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31-495: Institut Curie is member of EU-LIFE, an alliance of leading life sciences research centres in Europe. The institute now operates several research units in cooperation with national research institutions CNRS and INSERM . There are several hundred research staff at the institute. Institut Curie does not offer undergraduate degrees, but awards PhDs and employs many postdoctoral students alongside its permanent staff. Institut Curie

62-785: A Doctorate . Wishing to specialize in radioactivity, she applied for and received a grant from the National Education Board ( Portuguese : Junta de Educação Nacional ) to study in 1931–32 at the Radium Institute in Paris (now the Curie Institute ) on radioactivity topics. At her husband's request she was accompanied by her mother. Impressed by Marques’ work, Curie wrote to the Portuguese government in 1932 requesting an extension of her fellowship but

93-481: A Doctorate in Physical-Chemical Sciences, on the strength of her French qualifications. She continued to do research on nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry and on the therapeutic applications of radioisotopes. She published regularly in Portuguese and international journals. However, despite her excellent qualifications, her career progression was relatively slow. The fact that she was a woman in

124-827: A candidate has worked extensively with one of the jury members over the past two years, or has a direct and regular relationship with him or her. In 2020, the average age at recruitment was 33.9 years for chargés de recherche (research fellows), with wide variations between sections (in the humanities and social sciences, it was 36.3 years). In 2020, the average recruitment rate was 21.3 applicants for each single open position, again with variations to this rate between sections. The most competitive sections are usually Section 2 (theoretical physics), Section 35 (literature, philosophy and philology), Section 36 (sociology and law), and Section 40 (political science). In 2023, in Section 35, there were 158 applicants for four open positions, hence

155-471: A chair in chemistry at a Portuguese university. Towards the end of her professional life she developed serious problems with her eyesight. In October 1967, she attended ceremonies in Paris to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marie Curie. Branca Edmée Marques died on 19 July 1986 at the age of 87. In September 2009, the Lisbon City Council approved the name Branca Edmée Marques for

186-413: A laboratory an "assistant engineer"). Following a 1983 reform, the candidates selected have the status of civil servants and are part of the public service. All permanent support employees are recruited through annual nationwide competitive campaigns ( concours ). Separate competitives campaigns are held in each of the forty disciplinary fields covered by the institution and organized in sections. In

217-482: A numeric code attached and is typically headed by a university professor or a CNRS research director. A research unit may be subdivided into research groups ("équipes"). The CNRS also has support units, which may, for instance, supply administrative, computing, library, or engineering services. In 2016, the CNRS had 952 Joint Research Units, 32 proper research units, 135 service units, and 36 international units. The CNRS

248-407: A profession dominated by men appears to have been a major cause of this. She is quoted as saying that men considered it an insult to have to work with women. A contributory factor was that research was not a high priority in her university at that time: the laboratory she established was the first at the university. She finally became a full professor only in 1966, when she was the first woman to obtain

279-406: A recruitment rate of 2.53%. By comparison, Section 12 (molecular chemistry) received 33 applications for five open positions. The CNRS was created on 19 October 1939 by decree of President Albert Lebrun . Since 1954, the centre has annually awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals to French scientists and junior researchers. In 1966, the organisation underwent structural changes, which resulted in

310-649: Is a constituent college (associate member) of University PSL . Institut Curie runs the Hôpital Claudius Régaud , a hospital specializing in cancer. The institute also operates the proton therapy center at Orsay , one of the few such facilities in the world. The Institut du Radium , a giant laboratory for Marie Skłodowska–Curie , was founded in 1909 by the University of Paris and Institut Pasteur . The Institut du Radium had two sections. The Curie laboratory, directed by Maria Skłodowska-Curie,

341-450: Is divided into 10 national institutes: The National Committee for Scientific Research, which is in charge of the recruitment and evaluation of researchers, is divided into 47 sections (e.g. Section 41 is mathematics, Section 7 is computer science and control, and so on). Research groups are affiliated with one primary institute and an optional secondary institute; the researchers themselves belong to one section. For administrative purposes,

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372-542: Is excluded, 50% i.e 3 Nobel Prizes out of 6 received by French scientific women are affiliated to the Curie Institute. Hence why it is considered that, based on internationally recognised prizes garnered by its researchers, no other research center in the world has hosted that many pioneering women scientists. Moreover, Curie mentored upwards of 45 scientific women from all over the world including Marguerite Perey , discoverer of francium - five-time nominee for

403-413: Is governed by very strict, well-defined legal rules, including the sovereignty and impartiality of the jury and the rules governing conflicts of interest: candidates are strictly forbidden to have any contact with a member of the jury, and no one may put pressure on the jury in any way whatsoever. If a member of the jury belongs to the candidate's family, he or she may not sit on the jury. The same applies if

434-402: Is not a general rule (a research scientist can head a group or even a laboratory and some research directors do not head a group). Employees for support activities include research engineers, studies engineers, assistant engineers and technicians. Contrary to what the name would seem to imply, these can have administrative duties (e.g. a secretary can be "technician", an administrative manager of

465-598: Is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 engineers and technical staff, and 7,085 contractual workers. It is headquartered in Paris and has administrative offices in Brussels , Beijing , Tokyo , Singapore , Washington, D.C. , Bonn , Moscow , Tunis , Johannesburg , Santiago de Chile , Israel , and New Delhi . The CNRS operates on

496-519: The Musée Curie . Six Nobel prizes laureates (and four Nobel prizes) are attached to the Institute's researchers. 43% of all scientific women Nobel prize laureates from France (three prizes out of seven received by French women in "hard" sciences and Economy) to this day received them for research conducted at Institut Curie or its ancestor the Radium Institute. If Economy - a social science -

527-665: The 2023 assessment report of the HCERES. Alain Fuchs was appointed president on 20 January 2010. His position combined the previous positions of president and director general. Several of the French Nobel Prize winners were employed by the CNRS, particularly at the start of their careers, and most worked in university laboratories associated with the CNRS. Branca Edm%C3%A9e Marques Branca Edmée Marques de Sousa Torres (Lisbon, 14 April 1899 - Lisbon, 19 July 1986)

558-481: The CNRS is divided into 18 regional divisions (including four for the Paris region). Researchers who are permanent employees of the CNRS, equivalent to lifelong research fellows in English-speaking countries, are classified in two categories, each subdivided into two or three classes, and each class is divided into several pay grades. In principle, research directors tend to head research groups, but this

589-694: The Faculty of Sciences, where she developed research in the field of radioactivity. In 1936, she created the Radiochemistry Laboratory, which led, in 1953, to the formation of the Centre for Radiochemistry Studies of the Nuclear Energy Studies Commission. She continued to be the director of the centre until well after her formal retirement from the university. On her return to Lisbon Marques had been awarded

620-512: The Faculty of Sciences. Having turned down a chance to do geological work in Angola , she taught at the faculty after her graduation in 1926, where she was the only woman carrying out teaching or research in chemistry. She married António Silva Sousa Torres (1876-1958), professor at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, but only on condition that she could go to Paris to study for

651-541: The Foundation Curie in 1920, a public interest institution. The Foundation's purpose was to fund the Institut du Radium's activities and contribute to the development of its therapeutic component. A first hospital opened in 1922. At the clinic, Regaud and his team developed innovative treatments combining surgery and radiation therapy to treat cancer. The Curie Foundation became a model for cancer centers around

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682-1271: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Jeanne Ferrier , discoverer of autoradiography , amongst many other peers: Sonia Cotelle , Harriet Brooks , Alice Leigh-Smith , Eva Ramstedt , Lucie Blanquies , Suzanne Veil , Catherine Chamié , Alicja Dorabialska , Ellen Gleditsch , Marthe Weiss , Antonia Elisabeth Korvezee , May Sybil Leslie , Ștefania Mărăcineanu , Branca Edmée Marques , Eliane Montel , Elizabeth Rona , Jadwiga Szmidt , Margarete von Wrangell , Renée Galabert, Isabelle Archinard, and last but not least, Curie's secretary of over 30 years: Léonie Razet. The Radium Institute also pioneered mobile radiography during World War I where upwards of 150 proto-nurses ( nursing diploma in France only in 1922 ) and radiology pioneers where trained and even more post-war. 48°50′36″N 2°20′39″E  /  48.84333°N 2.34417°E  / 48.84333; 2.34417 CNRS The French National Centre for Scientific Research (French: Centre national de la recherche scientifique , CNRS )

713-422: The basis of research units, which are of two kinds: "proper units" (UPRs) are operated solely by the CNRS, and Joint Research Units (UMRs – French: Unité mixte de recherche ) are run in association with other institutions, such as universities or INSERM . Members of Joint Research Units may be either CNRS researchers or university employees ( maîtres de conférences or professeurs ). Each research unit has

744-420: The context of the competition, the section is made up of an eligibility jury, which reads the application files, selects some for the orals, holds the orals, and draws up a ranked list of potential candidates, submitted to the admission jury, which validates (or not) this ranking; the admission jury can make adjustments within this list. At the end of the admissions jury, the results are announced. The competition

775-744: The creation of two specialised institutes: the National Astronomy and Geophysics Institute in 1967 (which became the National Institute of Sciences of the Universe in 1985) and the Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules (IN2P3; English: National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics) in 1971. The effectiveness of the recruitment, compensation, career management, and evaluation procedures of CNRS have been under scrutiny. Governmental projects include

806-749: The fragmentation of radiferous barium salts) at the Sorbonne University . With the support of two Nobel Prize winners , Jean Baptiste Perrin and Frédéric Joliot-Curie , her Doctorate was awarded with three honourable mentions, the highest grade possible. She published her results in three articles in 1936 in the Journal de Chimie Physique and also published six articles in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences of Paris. Despite being invited to continue her research career in Paris, Marques chose to return to Lisbon and resumed her activity at

837-555: The grant was not renewed. However, the Institute found a way to allow her to continue with her research, which was later turned into work on a doctoral thesis. In her first three years she worked under the guidance of Marie Curie and, in the last year, after Curie's death, under the supervision of André-Louis Debierne . Her notes of classes given by Curie and Debierne form part of her valuable scientific estate. In 1935 she defended her doctoral thesis on Nouvelles recherches sur le fractionnement des sels de baryum radifère (New research on

868-580: The transformation of the CNRS into an organization allocating support to research projects on an ad hoc basis and the reallocation of CNRS researchers to universities. Another controversial plan advanced by the government involves breaking up the CNRS into six separate institutes. These modifications, which were again proposed in 2021 by think tanks such as the Institut Montaigne, have been massively rejected by French scientists, leading to multiple protests. Important reforms were also recommended in

899-576: The world. Curie laboratory continued to play an important role in physics and chemistry research. In 1934, Skłodowska-Curie's daughter Irène and her son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity . In 1935, it was recognized with a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Institut du Radium and the Fondation Curie merged in 1970. It became Institut Curie. The Institut has three missions: research, teaching and treating cancer. The original building of Curies Laboratory from 1914 now houses

930-509: Was a leading Portuguese specialist in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology who obtained a doctorate in Paris under the guidance of Marie Curie . Returning to Lisbon she founded the Radiochemistry Laboratory, where she continued her research for three decades. Marques' father died when she was just eight years old. After high school she joined the University of Lisbon . From there she graduated in Physics and Chemistry from

961-450: Was dedicated to physics and chemistry research. The Pasteur laboratory, directed by Claudius Regaud , was studying the biological and medical effects of radioactivity . After receiving a joint Nobel Prize with her husband Pierre in 1903, Maria Skłodowska-Curie won a second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. During World War One, Skłodowska-Curie used it to teach nurses about radiology . Maria Skłodowska-Curie and Claudius Regaud established

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