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30-753: All three houses were dissolved or suppressed in 1538, the Greyfriars in April and the other two in November. The Whitefriars stood south of the Ipswich Buttermarket street and mainly to the west of St Stephen's Lane, but nothing now remains visible above ground. The site was partly exposed by diggings in c. 1898, observed by Nina Layard , and very extensively excavated during the 1980s by the Suffolk County Council archaeologists. Of

60-456: A number of works, and made an intensive survey of the writers of Britain whose works were preserved in the monastic libraries of his time. He appears to have left the office before the house was finally dissolved. In its last days the community became extremely impoverished, and were compelled to sell several of their messuages to raise money for their food, the Visitor having allowed them only £4

90-464: A year as a pittance. The Prior and his co-brethren made a petition to Thomas Cromwell (the text of which is preserved) showing that a man named Copping had withheld his dues to them. The reply is not recorded, but the outcome was the end of the monastery. The Ancient House, Ipswich , on land not far from the Priory Gate, was acquired by one George Copping in 1567 and substantially renovated. Part of

120-544: Is attributed by William Dugdale to Sir Thomas de Loudham (but by John Speed to Lord Bardesley, Sir Jeffrey Hadley and Sir Robert Norton) and to the date 1279. The founding was simultaneous with the Carmelite house at Winchester (1278), closely following a Carmelite provincial chapter held at Norwich . King Edward I visited Ipswich in 1277, and passed the Mortmain Act 1279 ( 7 Edw. 1 ) which gave many benefits to

150-580: The Mabinogion and collector of ceramics). Her paternal grandfather, Brownlow Villiers Layard, was aide-de-camp and afterwards private chaplain to the Duke of Kent (and brother of the Governors of Malta and Curaçao and of Lady Lindsey ), and was the son of a Dean of Bristol and grandson of the accoucheur Daniel Peter Layard . Rev. Charles Layard was also a maternal first cousin of Lady Llanover (of

180-650: The Welsh cultural revival), being the son of Louisa Port, sister of Georgiana (favoured grandniece of Mrs Delany and companion of Fanny Burney ), and therefore a descendant of Bernard Granville of Calwich and of Sir Richard Grenville of ' The Revenge '. Nina Layard's mother Sarah Somes was sister of Samuel Somes and the MP Joseph Somes . In the 1830s her brothers were the largest ship-owners in London and held contracts for convict shipping to Australia. Nina Layard

210-606: The Carmelites. The Order did not recognise the principle of filiation, so that Ipswich was not a daughter-house of Norwich, but looked only to the authority of the General and Provincial chapters. However, the first members of the new community were probably chosen from among those of Norwich. The site chosen was in the centre of the town, in an area south of the Buttermarket street and north of Old Foundry Road, at first to

240-473: The General superior Gerard of Boulogne announced his intention to split the English province by creating a separate Irish province. Ludlyngton, Thomas de Yllea and many others opposed him, but after a Papal intervention and a great chapter at London in 1305, Ludlyngton was forced to resign and was sent to Paris "to fast and to read Divinity", and Thomas de Yllea similarly was sent to Bruges as a lecturer. During

270-597: The Ice Age), and her analysis of the stone tools discovered there enhanced understandings of the process of stone tool manufacture. In 1906-07, she excavated the Hadleigh Road site (Ipswich), an Anglo-Saxon cemetery under threat from a road-expansion project. Her work here documented 159 graves and their grave goods. The objects recovered were sent to the Ipswich Museum and her work on the site was published by

300-538: The Order. (Thomas became a very devout follower of the rule, took degrees at Cambridge, and wrote books on philosophy, theology and the Apocalypse.) Following the death of a provincial superior, a chapter was held at Ipswich in 1300, at which the then Ipswich Prior, William Ludlyngton (a native of Lincoln , who had studied at Oxford ), was elected the new Provincial. Three years later, at a General chapter at Narbonne ,

330-549: The Society of Antiquaries (London), although as a women, she herself was not allowed entry into the Society. Layard moved to Ipswich in about 1890. Around 1895 she met and began a relationship with author, lecturer, and watercolourist Mary Frances Outram, daughter of Indian Civil Service official Sir Francis Outram, of Chantry House, Felixstowe, and granddaughter of Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet . The two women- who "had private means, influential family and social connections, and

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360-667: The Whitefriars entertained King Henry VI with his entire suite. Over the next 25 years the church was entirely rebuilt (creating the structure revealed by excavation). The new church was consecrated in 1477 by Friar Thomas Bradley (Scrope), Bishop of Dromore . It is known from a will dated 1463 that there was a chapel to St John the Baptist in the Whitefriars church, where the benefactor desired to be buried and to have Masses sung for his soul. Town burgesses and merchants sought to arrange for their funerals and burials to take place in

390-472: The appointment from the pope, in spite of his oath. The monks, however, with the sanction of King Richard II , chose John Timworth for abbot, and on Bromfield's arrival in England to claim his appointment he was seized and imprisoned on a charge of violating the statute of Provisors , a precursor of the statute of Præmunire . The pope did not interfere, but after an imprisonment of nearly ten years Bromfield

420-518: The building of the town ramparts during the 10th century. (A rubble-built wall running along the west side of this road, north and south, thought to be part of the Whitefriars perimeter wall, was seen during excavations in 1899.) The Carmelites obtained the right to enclose a town lane 150 yards long in January 1297 (when King Edward was again in Ipswich), and further purchases of land or alienations for

450-556: The church, and there are sundry records of bequests. Henry Fulslo left a barrel of beer to each of the three orders of Friars in Ipswich, in 1486: John Whelmeton, a tailor, left a cloak for every Ipswich friar in 1495. John Bale (b. 1495), later Bishop of Ossory , was educated at the Norwich Carmelite house and at Cambridge University, and was elected (the last) Prior of Ipswich Carmelites in 1533. While at Ipswich he wrote

480-488: The east of St Stephen's Lane and afterwards over much of the area from St Stephen's Lane westward toward Queen Street. This block corresponds roughly to the area occupied by the modern Ipswich Buttermarket shopping centre, erected c.1990. The Whitefriars lay on land of St Nicholas and St Lawrence parishes, though the Priory Gate (known as 'Stonehams') was in St Stephen's parish. During the Buttermarket excavations of 1987,

510-405: The enlargement of the dwelling-house, were made to them c.1316, 1329 and 1332: a final enlargement was made by a purchase for 100 marks by Prior John Reppes in 1396. The Ipswich house rapidly became involved in the leading affairs of the English province. An early Prior, Richard de Yllea (i.e. Monks Eleigh ), had joined the Order after the death of his wife, and had received his own son Thomas into

540-447: The leisure to pursue their interests"- lived together at "The Dowches", Kelvedon, Essex. Outram helped Layard in her research, and provided illustrations and transcriptions. Outram died on 31 May 1935; Layard died soon after on 12 August 1935. They were buried in a shared grave. Edmund de Bromfield Edmund de Bromfield (Edmund Bromfeld or Bramfield; died 1393) was an English Benedictine who became bishop of Llandaff . He

570-600: The mid-14th century Sir Geoffrey Badley joined the Ipswich Whitefriars, one of several knights attracted to the order who, however, held only junior positions owing to their lack of learning. Edmund de Bromfield , Abbot nominee of Bury St Edmund's, took refuge with the Ipswich Carmelites in 1379 when his monks had driven him out: the house of the Rector of St Stephen's church, close to the Whitefriars,

600-430: The monastic buildings were used for the town gaol or Sessions House for a time, but that was demolished in 1698: most traces of the Whitefriars disappeared very rapidly. Nina Frances Layard Nina Frances Layard FSA FLS ( 20 August 1853 Stratford , Essex – 12 August 1935, Ipswich ) was an English poet, prehistorian, archaeologist and antiquarian who conducted important excavations, and by winning

630-418: The plundered footings of the Carmelite church were identified (beneath the site of the Buttermarket centre frontage), aligned at right-angles to St Stephen's Lane and with its east front overlooking the lower part of the lane. St Stephen's Lane formed part of an ancient street leading north through Ipswich from a ford of the river Orwell, but its function as a northward route out of town had been curtailed since

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660-555: The respect of contemporary academics helped to establish a role for women in her field of expertise. In about 1895 Layard met Mary Frances Outram; they formed a relationship and lived together. Layard was one of the first four women to be admitted as Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London , in the first year of admission, and was admitted Fellow of the Linnean Society in the second year of women's admission. In 1921 she

690-596: The three vanished friaries, the Greyfriars is now particularly notable for its distinguished patrons, the Blackfriars for knowledge of its buildings and the later public, charitable and educational purposes associated with them, and the Whitefriars for the rich story of its ecclesiastical and scholarly inmates. They were also noted for their production of books employing people in such trades as limners ( illuminators of manuscripts ), scriveners (copyists), bookbinders, leather curriers and quill pen makers. The foundation

720-517: Was a monk of the Benedictine Bury St Edmunds Abbey . Unpopular in the abbey, Bromfield was sent to Rome as public procurator for the whole Benedictine order, a promise being at the same time asked from him that he would seek no preferment in his own community. A reputation for learning followed him to Rome, where he was appointed to lecture on divinity. On the death of the abbot of Bury St Edmunds he sought and obtained

750-471: Was a sister of the essayist and litterateur George Somes Layard , and therefore the aunt of John Willoughby Layard , psychologist and anthropologist. Nina Layard was interested in natural history from a young age and was an enthusiastic collector of eggs and shells as a child. While her only formal education consisted of attendance at a dame-school in Willesden, Middlesex, over the course of her life, she

780-404: Was encouraged in the pursuit of her passions by a number of scholars, including Leonard Jenyns and John Ellor Taylor . In 1873 the family moved to Combe-Hay rectory, Bath, where her father was the Rector, and Layard continued her collecting. She travelled around the world via New Zealand in 1878–9. Remarkably for the time, Layard directed multiple archaeological excavations. Her first, in 1898,

810-627: Was ransacked in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Around 1400 here began the Institute of Recluses, the early female department of the Order. There was a very devoted woman at Ipswich named Agnes, who had a remarkable spirit of prayer and penance. The Recluses observed the rule closely, having a mostly vegetarian diet, wearing hair shirts, waking at midnight throughout the winter and at dawn in summer, fasting on Fridays and Saturdays (bread and ale only on Fridays), and devoting much time to prayers. In 1452

840-500: Was released, and, with the king's concurrence, appointed bishop of Llandaff in 1389 on the translation of William Bottesham to the see of Rochester . In the royal brief confirming to him the temporalities of the see Bromfield is designated abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Silva Major ( Grande-Sauve Abbey ) in the diocese of Bordeaux , and 'Scholarum Palatii Apostolici in sacra theologia magister.' Bromfield died in 1393, and

870-467: Was the Blackfriars monastery, Ipswich . Here she succeeded in locating the foundations walls of the medieval buildings. From 1902-05, she conducted excavations at the paleolithic site of Foxhall Road (Ipswich), arguably her most important contribution to the disciplines of archaeology and prehistory. Layard's work at Foxhall Road provided important evidence for the antiquity of humans (existence before

900-634: Was the first woman to be President of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia. Nina Layard was born in Stratford, Essex on 20 August 1853 to Rev. Charles Clement Layard and Sarah, née Somes. Her father was first cousin to Sir Austen Henry Layard (excavator of Nineveh and Nimrud ), Edgar Leopold Layard (Curator of the South African Museum at Cape Town , and Governor of Fiji ), and Lady Charlotte Guest (translator of

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