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35-465: The Ilhabela State Park is in the Vale do Ribeira region of southern São Paulo. It covers 85% of the municipality of Ilhabela , São Paulo. It has an area of 27,025 hectares (66,780 acres), covering all or part of twelve islands, two islets and two reefs. The archipelago includes the island of São Sebastião, which holds the municipal seat, and the smaller islands of Búzios, Vitória and others. On São Sebastião

70-631: A corridor, which will be known as the Central Biodiversity Corridor , in the Atlantic Forest and one in the Amazon. The Brazilian Development Bank has been financing, with non-reimbursable loans, 16 to 18 ecosystem restoration projects totaling 3,500 hectares and costing approximately $ 22 million under the so-called Iniciativa BNDES Mata Atlântica. In order to preserve diversity, the state of São Paulo has created

105-591: Is 100,880 inhabitants, of which 43,131 live in rural areas. There are 12 quilombola communities. Municipalities in Paraná that lie in the Ribeira de Iguape River iguape include: Atlantic Forest The Atlantic Forest ( Portuguese : Mata Atlântica ) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in

140-464: Is a region in the south of the state of São Paulo and the northeast of the state of Paraná , Brazil. It contains a large part of the Ribeira de Iguape River valley, from which it takes its name, as well as the coastal Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex . The region is environmentally rich, with large areas of well-preserved Atlantic Forest , but economically poor. The Vale do Ribeira

175-433: Is a source of income for many communities. Commercialization of Juçara juice has potential. Mariculture, including oysters, shellfish and fish, is also showing promise. The state and federal governments are investing in development of ecotourism and adventure tourism. Some of the main attractions are the impressive calcareous caves such as those of Diabo , Santana , Morro Preto, Água Suja and Casa da Pedra . In São Paulo

210-435: Is active in reforestation efforts in the northeastern state of Pernambuco , Brazil. During 2007, Joao Milanez and Joanne Stanulonis have planted 5,500 new trees in the mountains commencing with Gravata, adding to the precious little, ancient forest left. The Pact for Atlantic Forest Restoration has assembled over 100 businesses, nongovernmental and governmental organizations around the goal of having 15 million hectares of

245-482: Is close to the major industrial centers of São Paulo and Curitiba , and there are proposals to divert water to these centers. In recent years infrastructure improvements have included making BR-116 a divided highway and construction of hydroelectric plants. The Vale do Ribeira today has large numbers of small properties, up to 50 hectares (120 acres), producing bananas, beef, tomatoes and tangerines. Other products include maté tea, rice, corn and flowers, and fish in

280-569: Is endemic to the Ilhabela restinga . Birds include toucans , pionus parrots, Brazilian tanager ( Ramphocelus bresilius ), solitary tinamou ( Tinamus solitarius ), black hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus tyrannus ), brown-backed parrotlet ( Touit melanonotus ), penelopes and black-fronted piping guan ( Pipile jacutinga ). The archipelago is also a refuge for migratory birds. The park is open for visits from 9:00 to 16:30 daily. The 2,145 metres (7,037 ft) Trilha da Água Branca (White Water Trail)

315-562: Is in the south of the state of São Paulo and in the north of the state of Paraná. It includes the Ribeira de Iguape River Basin and the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex. It has an area of 28,306.66 square kilometres (10,929.26 sq mi), with a 2000 population of 481,224. It includes 22 municipalities in São Paulo and 9 in Paraná. 21 other municipalities in Paraná and 18 in São Paulo contain parts of

350-525: Is of medium difficulty, leading through rich Atlantic Forest vegetation where many species of birds may be seen. It leads to several waterfalls. The park can provide guides for groups taking this trail by prior appointment. The park is home to Caiçaras communities, whose people engage in occupations such as fishing and making handicrafts, and celebrate popular traditional festivals such as the Congada de São Sebastião. Vale do Ribeira Vale do Ribeira

385-484: Is predicted that many regional, fruit-bearing tree species in the Atlantic forest will become extinct due to failure of seedling recruitment and recolonisation. With all these species already threatened, it is predicted that with the persistence of current deforestation rates the Atlantic forest will see continued extinction of species. Due to the Atlantic Forest's vast diversity of endemic plants and animals as well as

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420-509: Is unusual in that it extends as a true tropical rain forest to latitudes as far as 28°S. This is because the trade winds produce precipitation throughout the southern winter. In fact, the northern Zona da Mata of northeastern Brazil receives much more rainfall between May and August than during the southern summer. The geographic range of Atlantic Forest vary depending on author or institution that published them. Information on four most important boundaries as well as their union and intersection

455-719: The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund if they abide by its rules. These include the Species Protection Program, the Program for Supporting Private Natural Heritage Reserves and the Institutional Strengthening Program. Another strategy being implemented to maintain biodiversity within the Atlantic Forest is creating wildlife corridors . The World Bank is donating $ 44 million to create

490-575: The Restinga de Bertioga State Park , a 9.3 thousand hectares park which also serves as a wildlife corridor linking the coastal regions to the Serra do Mar mountain range. Some organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy , are planning to restore parts of the forest that have been lost and to build corridors that are compatible with the lifestyles of the native people. The Amazon Institute

525-626: The Superagui lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus caissara ). Conservation units include: Gold was mined in the region from the 17th century, and more recently other minerals. Farms produced rice, coffee, tea and bananas. The Vale do Ribeira became a supplier of low-cost natural resources, exploited without regard for the environment or cultural heritage. It is one of the poorest parts of the states of São Paulo and Paraná, with low levels of education and employment. The economically active and young population continues to migrate to other regions. The region

560-606: The Atlantic Forest. New species are continually being found in the Atlantic Forest. In fact, between 1990 and 2006 over a thousand new flowering plants were discovered. Furthermore, in 1990 researchers re-discovered a small population of the black-faced lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus caissara ), previously thought to have been extinct. In 1991, the butterfly Actinote zikani was rediscovered in southern Brazil, after being declared extinct ten years earlier. In southern Brazil A new species of blonde capuchin ( Cebus queirozi ), named for its distinguishing bright blonde hair,

595-568: The Ribeira basin. Sub-basins of the Ribeira de Iguape River in São Paulo are: Coastal basins of the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex are: The region has over 10,000 species of flora and fauna. It has over 21,000 square kilometres (8,100 sq mi) of well-preserved forests, about 21% of the total remaining Atlantic Forest in Brazil. It also has 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) of restinga and 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi) of mangroves . In 1999

630-541: The Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserve, which covered 17 municipalities in the Vale do Ribeira, was one of six regions in Brazil that were considered by UNESCO to be natural World Heritage Sites . There are 24 conservation units in the region, containing rare species such as cedar, palmito, cinnamon, araucaria and caxeta, and many types of bromeliad and orchid. Preserved areas are found outside

665-592: The São Paulo Environment Secretariat and the German bank KfW . The Ilhabela State Park preserves 3% of the remaining Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo. Terrain ranges from beaches up to mountain ridges, with the slopes covered in forest. The island of São Sebastião includes the peaks of Baepi: 1,025 metres (3,363 ft), Papagaio: 1,037 metres (3,402 ft) and São Sebastião: 1,379 metres (4,524 ft). The mountains intercept

700-655: The coastal portion. There are about 80 caiçaras communities along the 140 kilometres (87 mi) Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex, mainly engaged in sustainable subsistence artisanal fishing or collection of crustaceans. There are ten Guarani villages, with families from the Mbyá and Ñandeva subgroups. They practice subsistence agriculture and sustainable hunting and fishing. They have been forced to move more than once when state or national parks were established on their traditional lands. Agroforestry, producing and selling seedlings of native Atlantic Forest species,

735-642: The conservation units in indigenous territories , quilombos and rural districts whose inhabitants practice small-scale subsistence agriculture. Endangered species include the southern muriqui ( Brachyteles arachnoides ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), Pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus ), black-fronted piping guan ( Pipile jacutinga ), broad-snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris ) and red-tailed amazon ( Amazona brasiliensis ). Endemic species include saw-billed hermit ( Ramphodon naevius ), Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis ), yellow-legged tinamou ( Crypturellus noctivagus ) and

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770-591: The extent of human disturbances, including habitat destruction , in the Atlantic Forest has led to an extinction crisis. The endemic species in this region are especially vulnerable to extinction due to fragmentation because of their small geographic ranges and low occurrence. In a study of the Atlantic Forest fragments, community level biomass was reduced to 60% in plots less than 25 hectares. Key ecological processes such as seed dispersal , gene flow , colonization and other processes are disturbed by fragmentation. With many key vertebrate seed dispersers going extinct, it

805-646: The forest actually survived in moist pockets well away from the coastline where its endemic rainforest species mixed with much cooler-climate species. Unlike refugia for equatorial rainforests, the refuges for the Atlantic Forest have never been the product of detailed identification. Despite having only 28% of native vegetation cover remaining, the Atlantic Forest remains extraordinarily lush in biodiversity and endemic species , many of which are threatened with extinction . Approximately 40 percent of its vascular plants and up to 60 percent of its vertebrates are endemic species, meaning they are found nowhere else in

840-605: The fragmentation affecting these species, many groups and organizations are working to restore this unique ecosystem . Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are huge benefactors in Brazil, providing funding as well as professional help to the Atlantic Forest due to the Brazilian Environmental Movement . One organization, called BirdLife International , uses its research to preserve the area's bird biodiversity and teach people about sustainable natural resource use. Some organizations receive grants from

875-750: The moist air coming from the sea to produce a tropical humid climate with high rainfall. There are thousands of streams and over 250 waterfalls of many sizes. In the coastal plains meandering rivers support mangroves. In the sea the islands, islets and reefs support diverse flora and fauna. Vegetation includes forest, restinga and mangroves . The forest includes trees from 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) high, and epiphytes such as Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae . It supports hundreds of species of mammals, reptiles and birds, many endemic and some endangered. Mammals include robust capuchin monkeys , Brazilian squirrel ( Sciurus aestuans ) and ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ). The giant Atlantic tree-rat ( Phyllomys thomasi )

910-500: The park boundary starts at an altitude of 200 metres (660 ft) along the São Sebastião channel, dropping to 100 metres (330 ft) between Ponta da Sela to the south and Ponta das Canas to the north, and coming down to the shore around Ponta do Boi. The other islands are completely contained within the park. The Ilhabela State Park was created by Governor Paulo Egydio Martins by decree 9.414 of 20 January 1977. The purpose

945-464: The region covers 18,112.80 square kilometres (6,993.39 sq mi) and contains 23 municipalities. The total population is 443,325 inhabitants, of which 114,995 live in rural areas. There are 33 quilombola communities and 13 indigenous territories. The municipalities that make up the region in São Paulo are: In Paraná the region covers an area of 6,079.30 square kilometres (2,347.23 sq mi) and contains 7 municipalities. The total population

980-673: The result of human activity in the past 400 years. Over 11,000 species of plants and animals are considered threatened today in the Atlantic Forest. Over 52% of the tree species and 92% of the amphibians are endemic to this area. The forest harbors around 20,000 species of plants, with almost 450 tree species being found in just one hectare in some locations. The Atlantic Forest is one of the best studied tropical ecosystems. For example, over 3000 tree species, 98 bat species, 94 large or medium-sized mammal species, over 2000 epiphyte species, 26 primate species, 528 amphibian species, 124 small mammal species, and over 800 bird species have been recorded in

1015-428: The size of the Atlantic Forest, which has resulted in species impoverishment. Almost 88% of the original forest habitat has been lost and replaced by human-modified landscapes including pastures , croplands , and urban areas . This deforestation continues at an annual rate of 0.5% and up to 2.9% in urban areas. Habitat fragmentation leads to a cascade of alterations of the original forest landscape. For example,

1050-507: The south and inland as far as Paraguay and the Misiones Province of Argentina , where the region is known as Selva Misionera . The Atlantic Forest has ecoregions within the following biome categories: seasonal moist and dry broad-leaf tropical forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands , and mangrove forests . The Atlantic Forest is characterized by a high biodiversity and endemism . It

1085-443: The world. The official threatened species list of Brazil contains over 140 terrestrial mammal species found in Atlantic Forest. In Paraguay the Atlantic Forest has been heavily impacted in recent years. In Paraguay there are 35 species listed as threatened, and 22 species are listed as threatened in the interior portion of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Nearly 250 species of amphibians , birds, and mammals have become extinct due to

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1120-499: Was discovered in northeastern Brazil at the Pernambuco Endemism Center in 2006. A species of endangered three-toed sloth, named the maned sloth ( Bradypus torquatus ) because of its long hair, is endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Hylid tree frog Dendropsophus branneri is also endemic to the Atlantic Forest. The incorporation of modern human societies and their needs for forest resources has greatly reduced

1155-498: Was reviewed in 2018. The Atlantic Forest mainly covers regions of eastern Brazil (92% of the total area), but also reaches eastern Paraguay (6%) and northeastern Argentina (2%). During glacial periods in the Pleistocene , the Atlantic Forest is known to have shrunk to extremely small fragmented refugia in highly sheltered gullies, being separated by areas of dry forest or semi-deserts known as caatingas. Some maps even suggest

1190-665: Was the first environment that the Portuguese colonists encountered over 500 years ago, when it was thought to have had an area of 1,000,000–1,500,000 km (390,000–580,000 sq mi), and stretching an unknown distance inland, making it, back then, the second largest rainforest on the planet, only behind the Amazon rainforest . Over 85% of the original area has been deforested , threatening many plant and animal species with extinction . The Atlantic Forest region includes forests of several variations: The Atlantic Forest

1225-501: Was to fully protect the flora, fauna and natural beauties of the islands in the municipality of Ilhabela, and to allow use for educational, recreational and scientific purposes. The consultative council was formed in 2004, including representatives of the public sector, civil society and caiçaras communities. The park is included in the Atlantic Forest Preservation Project (PPMA), a partnership between

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