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34-631: Ifat may refer to: Ifat (historical region) , former geographic region in Northeast Africa Sultanate of Ifat , a Muslim sultanate in the northern Horn of Africa Indirect fluorescent antibody technique , a diagnostic process employing secondary immunofluorescence International Fair Trade Association , the original name of the World Fair Trade Organization See also [ edit ] Yifag ,

68-526: A French archeologist team discovered numerous ruined towns 20km east of Shewa Robit near the western bank of the Awash River . The most notable were the towns of Asbari, Nora and Awfāt, the latter identified as being the capital of the former Ifat state. The ancient ruins discovered included a mosque, a reservoir for water, and a necropolis dedicated to the Walashma Dynasty , all dated back to

102-608: A new Sultanate at Dakkar . This new Adal Sultanate encompassed the modern city of Harar . According to Arabic texts Coffee was introduced into Arabia by the Arab brother in-law of Sa'ad ad-Din II, Ali bin Omar al- Shadhili which he became familiar with during his brief stay in Adal. According to Harari tradition numerous Argobba people had fled Ifat and settled around Harar in

136-616: A town in Kemekem , Amhara, Ethiopia Yifat , a kibbutz in Israel Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ifat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ifat&oldid=1154028383 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

170-489: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ifat (historical region) According to thirteenth century Arab geographer Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi , Ifat was alternatively known as Jabarta . In the fourteenth century Al Umari mentioned seven cities or domains within Ifat: Biqulzar , Adal , Shewa , Kwelgora , Shimi, Jamme and Laboo. Ifat designated

204-519: The Aw Abdal lowlands during their conflict with Abyssinia in the fifteenth century, a gate was thus named after them called the gate of Argobba . According to Ayele Tariku, in the mid-1400s emperor Zara Yaqob assigned a military battalion in Ifat region following his successful defence of the frontier from the attacks of Adal Sultanate . According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh , Ifat

238-559: The Ethiopian Empire . Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe in modern Djibouti–Ethiopia border as well as the territory between Shewa and Zeila on the coast of Somalia . Districts within Adal included Hubat , Gidaya and Hargaya . It also occasionally included the Hadiya Sultanate . According to Ewald Wagner, the Adal region was historically the area stretching from Zeila to Harar . In

272-518: The Harari region were assimilated by Somalis following the decline of the Adal principalities. Harla inhabitants of Adal occupied modern Afar Region in Ethiopia also suffered similar fates by adopting Afar identity in the seventeenth century. According to Professor Lapiso Delebo, the contemporary Harari people are heirs to the ancient Semitic speaking peoples of the Adal region. Historians state

306-572: The Makhzumi dynasty and subsequently invading states of Hubat , Gidaya , Hargaya etc. The later Ifat rulers who are described as zealous would expand their dominion from Zequalla in eastern Shewa to Zeila on the coast of Somalia thus the Muslim dominated regions of the Horn of Africa would be known as Ifat up to the fourteenth century. In 1328 during Emperor Amda Seyon of Ethiopia's crusades,

340-609: The Walasma dynasty of the middle ages. Ifat was also the site of forceful conversions of Muslims to Christianity by then Shewa king Menelik II under the orders of emperor Yohannes IV . French writer Élisée Reclus in 1890 describes the fate of the initial inhabitants and dwellings of Ifat: As in Abyssinia properly so-called, the Shoa Mahommedans have been forcibly converted. They were formerly very numerous, and

374-471: The 14th and 15th centuries. In Asbari and Nora most of the housing were grouped around two large stone mosques, their access was enclosed by walls and a hydrographic system, marked by slight depressions sloping into a thalweg. The funeral epigraphy of the oldest tomb notes that it is of a "sheikh of the Walasma" dated to April 1364, while another is of Sultan Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din dated to June 1373. Sometime in

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408-404: The 16th century, these towns were abandoned, local Argobba accredit Arabs for building the structures. The dwellings resemble Argobba or Harari historical building designs. The Argobba people are believed to originate from Ifat and were living alongside the people of Doba in the region. Argobba, Harari , Wolane and Siltʼe people , appear to have represented major populations of Ifat in

442-447: The 1800s Catholic missionary Stanely states Adal is situated west of Zeila. Dr. Duri Mohammed asserts the lowlands outside the city of Harar is known as Aw Abdal where Imams traditionally led prayer. According to Amélie Chekroun, Adal designated the region east of the Awash River , replacing Ifat as the Muslim power which had come under Ethiopian Christian control in the 1300s. The Christian state under Menelik II 's invasion during

476-454: The 1800s for the first time in its history maintained control in Adal therefore incorporating it into modern Ethiopia . The region was mostly located in modern-day Awdal and had Zeila as a capital city but also controlled other interior towns like Abasa or Dakkar extending into the Harar plateau to the south-east and modern day Djibouti in the west. Eidal (Abdal) becomes Emir of

510-521: The Abyssinian frontier province of Fatagar in the west and stretched to Cape Guardafui in the east. He further stated that it was confined by the Kingdom of Dankali in the north west and that the leaders of Adal were considered saints by the locals for their warfare with neighboring Abyssinia. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabitant low land portion east of

544-477: The Aw Abdal lowlands during their conflict with Abyssinia in the fifteenth century, a gate was thus named after them called the gate of Argobba . In this period the Walasma dynasty of Ifat initiated a series of marriage alliances with the leaders of Adal. According to Enrico Cerulli , local discontent for the Walasma dynasty of Ifat which occupied Adal region led to the rise of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi in

578-688: The Middle Ages. The bulk of Ifat's population also included nomadic pastoralist ethnic groups, such as the Afar and the Warjih . The inhabitants of Ifat were the first to be recorded using Khat in the fourteenth century. Medieval Arabic texts indicate Ethiopian Semitic languages were spoken by the people of Ifat however Cerulli states these speakers were soon replaced by Afar and Somali . Adal (historical region) Adal ( Harari : ኣው አብዳል; Somali : Awdal), known as Awdal or Aw Abdal

612-671: The Muslim dominated portion of Shewa in Abyssinia according to post seventeenth century Harari texts, its territory extended from the Shewan uplands east, towards the Awash River . During Islam's inception tradition states the Banu Makhzum and Umayyad coalitions quarreled in Ifat. According to historian Enrico Cerulli , in thirteenth century Sultan Umar Walasma founded the Ifat Sultanate in Ifat after overthrowing

646-408: The designated emperor of Ethiopia Lij Iyasu is stated to have entered into marriage alliances with the peoples of Adal. Iyasu married the daughter of a Somali noble, the daughter of an Afar descended from the governor of Zeila as well as the daughter of Abdullahi Sadiq , a Harari aristocrat. The city of Zeila was originally the center of power and commerce in the Adal region. The bustling port city

680-546: The eighteenth century, slave and salt commerce was active in Ifat mainly Wollo where its reported Afar brokers would transport them to Tadjoura on the coast. Later in the nineteenth century Ifat towns such as Aliyu Amba were major centers facilitating trade between Abyssinia and the Emirate of Harar . Under the reign of Shewan king Sahle Selassie , the appointed Muslim Ifat governors were Hussain of Argobba , and his father Walasma Mohamed who professed their origin from

714-533: The fire of hell. The Imam returned (with) Sarif Idal after killing her and was called Emir Idal. He entered Hararge with 500 riders, praising God and cheering with innumerable and incalculable booty. Islam was first introduced to the area early on from the Arabian Peninsula , shortly after the Hijrah . Zeila's two- mihrab Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is one of the oldest mosques in

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748-509: The forces of the emperor Amda Seyon. In the late fourteenth century, Ifat rebel leaders Haqq ad-Din II and Sa'ad ad-Din II transferred their base to Adal in the Harar region founding the Adal Sultanate . These two Walasma princes exiled from Ifat had moved to an area around Harar which today Argobba and Harari speakers exist. According to Harari tradition numerous Argobba people had fled Ifat, and settled around Harar in

782-461: The insurgents. Talha would however successfully negotiate a peace treaty with the emperor which ended hostilities a year later. According to historian Hussein Ahmed, Talha deceived the emperor into presuming he had a large force backing his rebellion, when in fact they were diminutive. In 1958 Ifat sub-province was called Yifat & Timuga with Menz and Gishe becoming their own zone. In 2007,

816-624: The language spoken by the people of Adal as well as its rulers the Imams and Sultans would closely resemble contemporary Harari language . According to Bahru Zewde and others the Walasma state of Adal in the fourteenth century primarily included the Semitic speaking Harari and Argobba people , however it also began including some portions of Somali and Afar people. The agriculture practicing population of Adal were exclusively Harla and Harari people. According to Archaeologist Jorge Rodriguez,

850-482: The name of Jiberti, by which they are known throughout Abyssinia, is a reminiscence of their holy city of Jabarta in Ifat, which has since disappeared. In 1896 rebel leader of Ifat, Talha Jafar led a revolt with the support of local Afar , Oromo , Argobba, Warjih and Amhara Muslims in the region, he had also made attempts to reach out to the ruler of Sudan known as the " Khalifah al-Mahdi " , this forced Menelik now emperor of Ethiopia to send an army to confront

884-670: The region succeeding saint Barkhadle in AD 1067 following a victory against a Persian . After two days he sent some of the horsemen to Hararge to the Sarif Idal, and (this) came (to him) with 150 horsemen. He and the Imam started the war against the army of al-Kanis Mari in the land of Bissidimo. The war broke out for four days until they reached the land of Kurummi. When Sarif Idal reached her, he cut off her head and hung her on lances. She had 200 riders with her, all of whom God quickly sent into

918-455: The reign of Sahle Selassie in early 1840s which led to a delegate from Harar referred to as "Abdal Wanag" (lion of Adal) administrating the Abyssinian town of Aliyu Amba . In 1842 British traveler Charles Johnston described Harar as the last city of Adal. Adal state would be annexed by Ethiopia in the late 1800s during Menelik II 's invasion after the Battle of Chelenqo . In the 1900s

952-482: The sixteenth century. Up until the end of the sixteenth century, the rulers of Adal were in a raging conflict with the leaders of neighboring Christian state of Ethiopian Empire . In the ensuing Oromo invasions , Adal split into two states, the Aussa Sultanate of Adal and Harar Emirate of Adal, the latter surviving up until the nineteenth century. Adal had friendly trade relations with Abyssinia during

986-464: The territory of Ifat was invaded and incorporated into his empire after defeating its sultan Haqq ad-Din I 's forces in battle. Ifat would lose its prominence as the Muslim power in the region to Adal following the Abyssinian annexation of its dominion. In the mid fourteenth century Ifat leader Jamal ad-Din I would rebel against Abyssinia by forming an alliance with the Adal leader Salih to battle

1020-513: The world. The earliest reference to Adal was following the collapse of the Makhzumi dynasty in July 1288 when ' Ali Baziyu led a campaign in Adal and Mora which was concluded by the killing of the lords of Adal and Mora , the victorious Sultan then annexed Adal and Mora to his Kingdom. Adal is also mentioned by Marco Polo in 1295 as a state continuously in conflict with Abyssinia. According to fourteenth century Arab historian Al Umari , Adal

1054-548: Was a historical Muslim region in the Horn of Africa . Located east of Ifat and the Awash river as far as the coast, and including Harar as well as Zeila . The Zeila state often denoted Adal and other Muslim dominions in medieval texts. Adal was situated east of the province of Ifat and was a general term for a region inhabited by Muslims. According to Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvarez , Adal in 1520 bordered on

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1088-638: Was governed by the Adalite, Abūn b. ‘Uthmān following its conquest by the Adal Sultanate during the Ethiopian-Adal war . During Ifat peoples conflicts with Oromo in the early seventeenth century, the Ifat Muslim leaders formed an alliance with Christian rulers of Shewa however the region much like neighboring modern Bale , Fatagar , Angot and others would eventually succumb to the Oromo. In

1122-473: Was one of the founding regions of the Ifat Sultanate alongside Biqulzar , Shewa, Kwelgora , Shimi, Jamme and Laboo. In the fourteenth century Emperor Amda Seyon of Ethiopia battled against Adal leader Imam Salih who allied with Jamal ad-Din I of Ifat. In the late fourteenth century rebel leaders of Ifat Haqq ad-Din II and Sa'ad ad-Din II relocated their base to the Harari plateau in Adal forming

1156-611: Was predominantly inhabited by Somalis , as well as Arabs and Afars . Clans of Adal mentioned in the fourteenth century Emperor Amda Seyon I chronicles during the Ethiopian invasion included; Wargar , Tiqo, Paguma, Labakala and Gabala . In the fifteenth century Emperor Zara Yaqob chronicle, the Harla people are mentioned as the traders of Adal. Harla are considered to be the main population of Adal. However, according to historian Enrico Cerulli , Harla people who originate from

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