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38-650: The Inariyama Kofun has a total length of 120 meters, and is thus the second largest tumulus in the Saitama Kofun Cluster. The construction period is thought to be the latter half of the 5th century, the latter part of the Kofun period. It was the first to be built in the Saitama Kofun cluster. The tumulus is a zenpō-kōen-fun ( 前方後円墳 ) , which is shaped like a keyhole, having one square end and one circular end, when viewed from above. Proportionately, it

76-585: A unicameral city council of 52 members. Sakai contributes eight members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly . In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Osaka 15th district, Osaka 16th district and Osaka 17th districts of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Sakai has seven wards ( ku ): Sakai was traditionally dependent on heavy industry and its port. However, after

114-546: A clash between French sailors and Japanese gendarmes resulting in multiple casualties. When the Western powers demanded the opening of Osaka a port for foreign trade, both Sakai and Hyōgo were named as candidates; however, Sakai's proximity and ease of access to Kyoto and the presence of many imperial tombs led to the selection of Hyōgo. Following the Meiji restoration , Sakai was transformed into an industrial center as part of

152-542: A desperate battle against his army. Most citizens fled and Sakai was burned and seized by Nobunaga. After the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, Toyotomi Hideyoshi , seized power and abolished the autonomous system of Sakai, forcing many merchants to move to his stronghold in Osaka. In 1615, Sakai was razed to the ground in the summer campaign of the Siege of Osaka between the Toyotomi clan and Tokugawa Ieyasu . Sakai

190-571: A period of high economic growth after World War II, along with the development and expansion of the Osaka metropolitan area, Sakai also has increasingly become a satellite city ( commuter town ) for Osaka metropolis, as represented by the development of Senboku New Town. Shimano , a major manufacturer of cycling and fishing products, is based in Sakai. Kura Sushi , the conveyor belt sushi chain, has its headquarters in Sakai. Sakai has 98 public elementary schools and 43 public middle schools operated by

228-459: A plateau overlooking Osaka Bay near the ancient coastline and are distributed in a range of about four kilometers from east-to-west and north-to-south.The Furuichi Kofun Cluster is located in nearby Habikino and Fujiidera cities. In the Japanese archipelago , more than 20,000 tumuli ( kofun ), which are mounds of earth and stones erected over graves of the ruling class, were built between

266-402: A port for foreign trade. It was a leading producer of textiles and ironwork. In those days, it was said that the richest cities were Umi no Sakai, Riku no Imai (tr. "along the sea, Sakai; inlands, Imai"; the latter is now a part of Kashihara, Nara ). The famous Zen Buddhist priest Ikkyū chose to live in Sakai because of its free atmosphere. The first reliable account of the city is dated to

304-574: Is 1,232.9 mm (48.54 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.6 °C (42.1 °F). According to Japanese census data, the population of Sakai increased rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s, and has been relatively stable since. The area that would later become known as Sakai has been inhabited since approximately 8,000 BC. Sakai

342-681: Is a one-quarter scale version of the Tomb of Emperor Nintoku in Sakai, Osaka . The Gyōda Futagoyama Kofun and the Teppōyama Kofun are also built to these same proportions, albeit on a smaller scale, and since the Inariyama Kofun was built earlier, it must have served as the template for these later burial mounds. The main axis of the tumulus is aligned in the direction of Mount Fuji , approximately 100 kilometers away, and which can be seen from

380-499: Is approximately 100,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft) in area, and the entire tomb is 460,000 square metres (5,000,000 sq ft). Today, the tomb is off-limits and protected by the Imperial Household Agency in the centre of Sakai City. The moats have been maintained and provide a sanctuary for fish and waterbirds. The mound itself is completely overgrown by vegetation. A viewing platform from

418-456: Is approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) long and 300 metres (980 ft) across at its widest point, while the entire tomb area is 840 metres (2,760 ft) long. Enclosed by three moats, the mound rises approximately 35m above the surrounding terrain. The highest point is 47 metres (154 ft), making it visible to the seafarers in nearby Osaka Bay. The inner moat is the widest of the moats at approximately 60 metres (200 ft). The mound

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456-679: Is known for its keyhole-shaped burial mounds, or kofun , which date from the 5th century. The largest of these, Daisen Kofun, is believed to be the grave of the Emperor Nintoku and is the largest grave in the world by area. During the Kofun period between 300 and 500 AD, the Mozu Tumulus Cluster was built from over one hundred burial mounds. The name "Sakai" appears in Fujiwara Sadoyori's poetry by 1045. Most of

494-535: The Hanshin Industrial Region , with industries centering on textiles and brick making. From 1876 to 1881, Sakai was part of Nara Prefecture . The city of Sakai was proclaimed on April 1, 1889, with the creation the modern municipalities system. It was one of the first 31 cities to be created in Japan. The 1934 Muroto typhoon killed over 300 people in Sakai. Another major disaster was in 1945, when

532-442: The 1480s and contains publicly issued legal notices, which suggests that the city had a governing council at that point. By the 1530s, the population was around 40,000 residents, almost all of which earned a living through commercial enterprises and some of whom were the wealthiest people in Japan. At this time, Sakai was administered by an oligarchy of powerful merchants. The government had ten divisions machi that were subordinate to

570-605: The Mozu cluster, including those that are partially destroyed. Of these, 19 have been designated as national historic sites, and separately, the Imperial Household Agency has ruled three to be Imperial mausoleums, two to be "Tomb Reference Sites", and 18 to be "baichō", or ancillary mausoleums connected with an Imperial mausoleum. There used to be more than 100 burial mounds, but due to the rapid development of residential land after World War II, more than half of

608-627: The Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds ( 埼玉県立さきたま史跡の博物館 ) . The inscription also mentions a person named "Ōhatsuse-wakatakeru-no-mikoto" who is mentioned in the Nihon Shoki , as an alias of Emperor Yūryaku . It is unknown if "Wowake" was a local ruler, or was someone who had been dispatched by the Yamato kingdom to rule over this year, but from the design of the tumulus and its grave goods, the connection with western Japan

646-543: The burial mound. An unusual feature of this tumulus is a protrusion extending from the western side of the tumulus, near the joint between the rectangular and circular portions. This is a feature which also appears in the Gyōda Futagoyama Kofun, Teppōyama Kofun and Shogunyama Kofun  [ ja ] in the Sakitama Kofun Group, but is rarely found in other locations. Called a "Tsukuridashi", it

684-839: The burial mounds were destroyed. In 2010, the Japanese government proposed that the Daisen Kofun and the entire cluster of Mozu Tombs and Furuichi Tombs be designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . 9 years later on 6 July 2019, the site was approved and inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under Criteria: (iii) and (iv) as the Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan. The kofun are found in many shapes and dimensions in varying patterns. Some are of simple circular or square shape ( empun and hōfun ). The larger ones are keyhole-shaped ( zempō kōenfun ); they represent

722-491: The city government. The city also has one private elementary school, three private combined middle/high schools and one private combined elementary/middle/high school. The city has 23 public high schools operated by the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education, and four private high schools. The city operates two and the prefecture operates four special education schools for the disabled. The city previously had

760-510: The city was heavily bombed on six occasions during World War II with over 1800 civilian deaths. Following the February 2005 annexation of the town of Mihara (from Minamikawachi District ), Sakai became a designated city in April 2006 giving it a greater measure of self-determination in governmental affairs. Sakai has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and

798-494: The country. This group also has 11 more huge massive rounded "keyhole-shaped kofun" with mound length of 200 metres (660 ft) or more. A feature of these funerary mounds is that they contain – along with the buried people – grave goods made of iron, weapons worn by individuals including arrowheads, swords, hoe and spade tips, and many other similar items. Also found in the mounds are antiquities made of gilded bronze such as horse tacks and sash buckles. The Daisen Kofun mound

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836-482: The current city is located within ancient Izumi Province ; however, the wards of Mihara, Higashi and a portion of Kita are located within ancient Kawachi Province . Tradition holds that 10,000 homes burned to the ground in 1399. Medieval Sakai was an autonomous city run by merchant oligarchs. During the Muromachi and Sengoku periods from about 1450 to 1600, Sakai developed into one of richest cities in Japan as

874-430: The fourteenth most populous city in Japan (excluding Tokyo). Sakai is located in southern Osaka Prefecture, on the edge of Osaka Bay and directly south of the city of Osaka . Osaka Prefecture Sakai has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakai is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). The average annual rainfall

912-619: The highest class of kofun and were built in great detail. The three prominent aspects of these kofun are their massive size and being surrounded by several moats and many secondary kofun . In the Osaka Plain and Nara Basin , which were the cultural centre of the Kofun Period, the rounded keyhole-shaped tombs were built extending to very large lengths, out of which the Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Clusters are

950-624: The largest kofun in Japan , is believed to have been constructed over a period of 20 years in the mid 5th century during the Kofun Period . While it cannot be accurately confirmed, it is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for the late Emperor Nintoku . The Imperial Household Agency of Japan treats it as such. The Mozu Kofun Cluster is located in the city of Sakai which is within Osaka Prefecture . The tumuli are built on

988-425: The largest and most important seaports of Japan since the medieval era. Sakai is known for its kofun , keyhole-shaped burial mounds dating from the fifth century. The kofun in Sakai include the largest grave in the world by area, Daisen Kofun . Once known for swords , Sakai is now famous for the quality of its cutlery . As of 1 January 2022 , the city had an estimated population of 819,965, making it

1026-504: The later part of the 3rd century and the 6th century. It was the peak period of building such mounds. They represent a cultural tradition which is an expression of "forms, and design of the kofun" of the sociopolitical hierarchical order and the link that was prevalent during that period between regions. This period is termed as the Kofun Period . The most prominent imperial mausolea in this cluster of tumuli are those of Emperor Nintoku and Emperor Richū . There are 44 burial mounds in

1064-417: The most prominent. These are in two kofun groups which are dated to the later part of 4th and early part of 6th centuries. These kofun are of the largest dimensions in the country. The Nintoku-tennō-ryō Kofun, is one grave mound which is a 486 metres (1,594 ft) long tumulus enclosed by a moat and a fortification which is 840 metres (2,760 ft) in length; this is said to be the largest such mound in

1102-580: The representative council of wealthy townsmen known as the egōshū . Sen no Rikyū , known as the greatest master of the tea ceremony , was originally a merchant of Sakai. Because of the close relationship between the tea ceremony and Zen Buddhism and because of the prosperity of its citizens, Sakai was one of the main centers of the tea ceremony in Japan. In the Sengoku period, Christian missionaries, including Francis Xavier in 1550, visited Sakai and documented its prosperity. Gaspar Vilela described

1140-562: The rich grave goods , it very likely that the buried person was a high-ranking figure who was related to the Yamato court. The most important find within the burial chamber was an iron sword with a gold-inlay inscription. Known as the Inariyama Sword , the inscription gives a date of either 471AD or 531AD and the name of the person buried in the tomb as "Wowake".The sword is held in Saitama Prefectural Museum of

1178-568: The second (middle) moat is accessible at the south side of the site. The viewing platform is 500m away from Mozu Station on the Hanwa Line and is directly across the street from the Sakai City Museum . This museum provides visitors with information about the kofun and its history. Sakai, Osaka Sakai ( Japanese : 堺市 , Hepburn : Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Osaka Prefecture , Japan. It has been one of

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1216-410: The summit of the posterior circular portion. The mound is built in two steps, and there is no evidence that fukiishi were used. As with most other tumuli at this site, it has a double rectangular moat. The depth of the moat is estimated to be about 1.8 meters from the ground surface at the time of construction, and were dry moats, but accumulated water when the water level rose. The anterior portion of

1254-516: The town as the safest place in the area when he visited in 1561. He also mentioned that the city was "governed by consuls like Venice in Italy". After the coming of Europeans, Sakai became a manufacturing base of matchlock firearms and a daimyō , Oda Nobunaga , was one of their important customers. During his ambitious attempt to unify Japan, Nobunaga attempted to take the autonomy privilege from Sakai. Sakai's citizens denied his order and pitched

1292-478: The tumulus was demolished as landfill soil during the reclamation work of the surrounding swamps in 1937. Archaeological excavations explored the burial chamber in 1968 and the surrounding moat in 1973. A portion of the inner moat was restored in 1976. The tumulus was in very poor condition and in danger of collapse until restoration work was performed in 2003. Investigations with a ground penetrating radar in 2016 showed that there are other unexcavated chambers in

1330-525: The world. This cluster also has the Richū-tennō-ryō Kofun, made of a tumulus of 360 metres (1,180 ft) length and said to be the third largest in the country. Another group of mounds, located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from the Mozu cluster is known as the Furuichi cluster. It has the Ōjin-tennō-ryō Kofun of 425 metres (1,394 ft) length which is said to be the second largest in

1368-433: Was apparently a platform used for rituals. The burial chamber contained a wooden coffin that was surrounded by a clay wrap resting on a layer of gravel. Artifacts included iron swords, a bronze mirror , magatama , two silver rings, bronze and gold metal fittings, fragments of armor and horse harnesses. The excavated items were designated as an Important Cultural Property in 1981 and a National Treasure in 1983. Due to

1406-630: Was restored as an important trade center during the Edo period but was involved only in inland trade due to the sakoku policy of the Tokugawa shogunate , which isolated Japan from the outside world. It was also known for its sake brewing and its cutlery industries. After the isolation policy was abandoned during the Bakumatsu period , Sakai was the location of the Sakai Incident , involving

1444-454: Was very strong. [REDACTED] Media related to Inariyama Kofun (Gyoda) at Wikimedia Commons Mozu Tombs The Mozu Tombs ( 百舌鳥古墳群 , Mozu kofungun ) are a group of kofun ( Japanese : 古墳 )—megalithic tombs—in Sakai , Osaka Prefecture , Japan . Originally consisting of more than 100 tombs, only less than 50% of the key-hole, round, and rectangular tombs remain. The Daisenryo Kofun ( 大仙陵古墳 , Daisenryō kofun ) ,

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