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66-654: The ISCC opened in July 2000 as the first privately run prison in Idaho, operated by the Corrections Corporation of America . With a capacity of 2,080 inmates, it is also the largest prison in the state, housing maximum, medium, and minimum custody male offenders. In January 2014, Idaho governor Butch Otter announced that the state would take over control of the facility when the contract expired in June 2014, citing

132-458: A 'head tax' of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant. Paralleling some contemporary immigration concerns, in the early 1900s Congress 's primary interest in immigration was to protect American workers and wages: the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue. In 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to

198-565: A 2013 CCA video, Hutto and Beasley were the chief founders. Hutto had years of experience in corrections and was president-elect of the American Correctional Association. The two men met with representatives of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS, now ICE), which operated under U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003, to discuss a potential joint venture for

264-815: A citizen), and similar matters. At the head of the INS was a commissioner appointed by the President who reported to the Attorney General in the Department of Justice. The INS worked closely with the United Nations, the Department of State, and the Department of Health and Human Services. The INS was a very large and complex organization that had four main divisions—Programs, Field Operations, Policy and Planning, and Management—that were responsible for operations and management. The operational functions of

330-495: A detention facility. On Super Bowl Sunday at the end of January, Hutto personally processed the first 87 undocumented immigrants at this facility, and CCA received its first payment. The company opened its first facility, the Houston Processing Center, in 1984. The Houston Detention Center was built to house individuals awaiting a decision on immigration cases or repatriation. In 1984, CCA also took over

396-503: A facility to detain undocumented immigrants in Texas. CCA was awarded a contract in late 1983 by the U.S. Department of Justice for the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (formerly Immigration and Naturalization Service ). This was the "first contract ever to design, build, finance and operate a secure correctional facility." This is considered to have marked the beginning of

462-640: A federal agency. CCA entered the United Kingdom in 1992, when it entered a partnership with Mowlem and Sir Robert McAlpine to form UK Detention Services. It opened the 650-bed Blackenhurst prison in Worcestershire , England . The stockholders are mostly corporate entities and it is classified as a real estate investment trust, or REIT. Research published in Social Justice by scholars at Rutgers University showed that in 2007,

528-487: A hearing (without the benefit of legal counsel or defense witnesses) and being released, paroled, or transferred to a Department of Justice internment camp. Starting in 1942, the INS also interned German, Italian, and Japanese Latin Americans deported from Peru and other countries. It is estimated that 17,477 persons of Japanese ancestry, 11,507 of German ancestry, 2,730 of Italian ancestry, and 185 others were interned by

594-430: A letter to prison officials in 48 states, offering to buy prisons from these states in exchange for a 20-year management contract with a guaranteed occupancy rate of 90%. Many community organizations have criticized the proposals, arguing that the contractual obligations of states to fill the prisons to 90% occupancy are poor public policy, creating an incentive to criminalize behavior and lengthen sentences in order to keep

660-483: A long history of issues including violence within the facility and allegations of understaffing and contract fraud. Governor Otter himself has been a proponent of privatization . In 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began an investigation of the CCA management of the prison. The American Civil Liberties Union , which sued on behalf of inmates in 2010, claimed that understaffing resulted in high levels of violence at

726-421: A pass-through contract with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) division of Homeland Security. After local and national protests because of the poor quality of treatment, federal officials announced on August 6, 2009, that it would no longer house immigrant families in this prison. Instead, only female detainees will be housed there. In September 2009, the last families left the facility and were relocated to

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792-497: A potential tripping hazard; and unsecured medical supplies, such as scalpels and used syringes, were seen on top of counters. No temporary license was to be issued until those problems were corrected. The Texas ICE facility for processing illegal immigrants has 404 beds for both male and female detainees. It has been operated by CCA since 1985. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Medium Security processing center for illegal immigrants; it has been owned by CCA since 1984. It

858-489: Is a 1,000-bed male and female detainee center. In 2016, the Federal Bureau of Prisons cancelled their contract with Cibola County Correctional Center in Milan, New Mexico after 16 years of CCA operations. The facility was under examination for poor medical care and at least three questionable inmate deaths. The medical unit was found to be acting out of compliance in 2014 and given several warnings on incidents leading up to

924-607: Is a change in company policy, as previously CCA had always constructed its own prisons. The purchase was contingent on the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction agreeing to a high level of occupancy under the contract. The State failed to find buyers for many other prisons which it offered for sale. This was considered good news by the Ohio Civil Service Employees Association, the union for prison guards. In 2012, CCA sent

990-596: Is a drag on profits... company earnings would be strong if CCA succeeded in ramp(ing) up population levels in its new facilities at an acceptable rate". In 2011, responding to an initiative from the State of Ohio to reduce "overhead costs by saving $ 13 million annually while adding 700 beds to house inmates in the overcrowded system," Corrections Corporation of America agreed to buy the Lake Erie Correctional Institution for $ 72.7 million. This

1056-635: Is a system of verification that correctional agencies and facilities comply with national standards promulgated by the American Correctional Association. Accreditation is achieved through a series of reviews, evaluations, audits and hearings. On August 18, 2016, Deputy U.S. Attorney General Sally Yates announced that the Justice Department intended to end its Bureau of Prisons contracts with for-profit prison operators, because its own analysis concluded "...the facilities are both less safe and less effective at providing correctional services..." than

1122-695: The Mitterrand administration in France . They did not win any contracts there for CCA prisons. In 1990, CCA opened the first medium-security privately operated prison, the state-owned Winn Correctional Center , in Winn Parish, Louisiana . It opened the Leavenworth Detention Center , operated for the U.S. Marshals Service , in 1992. This 256-bed facility was the first maximum-security private prison under direct contract to

1188-807: The Tennessee Valley Authority , Vanderbilt University , and Jack C. Massey , the founder of Hospital Corporation of America . As of 2016, the company is the second largest private corrections company in the United States. CoreCivic manages more than 65 state and federal correctional and detention facilities with a capacity of more than 90,000 beds in 19 states and the District of Columbia. The company's revenue in 2012 exceeded $ 1.7 billion. By 2015, its contracts with federal correctional and detention authorities generated up to 51% of its revenues. It operated 22 federal facilities with

1254-564: The Treasury Department . This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. 'Immigrant Inspectors', as they were called then, were stationed at major U.S. ports of entry collecting manifests of arriving passengers. Its largest station was located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Among other things,

1320-433: The U.S. State Department issued a limited number of visas ; only those immigrants who could present valid visas were permitted entry. There were a number of predecessor agencies to INS between 1891 and 1933. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was formed in 1933 by a merger of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. Both those bureaus, as well as the newly created INS, were controlled by

1386-687: The Army Reserves, and the Army National Guard. Thompson was already serving a sentence for first-degree murder in 2003 and manslaughter involving an inmate in 2009. CCA closed the Huerfano County Correctional Center at Walsenburg, Colorado , in 2010. CCA appealed an initial county assessment of $ 30.5 million in property taxes for 2010. CCA's contract with the county had specified that CCA would pay only $ 19 million for 2011 and $ 15 million for each of

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1452-785: The Berks Family Residential Center in Pennsylvania . (owned by the Nakamoto Group ). In November 2015, a hunger strike at the Hutto Center quickly grew to include 500 immigrant women. They were protesting their extended detention in this center. The Eloy Detention Center of Arizona, owned and operated by CoreCivic, has had 15 detainee deaths from 2003 to July 2015, including five by suicide . Congressman Raúl Grijalva , D-Ariz., said these events made it "the deadliest immigration detention center in

1518-581: The Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Marshals Service. Although they have denied lobbying, private prison corporations specifically target Republican legislators over "immigration reform". The companies' success in lobbying for immigrant detention was similar to their harnessing the zeitgeists of the preceding decades, from "Tough On Crime" and privatization in the 1980s and 1990s. By 2015, CCA derived 51% of its revenue from federal contracts. In March 2017, President Donald J. Trump announced he would increase immigrant detention. The administration decided it would be in

1584-564: The Department of Labor. President Franklin Roosevelt moved the INS from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice in 1940, citing a need for "more effective control over aliens" as the United States moved closer to joining World War II . By July 1941, Justice Department officials had decided that the INS would oversee the internment of enemy aliens arrested by the FBI should

1650-516: The Federal Bureau of Prisons. In a memorandum, Yates continued, for-profit "...prisons served an important role during a difficult period, but time has shown that they compare poorly to our own Bureau facilities. They simply do not provide the same level of correctional services, programs, and resources; they do not save substantially on costs; and as noted in a recent report by the Department's Office of Inspector General , they do not maintain

1716-536: The INS (including investigations, deportation, and intelligence) were combined with the U.S. Customs investigators to create U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The border functions of the INS, which included the Border Patrol and INS Inspectors, were combined with U.S. Customs Inspectors to create U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). The INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) administered federal immigration laws and regulations including

1782-699: The INS and communicated with other cooperating government agencies and the public. The office was divided into three areas: the Policy Division; the Planning Division; and the Evaluation and Research Center. The second managerial division, called the Management division, was responsible for maintaining the overall mission of the INS throughout its many offices and providing administrative services to these offices. These duties were handled by

1848-467: The INS included the Programs and Field Operations divisions. The Programs division was responsible for handling all the functions involved with enforcement and examinations, including the arrest, detaining, and deportation of illegal immigrants as well as controlling illegal and legal entry. The Field Operations division was responsible for overseeing INS' many offices operating throughout the country and

1914-698: The Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8, United States Code). Its officers inspected foreigners arriving at an official Port of Entry (POE), detecting and deterring illegal entry between the ports (with the assistance of the Border Patrol, a component of the INS) and by sea, and conducting investigations of criminal and administrative violations of the Act. The INS also adjudicated applications for permanent residency ("green cards"), change of status, naturalization (the process by which an alien [foreign-born person] becomes

1980-599: The Immigration and Naturalization Service during the war. In November 1979, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti announced that INS "raids" would only take place at places of work, not at residences where illegal aliens were suspected of living. The work of the immigration service has been dramatized or depicted in literature, music, art, and theatre. Films using its work as a theme include The Immigrant (1917), The Strong Man 1926), Ellis Island (1936), Paddy O'Day (1936), Gateway (1938), Secret Service of

2046-472: The U.S. enter the war, and immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor these plans went into effect. By December 10, three days after the attack, the INS had 1,291 Japanese , 857 German , and 147 Italian nationals in custody. These "enemy aliens," many of whom had resided in the United States for decades, were arrested without warrants or formal charges. They were held in immigration stations and various requisitioned sites, often for months, before receiving

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2112-431: The U.S." In late July 2015 he called for an independent investigation into the most recent suicide. By July 2016, a three-month measles outbreak affecting at least 22 victims was spread by unvaccinated employees. Pinal County's health director presumed the outbreak likely originated with a migrant, but detainees had since received vaccinations. Convincing CoreCivic's workers to become vaccinated or verify proof of immunity

2178-443: The United States. CCA houses approximately 90,000 offenders and detainees in its more than 60 facilities; it employs more than 17,000 persons nationwide. Federal contracts for correctional and detention facilities generated up to 51% of its revenues in 2015. It operated 22 federal facilities with the capacity for 25,851 prisoners. The American Correctional Association (ACA) has accredited 90% of CCA's facilities. ACA's Accreditation

2244-483: The announcement of closure. An inmate uprising in 2014 resulted in two top officials being put on leave. Also in 2016, new contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement re-opened the facility. In 2017, a unit was opened for transgender ICE detainees, who have reported inadequate medical care and mistreatment. Transgender woman Roxsana Hernández died in ICE custody following her detention at Cibola. In 2020 it

2310-413: The best national interest to radically expand the United States' detention capacity, specifically for women and children, by over four-hundred fifty per cent (450%). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Asylum chief John Lafferty stated that he planned to expand the number of mother-child "beds" in immigration centers near the border from the current 3,500 beds up to 20,000 beds. This signaled

2376-488: The capacity for 25,851 prisoners. By 2016, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) along with GEO Group were running "more than 170 prisons and detention centres". CCA's revenues in 2015 were $ 1.79bn. CCA has been the subject of much controversy over the years, mostly related to apparent attempts to save money, such as hiring inadequate staff, extensive lobbying, and lack of proper cooperation with legal entities to avoid repercussions. CCA rebranded itself as CoreCivic amid

2442-555: The company had "114 institutional stockholders that together amount[ed] to 28,736,071 shares of stock." The scholars added, "The largest number of shares of CCA stock is held by RS Investments (3,296,500), WesleyCapital MGMT (2,486,866) and Capital Research and MGMT (2,057,600)." In 2010, the ACLU filed a lawsuit on behalf of inmates at the Idaho Correctional Center , claiming that understaffing contributed to

2508-643: The facility, which prompted some inmates to refer to it as a "gladiator school." The ISCC maintains an active branch of the American Legion . Corrections Corporation of America CoreCivic, Inc. formerly the Corrections Corporation of America ( CCA ), is a company that owns and manages private prisons and detention centers and operates others on a concession basis. Co-founded in 1983 in Nashville, Tennessee , by Thomas W. Beasley , Robert Crants , and T. Don Hutto , it received investments from

2574-638: The federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States, and the Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department . Reflecting changing governmental concerns, immigration was transferred to the purview of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913. In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization

2640-541: The high levels of violence there. In 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began an investigation into CCA management of the ICC to ascertain whether any Federal statutes were violated because of the understaffing of the facility and what was found to be falsification of staffing records. In 2016, the Obama administration provided the CCA a $ 1 billion no-bid contract to detain asylum seekers from Central America. CCA

2706-525: The industry as a whole, rebounded in the early 2000s. This followed a massive increase in detentions of undocumented immigrants by the federal government in the wake of the 9/11 attacks , which created a new market for its facilities. From 2001 to 2011, CCA's revenue increased 88 percent, and it received at least $ 1 billion in revenue for each of the eight years from 2003 to 2011. In 2012, CCA derived 30 percent of its revenue from federal contracts. In 2012 some $ 546 million for CCA came from federal contracts with

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2772-487: The largest increase in immigrant detention since World War Two . Williamson county commissioners in Taylor, Texas, voted 4–1 on June 25, 2018, in the wake of a widely publicized crisis of immigrant detention of children separated from their mothers who had been taken into custody, to end the county's participation in an Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) with CoreCivic, effective in 2019. The T. Don Hutto facility in Taylor

2838-690: The likelihood that offenders will commit new offenses upon release and return to prison. In 1993, CCA launched the LifeLine substance abuse training program at the Metro-Davidson County Detention Facility in Nashville, Tennessee. In the early 21st century, CCA offers the program in 23 of its 60 facilities. In a 1990s report, Prudential Securities was bullish on CCA but noted, "It takes time to bring inmate population levels up to where they cover costs. Low occupancy

2904-502: The newly created Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001. Prior to 1933, there were separate offices administering immigration and naturalization matters, known as the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization, respectively. The INS was established on June 10, 1933, merging these previously separate areas of administration. In 1890,

2970-541: The newly created (now-defunct) Department of Commerce and Labor , and on June 10, 1933, the agency was established as the Immigration and Naturalization Service . After World War I , Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing a law in 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous U.S. Census figures. Each year,

3036-642: The next three years. It also closed Kit Carson Correctional Facility at Burlington, Colorado in 2016. Appleton, Minnesota , in Swift County , is home to a vacant medium-security prison, the Prairie Correctional Facility , which CCA closed in 2010. Although the state corrections needs additional capacity, neither the Department of Corrections nor the governor favor leasing the prison or contracting with CCA to operate it. In November 2015, state Corrections Commissioner Tom Roy said he

3102-484: The offices of Information Resources Management, Finance, Human Resources and Administration, and Equal Employment Opportunity. Shortly after the U.S. Civil War , some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1876 that immigration was a federal responsibility. The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within

3168-647: The ongoing scrutiny of the private prison industry. Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 28, 1983, by Thomas W. Beasley , Robert Crants and T. Don Hutto . Beasley served as the chairman of the Tennessee Republican Party ; Crants was the chief financial officer of a real estate company in Nashville; Hutto was the president-elect of the American Correctional Association . A founding member of its board of directors

3234-720: The operations of the Tall Trees non-secure juvenile facility, for the Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County . Two years later, CCA built the 200-bed Shelby Training Center in Memphis to house juvenile male offenders. In 1989, it opened the New Mexico Women's Correctional Facility in Grants, New Mexico ; it had constructed this facility of 204 beds. In the 1980s, CCA officials met with representatives of

3300-726: The prisons filled. They believe that these contractual clauses end up costing taxpayers more than state-run prisons would and add to over-incarceration. In April 2012, To the Point produced a program about the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) which was broadcast on NPR stations. In 2002 CCA agreed to pay more than $ 152,000 in back wages to 96 Oklahoma women denied employment because of gender discrimination. A U.S. Department of Labor audit showed women applicants, who were equally or better qualified than men hired, were rejected. In 2008 CCA

3366-414: The private prison industry. CCA had to have the facilities ready by early January 1984, ninety days from the signing of the contract. Hutto and Beasley flew to Houston and after several days, negotiated a deal with the owner of Olympic Motel—a "pair of nondescript two-story buildings" on "I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker" —to hire their family and friends to staff the re-purposed motel for four months as

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3432-583: The reentry and rehabilitation programs, prisons often offer inmates recreational and optional faith-based opportunities. The latter is considered an integral part of inmate rehabilitation. CCA says it offers basic adult education, post-secondary education, GRE preparation, and testing and literacy programs to all inmates. The Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics reported in 2008 that 40% of privately run facilities did not offer such programming to inmates. According to national research, providing inmates with education and vocational programs can reduce

3498-496: The same level of safety and security. The rehabilitative services that the Bureau provides, such as educational programs and job training, have proved difficult to replicate and outsource and these services are essential to reducing recidivism and improving public safety." The United States prison system provides reentry and rehabilitation programs for inmates. Such programs often include education, vocational training, addiction treatment as well as faith-based programs. In addition to

3564-698: The world. The Field Operations division implemented policies and handled tasks for its three regional offices, which in turn oversaw 33 districts and 21 border areas throughout the country. Internationally, the Field Operations division oversaw the Headquarters Office of International Affairs which in turn oversaw 16 offices outside the country. Managerial functions of the INS included the Policy and Planning and Management divisions. The Office of Policy and Planning coordinated all information for

3630-605: Was Maurice Sigler, the former chairman of the United States Board of Parole . The initial investment came from Jack C. Massey , co-founder of the Hospital Corporation of America . An early investor prior to the IPO was Vanderbilt University Law School , where Beasley had completed his Juris Doctor degree. Additionally, the Tennessee Valley Authority was another early financial backer. According to

3696-479: Was an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor from 1933 to 1940 and the U.S. Department of Justice from 1940 to 2003. Referred to by some as former INS and by others as legacy INS , the agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003, when most of its functions were transferred to three new entities – U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) – within

3762-514: Was deployed to Iraq. It determined that CCA should pay about $ 53,000 in damages for violation of the Uniformed Services Employment and Re-employment Rights Act . As of 2017 CoreCivic's shares are mainly held by institutional holdings ( The Vanguard Group , BlackRock , Fidelity Investments and others). The prison industry declined in the late 20th century, as the crime rate was decreasing nationally and privatization

3828-838: Was far more difficult, he said. The Los Angeles Times reported that the South Texas Family Residential Center in Dilley, Texas held 1,735 people and about 1,000 of the detainees were children. In April 2016, an application for a child-care license for the Dilley detention facility, which is run by CoreCivic Corrections Corporation of America, was pending. This facility houses 2,400 children and female detainees. A license inspection in April of that facility had found 12 deficiencies. Those included: all playgrounds showed worn AstroTurf and exposed seams, creating

3894-470: Was holding some of those imprisoned mothers. Although the combined revenues of CCA and GEO Group, a competitor, were about $ 4 billion in 2017 from private prison contracts, their number one customer was U.S. ICE . The T. Don Hutto Residential Center is a former medium-security prison in Taylor , Williamson County, Texas , which, from 2006 to 2009, held accompanied immigrant detainees ages 2 and up under

3960-411: Was killed in the line of duty by an Oklahoma DOC inmate Gregory Thompson at Davis Correctional Facility. The incident was described as Hershberger was conducting inmate movement when Thompson used a "homemade weapon" and attacked Hershberger from behind. Hershberger had been working with the company since late 2021. In addition to his service to Corrections, Hershberger was also a veteran of the U.S. Navy,

4026-409: Was not ruling out use of Appleton, but said he does not like the basic principle underlying private prisons. "The notion of incarceration for profit," he said, "I don't think is very popular in this state." Results of a study reported in 2018 that opening the facility would be too costly. Immigration and Naturalization Service The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS )

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4092-550: Was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice . In 2003 the administration of immigration services, including permanent residence, naturalization , asylum, and other functions, became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed under that name only for a short time before changing to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The investigative and enforcement functions of

4158-429: Was ranked as one of the 100 best corporate citizens by Corporate Responsibility Officer magazine. The national military magazine GI Jobs highlighted CCA as a solid employer for veterans. In 2010 it ranked CCA as one of the "Top 50 Military Friendly Jobs." But in 2010, a Muskogee, Oklahoma federal court jury found CCA guilty of violating the employment rights of a shift supervisor by terminating his job when he

4224-571: Was renamed CoreCivic in October 2016. Founded in 1983, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) owns or operates jails and prisons on contract with federal, state and local governments. CCA designs, builds, manages and operates correctional facilities and detention centers for the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the United States Marshals Service, as well as state and county facilities across

4290-579: Was reported that during 2019, a transgender detainee is reported to have been made to wait thirteen days for medical treatment after complaining of rectal bleeding. Additionally, it was later determined that the detainee was HIV positive. A Department of Homeland Security official sharply criticized the situation, noting that the lack of action put the detainee "at risk for severe medical complications" and "also exposed other detainees and facility and ICE staff to an infectious and potentially deadly disease." On July 31, 2022, Correctional Officer Alan Hershberger

4356-437: Was under attack by critics and legislators. There had been widespread reports of escapes, inmate violence, and deplorable conditions in such private facilities. Speculative prison building, sometimes supported by small municipalities hoping to increase local employment, had increased competition and the pressure to keep prisons filled. The Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), which became CoreCivic in October 2017, as well as

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