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38-424: An interpretation centre , interpretive centre , or visitor interpretive centre is an institution for dissemination of knowledge of natural or cultural heritage . Interpretation centres are a kind of new-style museum, often associated with visitor centres or ecomuseums , and located in connection to cultural, historic or natural sites. Interpretation centres use different means of communication to enhance

76-630: A World Heritage Site by the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO . The UNESCO programme, catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. As of July 2023, there are 257 natural World Heritage sites (including 39 mixed sites) in 111 countries. This represents a total of more than 3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi) of protected areas, 60% of which are marine. The 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention established that biological resources, such as plants, were

114-502: A collective. For example, in his essay Toward Perpetual Peace , Immanuel Kant claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to "use of the right to the earth's surface which belongs to the human race in common" would "finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution". The first known use of Common Heritage of Mankind by a state representative in the United Nations, constituting state practice ,

152-522: A physical, spiritual and intellectual world heritage, is important in the endeavour to avoid the destruction of humanity." The UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights declares in Article 1 that: "The human genome underlies the fundamental unity of all members of the human family, as well as the recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity. In a symbolic sense, it

190-515: A regime a moratorium on resource exploitation should be enforced. Such a position does not appear to have been supported by most states during the respective drafting negotiations. A similar principle of international law holds that the world's cultural and natural heritage (as nominated for listing by nation states) must be protected by states parties to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention . A case study in

228-708: A share of the benefits. In 2005, the World Heritage Marine Programme was established to protect marine areas with Outstanding Universal Values. Common heritage of mankind Common heritage of humanity (also termed the common heritage of mankind , common heritage of humankind or common heritage principle ) is a principle of international law that holds the defined territorial areas and elements of humanity's common heritage ( cultural and natural ) should be held in trust for future generations and be protected from exploitation by individual nation states or corporations . In tracing

266-435: A territorial or conceptual area on behalf of all since a commons area is considered to belong to everyone; this practically necessitating a special agency to coordinate shared management. Third, all nations must actively share with each other the benefits acquired from exploitation of the resources from the commons heritage region, this requiring restraint on the profit-making activities of private corporate entities; this linking

304-415: A viable solution for effective communication of heritage information in municipalities and rural areas where resources may not exist to establish a traditional, full-scale museum , and where heritage can be an important factor for tourism development. Unlike traditional museums, interpretation centres do not usually aim to collect, conserve and study items; they are specialized institutions for communicating

342-427: Is disappearing and being replaced by the idea of dynamic conservation, through the notion of resource and innovation. The new agreements commit countries to conserve biodiversity, develop resources for sustainability and share the benefits resulting from their use. Under new rules, it is expected that bioprospecting or collection of natural products has to be allowed by the biodiversity-rich country, in exchange for

380-570: Is seeking to protect, respect and fulfill the interests of human beings independently of any politically motivated sovereign state ; the concept covering all humans wherever they are living, as well as future generations. Jennifer Frakes has identified five core components of the Common Heritage of Humanity concept. First, there can be no private or public appropriation; no one legally owns common heritage spaces. Second, representatives from all nations must manage resources contained in such

418-440: Is the heritage of humanity." Article 4 states: "The human genome in its natural state shall not give rise to financial gains." Such Declarations do not create binding obligations under international law (unless over time there is sufficient opinio juris and state practise to make them part of international customary law ) so the impact of such principles of commercialisation of the human genome will be problematic. Whether

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456-710: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968). In 1970, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2749, the Declaration of Principles Governing the Seabed and Ocean Floor , was adopted by 108 nation states and stated that the deep seabed should be preserved for peaceful purposes and is the "Common Heritage of Mankind." In 1982, the Common Heritage of Mankind concept was stated to relate to "the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond

494-511: The common heritage of mankind or as was expressed in the preamble: "need to be preserved as part of the world heritage of mankind as a whole". These rules probably inspired the creation of great public banks of genetic resources , located outside the source-countries. New global agreements (e.g., the Convention on Biological Diversity ), national rights over biological resources (not property). The idea of static conservation of biodiversity

532-435: The internet should be regarded as part of the Common Heritage of Mankind. Equatorial countries have proposed that the geostationary orbit over the high seas should be declared the common heritage of mankind . Kemal Baslar has stated that the Common Heritage of Mankind principle "is a philosophical idea that questions the regimes of globally important resources regardless of their situation, and requires major changes in

570-579: The tragedy of the commons dilemma described in an influential article by that name written by Garrett Hardin in the journal Science in 1968. The article critically analyzes a dilemma in which multiple individuals, acting independently after rationally consulting self-interest, ultimately destroy a shared limited resource even when each acknowledges that outcome is not in anyone's long-term interest. Hardin's conclusion that commons areas are practicably achievable only in conditions of low population density and so their continuance requires state restriction on

608-575: The 1994 Implementation Agreement facilitated control by industrialised countries of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), allowing access by the private sector to the deep sea bed and inhibiting constructive dialogue on sustainable development. In July 2024, during the International Seabed Authority’s 29th General Assembly, Palau 's President Surangel Whipps Jr. , in his address entitled Upholding

646-404: The Common Heritage of Humankind," emphasized the importance of safeguarding the ocean from exploitation and modern-day colonialism. Former Maltese Ambassador Arvid Pardo , one of the founders of the common heritage of humanity concept under international law, has claimed that it challenges the "structural relationship between rich and poor countries" and represents a "revolution not merely in

684-525: The US . Despite the name difference, these programs, too, use the same core methodology as the 50 state natural heritage programs. In 1994 The network of natural heritage programs formed a membership association to work together on projects of common interest: the Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI). In 1999, Through an agreement with The Nature Conservancy, ABI expanded and assumed responsibility for

722-474: The activities of private multinational corporations as well as nation states , particularly with regard to mining activities, remains controversial. Least developed nations often see the principle as a means of protecting critical resources from exploitation by capitalist nations and their corporations. As world oil, coal and mineral reserves are depleted there will be increasing pressure to commercially exploit Common Heritage of Mankind areas. It appears at

760-438: The concept to that of global public good . Fourth, there can be no weaponry or military installations established in territorial commons areas. Fifth, the commons should be preserved for the benefit of future generations, and to avoid a " tragedy of the commons " scenario. Academic claims have been made that where the principle requires the establishment of an international resource management regime, prior to establishment of such

798-770: The early 20th century, "common heritage" and similar terms usually referred to areas and the resources in them, while other referents had become known under terms like "cultural heritage of all mankind", such as in the preamble to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict . Conceptually, the common heritage arose in response to the Roman civil law principle of res communis , which described items or areas that anyone could access or use, but none could own. Common heritage instead described areas or items that were owned by humanity as

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836-412: The freedom to breed, created controversy particularly through his deprecation of the role of conscience in achieving justice and equality in society. Hardin's views have been noted by scholars and policy-makers supporting privatization of common spaces and suggesting economic rationalism on such social and ecosystems. The extent to which the Common Heritage of Mankind principle does or should control

874-420: The law of the sea, but also in international relations". One of the main architects of the principle under international space law has claimed that it is "the most important legal principle achieved by man throughout thousands of years during which law has existed as the regulating element of social exchange". This praise relates to the fact that international law in the common heritage of humanity principle

912-816: The limits of national jurisdiction" under Article 136 of the United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty (UNCLOS). In his book titled Cries of the Sea: World Inequality, Sustainable Development and the Common Heritage of Humanity, Payoyo argues that the common heritage of humanity principle in Part XI of the Law of the Sea Treaty should favour developing states who were the voice of conscience in establishing it, and not merely in some transient 'affirmative action' manner. He claims, however, that

950-510: The network of state natural heritage programs—one in each state, all using the same methodology and all supported permanently by state governments because they scientifically document conservation priorities and facilitate science-based environmental reviews. When this network was extended outside the United States, the term "Conservation Data Center (or Centre)" was suggested by Guillermo Mann and came to be preferred for programs outside

988-449: The origins of the common heritage principle, it is important to distinguish its history as a term from its conceptual history . The common heritage principle was developed under different names, including common "heritage", common "property", and common "patrimony" of mankind. These terms have at times described different concepts; for instance, in 1813 the "property of mankind" might mean the arts and sciences, rather than items or areas. By

1026-701: The present generations should take care to preserve the cultural diversity of humankind. The present generations have the responsibility to identify, protect and safeguard the tangible and intangible cultural heritage and to transmit this common heritage to future generations.' 'The present generations may use the common heritage of humankind, as defined in international law, provided that this does not entail compromising it irreversibly.' '1. The present generations should ensure that both they and future generations learn to live together in peace, security, respect for international law, human rights and fundamental freedoms. 2. The present generations should spare future generations

1064-666: The principle prohibits the patenting of the human genome is contested by the corporate sector. Proclaimed on November 12, 1997, the UNESCO Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations is an international agreement (potentially part of international customary law) which includes provisions related to the common heritage of mankind . 'The present generations have

1102-516: The responsibility to bequeath to future generations an Earth which will not one day be irreversibly damaged by human activity. Each generation inheriting the Earth temporarily should take care to use natural resources reasonably and ensure that life is not prejudiced by harmful modifications of the ecosystems and that scientific and technological progress in all fields does not harm life on Earth.' 'With due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,

1140-635: The scientific databases, information, and tools developed by TNC in support of the network of natural heritage programs. In 2001, ABI changed its name to NatureServe . NatureServe continues to serve as the hub of the NatureServe Network, a collaboration of 86 governmental and non-governmental programs including natural heritage programs and conservation data centers located in the United States, Canada, and Latin America. An important site of natural heritage or cultural heritage can be listed as

1178-616: The scourge of war. To that end, they should avoid exposing future generations to the harmful consequences of armed conflicts as well as all other forms of aggression and use of weapons, contrary to humanitarian principles.' The declaration affirms in its preamble that Indigenous Peoples contribute to humanity's common heritage. It was argued at the World Summit on the Information Society and has been advocated by academics that global communication between individuals over

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1216-571: The significance and meaning of heritage. They work to educate and raise awareness on the site's importance. Non-core jobs as conservation and research are services usually done by specialized, external entities. Natural heritage Definitions: The term was used in this context in the US when Jimmy Carter set up the Georgia Heritage Trust while he was governor of Georgia ; Carter's trust dealt with both natural and cultural heritage. It would appear that Carter picked

1254-560: The term up from Lyndon Johnson , who used it in a 1966 Message to Congress . (He may have gotten the term from his wife Lady Bird Johnson who was personally interested in conservation.) President Johnson signed the Wilderness Act of 1964 . The term "Natural Heritage" was picked up by the Science Division of The Nature Conservancy (TNC) when, under Robert E. Jenkins, Jr., it launched in 1974 what ultimately became

1292-415: The understanding of heritage. To aid and stimulate the discovery process and the visitor's intellectual and emotional connection to heritage, the main presentation strategy tends to be user-friendly and interactive, and often use scenographic exhibitions and multimedia programs. Many interpretation centres have temporary exhibitions related to a specific aspect of the site. An interpretation centre can be

1330-618: The use of these provisions was provided by the Franklin Dam non-violent protest campaign against the construction of a dam of Australia 's last wild river; they being held by the Australian High Court to provide a valid basis for legislation protecting the Franklin River . Justice Lionel Murphy wrote in that case ( Commonwealth v Tasmania ) about the Common Heritage of Humanity principle: "The preservation of

1368-495: The world to apply its provisions. In other words, the application and enforcement of the common heritage of mankind require a critical reexamination of many well-established principles and doctrines of classical international law , such as acquisition of territory, consent-based sources of international law, sovereignty , equality , resource allocation and international personality." The common heritage of humanity principle in international law has been viewed as one solution to

1406-461: The world's heritage must not be looked at in isolation but as part of the co-operation between nations which is calculated to achieve intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind and so reinforce the bonds between people which promote peace and displace those of narrow nationalism and alienation which promote war ... [t]he encouragement of people to think internationally, to regard the culture of their own country as part of world culture, to conceive

1444-801: Was at the First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea by Prince Wan Waithayakon of Thailand in 1958. The role of 'mankind' as a legal subject was mentioned in negotiations for the outer space treaties , and mentions of 'mankind' appear across the space treaties. 'Mankind' as a subject in international law also appears in the Preamble of the United Nations Charter , the Preamble of the North Atlantic Treaty (1949) and

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