The Digest of United States Practice in International Law, covering developments in U.S. International Law annually, published with
11484-592: The same market or one of the firms may sell to the other," and because of this "it may be profitable to substitute centralized decision-making for decentralized decision-making ". Hymer's second phase is his neoclassical article in 1968 that includes a theory of internationalization and explains the direction of growth of the international expansion of firms. In a later stage, Hymer went to a more Marxist approach where he explains that MNC as agents of an international capitalist system causing conflict and contradictions, causing among other things inequality and poverty in
11600-762: The same report, the Medical School is ranked 44th in research and 87th in primary care, and the McDonough School of Business ranks 24th in MBA programs and 14th in undergraduate programs. In 2024, Poets & Quants ranked Georgetown's undergraduate business programs third in the country. Georgetown University Law Center is ranked 14th in the United States and 12th in the world, as well as first in clinical training and part-time law, second in tax law, third in international law, fifth in criminal law, seventh in health care law, ninth in constitutional law, and tenth in environmental law. The undergraduate schools maintain
11716-515: The setting in which they are operating and the strategy they are pursuing. Once a firm decides to enter a foreign market, it must decide on a mode of entry. There are six different modes to enter a foreign market, and each mode has pros and cons that are associated with it. The firm must decide which mode is most appropriately aligned with the company's goals and objectives. The six different modes of entry are exporting, turnkey projects , licensing , franchising , establishing joint ventures with
11832-583: The study of the U.S. law and for communicating with the U.S. colleagues and clients. Don Wallace Jr. (Chairman) Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center Stuart Kerr (Board President) Former Counsel, Jones Day Former Legal & Regulatory Director, Millennium Challenge Corporation Spencer S. Griffith (Co-Vice Chairman) Partner - Akin Gump, LLP Former Managing Partner of Akin Gump's Beijing Office Umit Herguner Founding Partner - Herguner Bilgen Ozeke Attorney Partnership, Istanbul Former President of
11948-413: The two types of investments, Hymer distinguished financial investment from direct investment. The main distinguishing feature was control. Portfolio investment is a more passive approach, and the main purpose is financial gain , whereas in foreign direct investment a firm has control over the operations abroad. So, the traditional theory of investment based on differential interest rates does not explain
12064-555: The undergraduate curriculum , lengthening the medical and law programs, and creating the Alumni Association . One of his largest undertakings was the construction of a major new building, subsequently named Healy Hall in his honor. For his work, Healy is known as the school's "second founder". In 1870, after the founding of the Law Department , Healy and his successors hoped to bind the professional schools into
12180-408: The university for inviting pro-abortion rights Kathleen Sebelius to be a commencement speaker. In August 2013, religious groups denounced Georgetown for being excessively LGBT -friendly and for allowing gay-themed events, including a performance, during which "a male student went as a high-heeled Mary and danced to Madonna 's " Like a Virgin " while Jesus (a woman) looked on." As of 2017 ,
12296-480: The university had 7,463 undergraduate students and 11,542 graduate students. Bachelor's programs are offered through College of Arts & Sciences , the School of Nursing , the McDonough School of Business , the School of Continuing Studies , the School of Health , and the Walsh School of Foreign Service , which includes the Qatar campus . Master's and doctoral programs are offered through
12412-503: The university receiving 27,650 applications and admitting 11.7% of those who applied for the Class of 2025. As of 2024 , Georgetown's graduate schools have acceptance rates of 2.8% to the School of Medicine, 12.9% to the Law Center, 25% to the MSFS , and 35% to the MBA program . In 2004, a National Bureau of Economic Research study on revealed preference of U.S. colleges showed Georgetown
12528-599: The university's principal place of Catholic worship, fall within the territorial jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Washington , Fifty-two members of the Society of Jesus live on campus, and are employed by Georgetown mostly as professors or administrators. Jesuit Heritage Week has been held every year since 2001 to celebrate the contributions of Jesuits to the Georgetown tradition. Georgetown's Catholic heritage has been controversial at times, even though its influence
12644-431: The world. Hymer is the "father of the theory of MNEs", and explains the motivations for companies doing direct business abroad. Among modern economic theories of multinationals and foreign direct investment are internalization theory and John Dunning's OLI paradigm (standing for ownership, location and internationalization ). Dunning was widely known for his research in economics of international direct investment and
12760-640: The writing portion of either test. Over 55% of undergraduates receive financial aid, and the university meets 100% of demonstrated need, with an average financial aid package of $ 23,500 and about 70% of aid distributed in the form of grants or scholarships. Georgetown is need-blind for domestic applicants. As of 2017 , Georgetown University employed 1,414 full-time and 1,196 part-time faculty members across its three Washington, D.C. campuses, with additional staff at Georgetown University in Qatar . The faculty comprises leading academics and notable political and business leaders, and are predominantly male by
12876-574: Was criticized by religious groups, including the Cardinal Newman Society , for not following the teachings of the church and hosting pro-abortion rights speakers, including John Kerry and Barack Obama . In 2009, Georgetown's religious symbols were brought back to national attention after the university administration covered-up the name of Jesus in preparation for then President Barack Obama's speech on campus. In May 2012, Washington's Archbishop Donald Wuerl criticized
12992-417: Was enrolled as the school's first student on November 22, 1791, and instruction began on January 2, 1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from considerable financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, bolstered confidence in the college. The school relied on private sources of funding and
13108-522: Was followed by multi-volume encyclopedias by Francis Wharton (1886), John Bassett Moore (1906), Green Hackworth (1940–1943) and Marjorie Whiteman(1963–1971), and an annual Digest beginning in 1973 under the editorship of Arthur Rovine and later Marion Nash Leich, which concluded with cumulative volumes for 1981–1988. Although publication was temporarily suspended after 1988, the office resumed publication in 2000 and has since produced volumes covering 1989 through 2008. A cumulative index covering 1989-2006
13224-556: Was founded in 1851. The American Civil War greatly impacted Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, and the Union Army commandeered university buildings in order to defend the national capital from a feared a Confederate attack. By the time President Abraham Lincoln visited the Georgetown campus in May 1861, 1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. The number of lives lost in
13340-475: Was published in 2007, and an updated edition of that index, covering 1989-2008 will be published in 2010. In addition, the ILI publishes books on international and transnational commercial law, trade, litigation, commercial dispute resolution, and foreign legal systems. Recent and ongoing ILI publications include Introduction to Legal English, by Mark Wojcik, now in its third edition, designed to introduce legal English to law students and lawyers whose first language
13456-462: Was the 16th most-preferred choice. The School of Foreign Service 's (SFS) master's and bachelor's programs in international relations were ranked first in the world by Foreign Policy in 2024. SFS's undergraduate programs were also ranked first in the United States for international affairs by Niche . The McCourt School of Public Policy is ranked fourth in global policy and administration studies by US News & World Report . In
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