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17-509: Born in Caracal , Oltenia , Wallachia , in 1787, to the Jianu boyar family, as the youngest of four brothers. His father, Costache Jianu, was a paharnic and an ispravnic of Romanați County . Despite being rather wealthy, owning parts of four estates and 14 gypsy slaves , he chose to become an outlaw, opposing the idea that the leadership of the country was given to Phanariotes instead of

34-471: A mayor and local council. There are no official administrative subdivisions of cities even though, unofficially, municipalities may be divided into quarters/districts ( cartiere in Romanian ). The exception to this is Bucharest , which has a status similar to that of a county, and is officially subdivided into six administrative sectors . In Moldova, which has thirteen municipii , a 2002 law provides that

51-472: A museum under the name Memorial House Iancu Jianu . The commune of Cepturoaia in Olt County was renamed in 1953 in his memory Iancu Jianu, Olt . There were three Romanian movies inspired by his life: Caracal, Romania Caracal ( Romanian pronunciation: [kaˈrakal] ) is a city in Olt County , Romania , situated in the historic region of Oltenia , on the plains between

68-552: A young woman from the retinue of princess Ralu , wanted him to become her husband. After the marriage with Sultana, Iancu gave up being an outlaw and retired to his estate from Fălcoi . During the 1821 Wallachian Revolution , he and his old hajduk band enrolled in Tudor Vladimirescu 's Pandur army. Being named pandur captain, in April 1821, together with Stolnic Borănescu, he was sent to Silistra , to try to convince

85-453: Is given to towns that are large and urbanized; at present, there are 103 municipii . There is no clear benchmark regarding the status of municipiu even though it applies to localities which have a sizeable population, usually above 15,000, and extensive urban infrastructure. Localities that do not meet these loose guidelines are classified only as towns ( orașe ), or if they are not urban areas, as communes ( comune ). Cities are governed by

102-491: The Caimacam of Craiova which said that he is pardoned for all his misdeeds, but if he ever repeats his acts, he would be hanged as soon as he is caught. Nevertheless, Iancu returned to his life as an outlaw, he was caught and sentenced to death by hanging . Iancu was saved by an old custom, according to which a man sentenced to death is pardoned if a noble woman asks him to become her husband and he accepts. Sultana Gălășescu,

119-694: The Mehmed Selim Pasha to give up the intervention against Tudor. However, he was arrested, being freed only in August 1821, after Tudor's army was repressed. Returning to Wallachia, Jianu settled in Chilii , a hamlet near Caracal. He was briefly arrested in 1823 under the accusation of trying to conspire against the authorities, but he was freed soon. In 1837, he was an underruler of Olteț plasă . Iancu had two children: Marița, born 10 August 1830, and Zinca, born 24 May 1835. He died on 14 December 1842 and

136-517: The army of Tudor Vladimirescu just 21 people. The first known document mentioning Jianu as a hajduk is from 6 May 1812, when a report of the Great Spătar mentioned two groups of outlaws in Romanați County, among them being the one of Jianu. In the following months Jianu and a part of his hajduks were caught, and on 30 December 1812 the new voivode of Wallachia, Ioan Gheorghe Caragea , ordered to

153-658: The current accepted etymology is that city's name is derived from the Cuman language kara kale meaning "Black fortress" ( kara , meaning "black", and kal , either from the Turkish kale , or the Arabic qal'at , both meaning fortress). The end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw Caracal experience significant growth and the region become one of the most important agricultural regions in Romania. Caracal

170-452: The ispravnics of Romanați to hand them over to Bucharest where he was sent to prison, but following his relatives' intervention he was pardoned. Iancu continued his robberies in Romanați and Dolj counties, and his brother, Amza Jianu, had to deposit at the treasury a sum of 1833 thalers which were supposed to compensate those robbed by his brother. On 10 April 1817, Caragea wrote a letter to

187-399: The local boyars. According to Petre V. Nasturel , what made him become a hajduk was a tax collector (zapciu) who enforced the collection of due taxes while Iancu was away. On his return, Iancu killed the tax collector and became a runaway. He organized a band of outlaws, which numbered 20–25 people, but usually used smaller groups of 10–12 people in his interventions. In 1821, he brought to

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204-472: The lower reaches of the Jiu and Olt rivers. The region's plains are well known for their agricultural specialty in cultivating grains and over the centuries, Caracal has been the trading center for the region's agricultural output. Caracal has a population of 27,403 and is the second largest city in the region. While 19th century historians thought that the name of Caracal is linked to Roman emperor Caracalla ,

221-494: The status applies to the cities that play an important role in the country's economic, social, cultural, scientific, political and administrative life. † lost status in 1938 Of the seventeen municipii created in 1925, three are no longer in Romania: Cernăuți , Cetatea Albă , and Chișinău . Additionally, Bălți became one in 1929; together with Cetatea Albă, it lost the title in 1938. Cluj and Oradea temporarily lost

238-636: The textile industry sector. The town underwent major changes after the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime was overthrown by the December 1989 Revolution , with many factories collapsing under the pressure of privatisation. Municipiu A municipiu (from Latin municipium ; English: municipality ) is a level of administrative subdivision in Romania and Moldova , roughly equivalent to city in some English-speaking countries . In Romania, this status

255-636: The title in 1940 as a result of the Second Vienna Award , while it was granted to Odessa and Tiraspol during the Transnistria Governorate period. The status was not used between 1950 and 1968, so that cities which lost it in 1950 were reassigned it in 1968. The most recent municipii were created in 2003. Chișinău, Tiraspol, Bălți, and Bender/Tighina have been municipii continuously since 1995, and Comrat since 1998. Cahul, Edineț, Hîncești, Orhei, Soroca, and Ungheni held

272-687: Was buried the next day at the cemetery of the Biserica Maica Domnului (Church of the Lord's Mother) from Caracal, but in 1910, his remains were moved to the Caracal Cemetery, being buried next to his wife, who died in 1869. Iancu Jianu is remembered in many folk stories and ballads, such as Jianul , a folk balad written down by Vasile Alecsandri . His house in Fălcoi was restored by architect R. Mariani, being transformed in 1959 in

289-438: Was this region's capital and seat of Romanați County . World War II and the communist regime brought changes to this region and to the city of Caracal. During World War II a Nazi concentration camp was located near the city. The communist government, which disestablished Romanați County, instituted industrialization plans and Caracal experienced continued economic growth through the establishment of industrial plants in

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