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28-555: The Iberian Pact ( Pacto Ibérico ) or Peninsular Pact , formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression , was a non-aggression pact that was signed at Lisbon , just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War , on 17 March 1939 by Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar , representing Portugal , and Ambassador Nicolás Franco , representing Spain . The treaty

56-682: A colonel in 1915. From 9 July 1915 to 27 January 1919, he served his first of two terms as High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco, the third being registered in April 1913. He became General of Brigade in 1922. After 13 September 1923 coup d'état, led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera , Gómez-Jordana became a member of the Military Directory. Primo de Rivera conferred upon him wide powers to deal with colonial initiatives in Africa, including

84-600: A kindred spirit, with both leaders being autocratic and against the socialist Republican Spain . Salazar also sought to make his country less reliant on the United Kingdom and so the Iberian Pact was one of many treaties signed between Portugal and foreign powers, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , as a means of expanding Portuguese influence. Finally, Portugal was concerned with ambitions of Spain, whether Republican or Nationalist, to attack Portugal or

112-646: A second lieutenant, where he was wounded on 23 November 1896. After returning to Spain, he became a captain at the Escuela Superior de Guerra ("Higher School for the Conduct of War") in Madrid. In 1911, he went to Melilla , a historical Spanish stronghold in North Africa since 1497, and he joined his father, Colonel Francisco Gómez Jordana. The younger Gómez-Jordana became a lieutenant colonel in 1912 and

140-616: A treaty of reciprocal security. On the 19th, a non-aggression pact proposal was proposed, and on the 28th, a draft treaty was handed by Ambassador Nicolás Franco to the Portuguese government. After the end of the Catalonia Offensive , Salazar asked Luís Teixeira de Sampaio  [ pt ] to write a broader and balanced draft treaty, which was proposed to the Spanish ambassador on 9 February 1939. That version became

168-600: Is perhaps the best-known example of a non-aggression pact. The Pact lasted until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . However, such pacts may be a device for neutralising a potential military threat, enabling at least one of the signatories to free up its military resources for other purposes. For example, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact freed German resources from

196-513: The Fall of France . The treaty was conceived in the final months of the Spanish Civil War . Portugal had provided support for the rebel Nationalist government of Burgos throughout the war, provided diplomatic support in the League of Nations and allowed 8,000 to 12,000 volunteers from Portugal to join the rebel army. Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar saw Francisco Franco as

224-781: The Russian front . On the other hand, the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact , signed on April 13, 1941, removed the threat from Japan in the east enabling the Soviets to move large forces from Siberia to the fight against the Germans, which had a direct bearing on the Battle of Moscow . The Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) dataset records 185 agreements that are solely non-aggression pacts between 1815 and 2018. According to this data, 29 such pacts were recorded in

252-439: The interwar period with spikes in occurrences in 1960, 1970, 1979, and especially the early 1990s where a number of Eastern European states signed pacts following the fall of the Soviet Union . States with a history of rivalry tend to sign non-aggression pacts in order to prevent future conflict with one another. The pacts often facilitate information exchange which reduce uncertainty that might lead to conflict. Additionally,

280-674: The "peacemaking resorts" within the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . On 8 September 1925, General Leopoldo Saro Marín, along with Colonel Billot and Colonel Freydenberg , both of France enacted a joint naval landing attack at Al Hoceima , Rif. In what is now referred to as the Al Hoceima landings, the attack was directed against rebel Kabilas in northern Morocco. The operation featured the first amphibious landing of tanks. The naval forces employed massive air and gunfire support, directed by spotting personnel with communication devices. After

308-657: The British-held Gibraltar . Spain was motivated with its desire to remain neutral in what it saw was an inevitable future war between the United Kingdom and Germany, and it hoped that a treaty would detach Portugal from British influence. Spain was willing to expel its foreign volunteers to guarantee that neutrality. On 16 September 1938, in the background of the Munich Crisis , Francoist Spain asked if Portugal would be willing to negotiate

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336-601: The XVIII and XIX Military Academies in Spain had been located traditionally at Toledo , Infantry, 1850, Segovia , Artillery, 1764, Alcalá de Henares , Engineers, 1803, Valladolid , Cavalry, 1852. One joint, basic General Military Academy, the Academia General Militar , was created during the times of King Alfonso XII on 20 February 1882 at Zaragoza . On 17 August 1930, the so-called Pact of San Sebastián ,

364-706: The context of association football , the term can imply a deliberate lack of aggression between two teams, such as at the Disgrace of Gijón , which, in Germany, is known as the Nichtangriffspakt von Gijón (lit. "Non-aggression pact of Gijón"). A non-aggression pact can also be a formal agreement or gentlemen's agreement limiting transfers for players between two or more clubs. Francisco G%C3%B3mez-Jordana Sousa Francisco Gómez-Jordana y Sousa, 1st Count de Jordana (1 February 1876 – 3 August 1944),

392-637: The exile of the Rif independence leader Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi , commonly known as Abd el-Krim, from Ajdir in the Berber area of Morocco, a locus of the resistance movement. Abd el-Krim had been known as the creator of the Confederal Republic of the tribes of the Rif ( Amazigh : Tagduda n Arif) since 1921. Between November 1928 and 19 April 1931, Gómez-Jordana served another term as High Commissioner. Among other Africanist military men

420-585: The neutrality aspects of the treaty and required consultations and synchronisation of strategies to ensure common interests were protected. In December 1942, as the outcome of the war seemed to have turned to favour the Allies, Spanish Foreign Minister Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa announced the Iberian Bloc, seeking to maintain the neutrality of Spain and Portugal. Throughout the Second World War,

448-486: The neutrality pact agree not to attempt to counteract an act of aggression waged by a pact signatory towards an entity not protected under the terms of the pact. Possible motivations for such acts by one or more of the pacts' signatories include a desire to take, or expand, control of economic resources, militarily important locations, etc. The 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany

476-436: The pact signals to third party nations that the rivalry has reduced and that peaceful relations is desired. It has been found that major powers are more likely to start military conflicts against their partners in non-aggression pacts than against states that do not have any sort of alliance with them. [REDACTED]   Achaemenid Empire The term has colloquial usage outside the field of international relations . In

504-467: The pact was a significant factor in allowing Spain to withstand pressure from Germany and Italy to join the Axis powers , and it allowed Portugal more freedom with regard to its alliance with Britain. On 20 September 1948, after negotiations between Nicolás Franco and José Caeiro da Mata the pact was renewed and expanded in a move that was seen as a victory for Spanish diplomacy as it showed that Spain

532-572: The success of the attack, the King awarded Marín the title of 1st Count of La Playa de Ixdain and General Gómez-Jordana the title of 1st Count of Jordana. The titles were awarded on 19 July 1926 at the town of Úbeda , province of Jaén . Alfonso later honoured the Africanist General José Sanjurjo y Sacanell for the "peacemaking actions" in the Rif and invested him as 1st Marqués del Rif in 1927. The military actions led to

560-490: The treaty. The Iberian Pact declared mutual respect for borders and territories and declared that assistance would be denied to aggressors to the signatory nations. The pact did not call into question previous alliances, such as the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance , and established that future pacts or alliance would safeguard Iberian interests and neutrality in the event of a general European war . The pact

588-511: Was Spanish General Dámaso Berenguer y Fusté . In 1927, he had been awarded the title of Count of Xauen for his military actions in the conquest of Xauen, in northern Morocco, in 1920. Dámaso acted as the second "soft" dictator, a term then used by Spanish civilians in comparison to Primo de Rivera, from 30 January 1930 to 18 January 1931. His term as Minister for War coincided with the term of Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba as Minister of State and Public Instruction. Broadly speaking,

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616-737: Was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the rule of Francisco Franco . Born in Madrid , the son of an officer who went on to become a General and the High Military Commissioner of Spain in Morocco , Gómez-Jordana enrolled as a student at Spain's "Academia General Militar" (Military General Academy) in Zaragoza in 1892. During the Cuban War of Independence , he went to Cuba as

644-758: Was approved by the masses after the earlier municipal elections and the dissolution of the royally+approved Military Directorate (1923–1931). A civil law notary , Manuel Azaña , and a professor of chemistry at the University of Salamanca , José Giral , were founders of the Republican Action Spain from the Pact of San Sebastián. Infantry officers won quick promotions to general through the Morocco actions, and aristocratic cavalry officers also progressed fairly rapidly, but engineering and artillery officers did not flourish. Strong tensions emerged between

672-539: Was led on one side by the rightist leaders Miguel Maura , the son of the Majorcan conservative prime minister of Spain, and Duke Antonio Maura and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora . They banded together with members of other rather small liberal and regionalist republican parties and called for action to support modern civil liberties and progress in education. On 14 April 1931, the Second Spanish Republic

700-617: Was not alone in the postwar era, and that Portuguese membership in NATO , which was then being negotiated, did not render the pact moot. In 1958, the pact was expanded into a mutual defence treaty . The pact was expanded and renewed in 1970. In March 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal , António de Spínola attempted to invoke the pact to demand Spanish intervention. This was rejected by Franco. The Iberian Pact

728-495: Was originally planned to last ten years, but Article 5 provided for extensions for additional ten-year periods. The pact was stressed when Spain, abandoning neutrality previously promised to Portugal, took on the status of a non-belligerent power and invaded the Tangier International Zone . Following this and the Fall of France , an additional protocol to the pact was signed on 29 July 1940, which reinforced

756-523: Was ratified on 25 March 1939. The Iberian Pact marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations, and regular meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in the new political arrangement. The pact proved to be a decisive instrument in keeping the Iberian Peninsula out of Hitler 's continental system. An additional protocol to the pact was signed on 29 July 1940, after

784-460: Was replaced in 1977 by the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal after both countries had transitioned into democracies. Non-aggression pact In the 19th century neutrality pacts have historically been used to give permission for one signatory of the pact to attack or attempt to negatively influence an entity not protected by the neutrality pact. The participants of

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