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69-1005: The Irvingtonian can be further divided into substages: The beginning of the Irvingtonian is defined by the first appearance of Mammuthus south of 55° N in North America, and the beginning of the succeeding Rancholabrean is defined by the first appearance of Bison . In South America, it chronologically overlaps with the Uquian (partial), Ensenadan , and Lujanian in South American Land Mammal Ages . Artiodactyla - even-toed ungulates Carnivora - carnivores Lagomorpha - lagomorphs Perissodactyla - odd-toed ungulates Proboscidea - elephants Rodentia - rodents Charadriiformes Falconiformes - diurnal raptors Passeriformes Mammoth A mammoth

138-520: A Medicine for Soreness, Weakness and other Distempers of the Eyes (London, 1745), was not published until its author was in his eighty-fifth year and had retired from practice. In 1716 Sloane was created a baronet, making him the first medical practitioner to receive a hereditary title. In 1719 he became president of the Royal College of Physicians , holding the office for sixteen years. In 1722 he

207-591: A collector was to acquire in 1702 (by bequest, conditional on paying of certain debts) the cabinet of curiosities owned by William Courten , who had made collecting the business of his life. When Sloane retired in 1741, his library and cabinet of curiosities, which he took with him from Bloomsbury to his house in Chelsea, had grown to be of unique value. He had acquired the extensive natural history collections of William Courten, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio , James Petiver , Nehemiah Grew , Leonard Plukenet ,

276-407: A keen interest in paleontology , is partially responsible for transforming the word mammoth from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a large wheel of cheese (the " Cheshire Mammoth Cheese ") given to Jefferson in 1802. The earliest known proboscideans ,

345-619: A number of bones of Mammuthus meridionalis from the Dmanisi site in Georgia having marks suggested to the result of butchery by archaic humans , likely as a result of scavenging. During the Last Glacial Period , modern humans hunted woolly mammoths, used their remains to create art and tools, and depicted them in works of art. Remains of Columbian mammoths at a number of sites suggest that they were hunted by Paleoindians ,

414-515: A physician and his London property investments, coupled with Elizabeth's inheritance, enabled Sloane to build his substantial collection of natural history artefacts in the following decades. Sloane additionally had investments in the Royal African and South Sea Companies , both of which traded in slaves. The Natural History Museum lists Sloane as the inventor of drinking chocolate with milk. However, according to historian James Delbourgo ,

483-645: A result of insular dwarfism . These include Mammuthus lamarmorai on Sardinia (late Middle-Late Pleistocene), Mammuthus exilis on the Channel Islands of California (Late Pleistocene), and Mammuthus creticus on Crete (Early Pleistocene). Like living elephants, mammoths typically had large body sizes. The largest known species like Mammuthus meridionalis and Mammuthus trogontherii (the steppe mammoth) were considerably larger than modern elephants, with mature adult males having an average height of approximately 3.8–4.2 m (12.5–13.8 ft) at

552-551: A word in the Mansi languages of western Siberia meaning "earth horn", in reference to mammoth tusks. Mammoths appear in the folkore of the indigenous people of Siberia, who were impressed by the great size of their remains. In the mythology of the Evenk people, mammoths were responsible for the creation of the world, digging up the land from the ocean floor with their tusks. The Selkup believed that mammoths lived underground and guarded

621-478: Is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus . They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene until about 4,000 years ago, with mammoth species at various times inhabiting Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Mammoths are distinguished from living elephants by their (typically large) spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species,

690-436: Is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges/lamellae on their molars; the primitive species had few ridges, and the amount increased gradually as new species evolved and replaced the former ones. At the same time, the crowns of the teeth became longer, and the skulls became higher from top to bottom and shorter from

759-718: Is thought to be the ancestor of Mammuthus meridionalis , which first appeared at the beginning of the Pleistocene, around 2.6 million years ago. Mammuthus meridionalis subsequently gave rise to Mammuthus trogontherii (the steppe mammoth) in Eastern Asia around 1.7 million years ago. Around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, M. trogontherii crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America, becoming ancestral to Mammuthus columbi (the Columbian mammoth). At

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828-717: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , in which Sloane described Jamaican plants such as the Pepper Tree and the coffee-shrub, alongside accounts of the earthquakes that struck Lima in 1687 and Jamaica in 1687/1688 and 1692. In Sloane's work, Natural History of Jamaica , he describes for the Queen of England the Black ethnomusic of Jamaica . With the help of a local musician, he included

897-682: The American colonies around 1725, enslaved Africans digging in the vicinity of the Stono River in South Carolina unearthed molar teeth recognised in modern times to belong to Columbian mammoths , with the remains subsequently examined by the British naturalist Mark Catesby , who visited the site, and later published an account of his visit in 1843. While the slave owners were puzzled by the objects and suggested that they originated from

966-614: The Columbian mammoth ( M. columbi ). The woolly mammoth ( M. primigenius ) evolved about 700–400,000 years ago in Siberia, with some surviving on Russia's Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as 4,000 years ago, still extant during the existence of the earliest civilisations in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia . According to The American Heritage Dictionary , the word "mammoth" likely originates from *mān-oŋt,

1035-559: The Duchess of Beaufort , Adam Buddle , Paul Hermann , Franz Kiggelaer and Herman Boerhaave . In his final year, Sir Hans Sloane suffered from a disorder with some paralysis. He died on the afternoon of 11 January 1753 at the Manor House , Chelsea, and was buried on 18 January in the south-east corner of the churchyard at Chelsea Old Church with a memorial inscribed as follows: To the memory of SIR HANS SLOANE BAR President of

1104-539: The Plantation of Ulster (or, more correctly, during the Plantation of Antrim and Down), noted that "the fact that Sloane came from a Scots-Irish family who benefited from a different kind of plantation , following the expulsion of natives and the confiscation of their land, [which seemed] never to have been an issue". Sloane Square , Sloane Street , Sloane Avenue , Sloane Grammar School and Sloane Gardens in

1173-516: The clade that contains the elephants, arose about 55 million years ago on the landmass of Afro-Arabia. The closest relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians and the hyraxes . The family Elephantidae arose by million years ago in Africa, and includes the living elephants and the mammoths. Among many now extinct clades, the mastodon is only a distant relative of the mammoths, and part of

1242-482: The great flood described in the Bible, Catesby noted that the slaves unanimously agreed that the objects were the teeth of elephants similar to those from their African homeland, to which Catesby concurred, marking the first technical identification of any fossil animal in North America. In 1796, French biologist Georges Cuvier was the first to identify woolly mammoth remains not as modern elephants transported to

1311-571: The pygmy mammoth ( Mammuthus exillis ) date to around 13,000 years ago, coinciding with the reducing of the area of the Californian Channel Islands as a result of rising sea level, the earliest known humans in the Channel Islands, and climatic change resulting in the decline of the previously dominant conifer forest ecosystems and expansion of scrub and grassland. [REDACTED] Hans Sloan Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet , FRS (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753),

1380-630: The underworld , while the Nenets and the Mansi (the latter of whom, along with the Khanty , conceived mammoths as giant birds) believed that mammoths were responsible for the creation of mountains and lakes, while the Yakuts regarded mammoths as water spirits. The word mammoth was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to maimanto tusks discovered in Siberia, as recorded in

1449-465: The "foremost toyman of his time". Sir Isaac Newton described Sloane as "a villain and rascal" and "a very tricking fellow". Some believed that his true achievement was in making friends in high society and with important political figures, rather than in science. Even as a physician, he did not get a great deal of respect from many, being seen as primarily a seller of medications and a collector of curios. Sloane's only medical publication, an Account of

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1518-564: The 1618 edition of the Dictionariolum Russico-Anglicum. The earliest scientific research paper on mammoths was by Vasily Tatishchev in 1725. John Bell , who was on the Ob River in 1722, said that mammoth tusks were well known in the area. They were called "mammon's horn" and were often found in washed-out river banks. Bell bought one and presented it to Hans Sloan who pronounced it an elephant's tooth. In

1587-568: The African elephants, as well as the American mastodon (described in 1792) were also placed in Elephas . Cuvier coined the synonym Elephas mammonteus for the woolly mammoth a few months later, but E. primigenius became the widely used name for the species, including by Cuvier. The genus name Mammuthus was coined by British anatomist Joshua Brookes in 1828, as part of a survey of his museum collection. Thomas Jefferson , who famously had

1656-549: The Americas became extinct approximately simultaneously at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Hunting of Columbian mammoths by Paleoindians may have been a contributory factor in their extinction. The timing of the extinction of the dwarf Sardinian mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorai is difficult to constrain precisely, though the youngest specimen likely dates to sometime around 57–29,000 years ago. The youngest records of

1725-596: The Arctic, but as an entirely new species. He argued this species had gone extinct and no longer existed, a concept that was not widely accepted at the time. Following Cuvier's identification, German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name, Elephas primigenius , in 1799, placing it in the Elephas , the genus which today contains the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ). Originally

1794-478: The Bering Strait until around 5,600 years ago, with their extinction likely due to the degradation of freshwater sources, and on Wrangel Island off the coast of Northeast Siberia until around 4,000 years ago. The last reliable dates of the Columbian mammoth date to around 12,500 years ago. Columbian mammoths became extinct as part of the end-Pleistocene extinction event where most large mammals across

1863-619: The Jamaicans were brewing "a hot beverage brewed from shavings of freshly harvested cacao, boiled with milk and cinnamon" as far back as 1494. Sloane encountered the cocoa bean while he was in Jamaica, where the local people drank it mixed with water, though he is reported to have found it nauseating. Many recipes for mixing chocolate with spice, eggs, sugar and milk were in circulation by the seventeenth century. Sloane may have devised his own recipe for mixing chocolate with milk, though if so, he

1932-696: The Late Pliocene, by 3.2 million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia via the Sinai Peninsula. The earliest mammoths in Eurasia are assigned to the species Mammuthus rumanus . The youngest remains of mammoths in Africa are from Aïn Boucherit, Algeria dating to the Early Pleistocene, around 2.3–2 million years ago (with a possible later record from Aïn Hanech, Algeria, dating to 1.95–1.78 million years ago). Mammuthus rumanus

2001-512: The Royal College of Physicians' dispensary of inexpensive medications and operated a free surgery every morning. He was a founding governor of London's Foundling Hospital , the nation's first institution to care for abandoned children. Inoculation was required for all children in its care; Sloane was one of the physicians of that era who promoted inoculation as a method to prevent smallpox , using it on his own family and promoting it to

2070-597: The Royal Society, a period which included his revitalising editorship of the Philosophical Transactions , permitted Sloane little time for progressing his own scientific research, which led to the criticism of Sloane as a mere "virtuoso". Aside from his service as Royal Physician, Sloane's true achievement during his time at the Royal Society was in acting as a conduit between the worlds of science, politics and high society. Sloane's time in France at

2139-565: The Royal Society, and of the College of Physicians; who in the year of our Lord 1753, the 92 of his age, without the least pain of body and with a conscious serenity of mind, ended a virtuous and beneficent life. This monument was erected by his two daughters ELIZA CADOGAN and SARAH STANLEY His grave is shared with his wife Elisabeth, who died on 17 September 1724. On his death he bequeathed his books, manuscripts, prints, drawings, flora, fauna, medals, coins, seals, cameos and other curiosities to

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2208-718: The age of eighty-five, and after having retired from medical practice, Sloane published his first medical work, Account of a Medicine for Soreness, Weakness and other Distempers of the Eyes (London, 1745). During his life, Sloane was a correspondent of the French Académie Royale des Sciences and was named foreign associate in 1709, in addition to being a foreign member of the academies of science in Prussia, Saint Petersburg, Madrid and Göttingen. Sloane helped out at Christ's Hospital from 1694 to 1730 and donated his salary back to that institution. He also supported

2277-568: The back to the front over time to accommodate this. The earliest mammoths, assigned to the species Mammuthus subplanifrons , are known from southern and eastern Africa, with the earliest records dating to the Late Miocene , around 6.2–5.3 million years ago. By the Late Pliocene , mammoths had become confined to the northern portions of the African continent with remains from this time assigned to Mammuthus africanavus . During

2346-570: The beginning of his career later enabled him to fulfil the role of intermediary between British and French scientists, fostering the sharing of knowledge between the two countries at the height of the Age of Enlightenment . Notables from that period who visited Sloane to view his collection include the Swiss anatomist Albrecht von Haller , Voltaire , Benjamin Franklin and Carl Linnaeus . In 1745, at

2415-426: The course of mammoth evolution in Eurasia, their diet shifted towards mixed feeding-grazing in M. trogontherii, culminating in the woolly mammoth, which was largely a grazer, with stomach contents of woolly mammoths suggesting that they largely fed on grass and forbs . M. columbi is thought to have been a mixed feeder. Evidence that humans interacted with mammoths extends back to around 1.8 million years ago, with

2484-662: The development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments, including a thick layer of fur. Mammoths and Asian elephants are more closely related to each other than they are to African elephants . The oldest mammoth representative, Mammuthus subplanifrons , appeared around 6 million years ago during the late Miocene in what is now southern and Eastern Africa. Later in the Pliocene , by about three million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia, eventually covering most of Eurasia before migrating into North America around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, becoming ancestral to

2553-564: The end of the Early Pleistocene Mammuthus trogontherii migrated into Europe, replacing M. meridionalis around 1–0.8 million years ago. Mammuthus primigenius (the woolly mammoth) had evolved from M. trogontherii in Siberia by around 600,000–500,000 years ago, replacing M. trogontherii in Europe by around 200,000 years ago, and migrated into North America during the Late Pleistocene. A number of dwarf mammoth species, with small body sizes, evolved on islands as

2622-541: The first humans to inhabit the Americas. A possible bone engraving of a Columbian mammoth made by Paleoindians is known from Vero Beach, Florida. Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum , the range of the woolly mammoth began to contract, disappearing from most of Europe by 14,000 years ago. By the Younger Dryas (around 12,900-11,700 years Before Present ), woolly mammoths were confined to

2691-400: The foot") was the norm. And as for negligence, slaves "are usually whipt ... after they are whipt until they are raw, some put on their skins pepper and salt to make them smart; at other times their masters will drip melted wax on their skins, and use very exquisite torments." Sloane started his own practice in 1689 at 3 Bloomsbury Place, London, Sloane worked among the upper classes where he

2760-532: The foundation for the Natural History Museum . When Sloane wrote his will not only did he say he wanted to sell his work to the Parliament for 20,000 pounds, he also stated that he wanted his work to be seen by anyone who wanted to see it. The Curators thought that only scholars and the upper class were allowed to see the collection. They weren't comfortable with the idea that the lower class

2829-406: The genetic changes found in woolly mammoths responsible for tolerance of cold conditions. Scientists discovered and studied the remains of a mammoth calf, and found that fat greatly influenced its form, and enabled it to store large amounts of nutrients necessary for survival in temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). The fat also allowed the mammoths to increase their muscle mass, allowing

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2898-481: The largest known among proboscideans with some specimens over 4 m (13.1 ft) in length and likely 200 kg (440.9 lb) in weight with some historical reports suggesting tusks of Columbian mammoths could reach lengths of around 5 m (16.4 ft) substantially surpassing the largest known modern elephant tusks. The heads of mammoths were prominently domed. The first several thoracic vertebrae of mammoths typically had long neural spines. The back

2967-468: The mammoths to fight against enemies and live longer. Woolly mammoths evolved a suite of adaptations for arctic life, including morphological traits such as small ears and tails to minimize heat loss, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, and numerous sebaceous glands for insulation, as well as a large brown-fat hump like deposit behind the neck that may have functioned as a heat source and fat reservoir during winter. Based on studies of their close relatives,

3036-525: The modern elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst bulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity, with adult males experiencing periods of musth . The earliest mammoth species like M. subplanifrons and M. rumanus were mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing) to browsers. Over

3105-584: The musical score and words of festival songs. Sloane married Elizabeth Langley Rose, the widow of Fulke Rose of Jamaica, and daughter of Alderman John Langley , a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations in Jamaica worked by slaves. The couple had three daughters, Mary, Sarah and Elizabeth, and one son, Hans; only Sarah and Elizabeth survived infancy. Sarah married George Stanley of Paultons and Elizabeth married Charles Cadogan, who became 2nd Baron Cadogan . Once back in Britain, income from Sloane's career as

3174-416: The nation, on condition that Parliament should pay his executors £20,000, far less than the value of the collection, estimated at £80,000 or greater by some sources and at over £50,000 by others. The bequest was accepted on those terms by an act passed the same year, and the collection, together with George II's royal library, and other objects. A significant proportion of this collection was later to become

3243-825: The new Governor of Jamaica , the 2nd Duke of Albemarle . Albemarle died in Jamaica the next year, 1688, so Sloane's visit lasted only fifteen months. During his time in the Caribbean, Sloane visited several islands and collected more than 1,000 plant specimens as well as large supplies of cacao and Peruvian bark from which he later extracted quinine to treat eye ailments. Sloane noted about 800 new species of plants, which he catalogued in Latin in his Catalogus Plantarum Quae in Insula Jamaica Sponte Proveniunt (Catalogue of Jamaican Plants), published in 1696. His first writings about his trip appeared in

3312-565: The nineteenth century, the Cadbury Brothers sold tins of drinking chocolate whose trade cards also invoked Sloane's recipe. In 1707 Sloane listed the variety of punishments inflicted on slaves in Jamaica. For rebellion, slaves were usually punished "by nailing them down to the ground ... and then applying the fire by degrees from the feet and hands, burning them gradually up to the head, whereby their pains are extravagant." For lesser crimes, castration or mutilation ("chopping off half

3381-547: The northernmost regions of Siberia. This contraction is suggested to have been caused by the warming induced expansion of unfavourable wet tundra and forest environments at the expense of the preferred dry open mammoth steppe , with the possible additional pressure of human hunting. The last woolly mammoths in mainland Siberia became extinct around 10,000 years ago, during the early Holocene . The final extinction of mainland woolly mammoths may have been driven by human hunting. Relict populations survived on Saint Paul island in

3450-482: The royal family. He had been introduced to the concept of inoculation by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in the court of Queen Caroline . Sloane's purchase of the manor of Chelsea, London, in 1712, provided the grounds for the Chelsea Physic Garden . Over his lifetime, Sloane collected over 71,000 objects: books, manuscripts, drawings, coins and medals, plant specimens and others. His great stroke as

3519-881: The separate Mammutidae family, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved. Following the publication of the woolly mammoths mitochondrial genome sequence in 1997, it has since become widely accepted that mammoths and Asian elephants share a closer relationship to each other than either do to African elephants . The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Mammuthus among other proboscideans, based on hyoid characteristics and genetics: † Mammutidae (mastodons) [REDACTED] † Gomphotheriidae (gomphotheres) [REDACTED] † Stegodontidae (stegodontids) [REDACTED] Loxodonta (African elephants) [REDACTED] † Palaeoloxodon (straight-tusked elephants) [REDACTED] Elephas (Asian elephants) [REDACTED] † Mammuthus (mammoths) [REDACTED] It

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3588-442: The shift in the diet of mammoths from a browsing based diet in M. rumanus , towards a grazing diet in later species. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months, and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 2.5 to 15.2 cm (1 to 6 in) per year. The tusks display a strong spiral twisting. Mammoth tusks are among

3657-414: The shoulder and weights of 9.6–12.7 tonnes (21,000–28,000  lb ), while exceptionally large males may have reached 4.5 m (14.8 ft) at the shoulder and 14.3 tonnes (31,526.1 lb) in weight. However, woolly mammoths were considerably smaller, only about as large as modern African bush elephants with males around 2.80–3.15 m (9 ft 2.2 in – 10 ft 4.0 in) high at

3726-452: The shoulder, and 4.5–6 tonnes (9,900–13,200  lb ) in weight on average, with the largest recorded individuals being around 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall and 8.2 tonnes (18,077.9 lb) in weight. The insular dwarf mammoth species were considerably smaller, with the smallest species M. creticus estimated to have a shoulder height of only around 1 metre (3.3 ft) and a weight of about 180 kilograms (400 lb), making it one of

3795-554: The smallest elephantids known. The number of lamellae (ridge-like structures) on the molars, particularly on the third molars, substantially increased over the course of mammoth evolution. The earliest Eurasian species M. rumanus have around 8-10 lamellae on the third molars, while Late Pleistocene woolly mammoths have 20-28 lamellae on the third molars. These changes also corresponded with reduced enamel thickness and increasing tooth height ( hypsodonty ). These changes are thought to be adaptations to increasing abrasion resulting from

3864-773: The south-west of Scotland ; they settled in east Ulster during the Plantation of Antrim and Down , which was slightly separate from the wider Plantation of Ulster , under King James VI and I . The Sloane children, including Hans, were taken up by the Hamilton family and had much of their early tuition conducted within the Killyleagh Castle library. Out of Alexander's sons, only three reached adulthood: Hans, William, and James. The graveyards of Henry and John Sloane can be found in Killyleagh's parish courtyard; both brothers died in their childhood. The eldest brother James

3933-578: The study of medicine, which he did in London, where he studied botany, materia medica , surgery and pharmacy. His collecting habits made him useful to John Ray and Robert Boyle . After four years in London he travelled through France, spending some time at Paris and Montpellier , and stayed long enough at the University of Orange-Nassau to take his MD degree there in 1683; he was hired as an assistant to prominent physician Thomas Sydenham who gave

4002-530: The town in which he was born. In August 2020, a bust of Sloane in the British Museum's Enlightenment Gallery was moved by the museum. The decision came as part of that year's wave of removals of monuments to those who had benefited from slavery . History Ireland contributor Tony Canavan, writing of the decision and observing the fact that the Sloane family had moved to Ireland from Scotland during

4071-425: The young man valuable introductions to practice. He returned to London with a considerable collection of plants and other curiosities, of which the former were sent to Ray and utilised by him for his History of Plants . Sloane was elected to the Royal Society in 1685. In 1687, he became a fellow of the College of Physicians, and the same year went to Jamaica aboard HMS  Assistance as personal physician to

4140-690: Was a renowned medical doctor among the aristocracy, and was elected to the Royal College of Physicians at age 27. Though he is credited with the invention of chocolate milk , it is more likely that he learned the practice of adding milk to drinking chocolate while living and working in Jamaica. Streets and places were later named after him, including Hans Place , Hans Crescent, and Sloane Square in and around Chelsea, London —the area of his final residence—and also Sir Hans Sloane Square in Killyleagh , his birthplace in Ulster . Sloane's London estate

4209-554: Was able to come to the museum and look at the collection because they didn't think that lower class citizens were worthy. The Curators believed that learning was a privilege that only the upper class had. He also gave the Society of Apothecaries the land of the Chelsea Physic Garden which they had rented from the Chelsea estate since 1673. A life-size statue of Sloane was erected in the town square of Killyleagh ,

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4278-631: Was an Anglo-Irish physician, naturalist, and collector. He had a collection of 71,000 items which he bequeathed to the British nation, thus providing the foundation of the British Museum , the British Library , and the Natural History Museum, London . Elected to the Royal Society at the age of 24, Sloane travelled to the Caribbean in 1687 and documented his travels and findings with extensive publications years later. Sloane

4347-465: Was appointed physician-general to the army, and in 1727 first physician to George II. He was elected president of Royal College of Physicians in 1719 and served in that role until 1735. He became secretary to the Royal Society in 1693, and edited its Philosophical Transactions for twenty years. In 1727 he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as president. He retired from the Society at the age of eighty. Sloane's role as First Secretary and later President of

4416-537: Was bequeathed to his daughter, Elizabeth, who was married to Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan , in which family the estate remains. Sloane was born into an Anglo-Irish family on 16 April 1660 at Killyleagh , a village on the south-western shores of Strangford Lough in County Down in Ulster , the northern province in Ireland . Hans Sloane was the seventh and last child of Alexander Sloane who died when Hans

4485-601: Was elected a Member of Parliament for Roscommon and Killyleagh in 1692. John Sloane later became an MP of Thetford and a barrister of the Inner Temple , spending most of his time in London. Like many other Scots ' Planters ' in Ulster during the seventeenth-century, the Sloane name was almost certainly of Gaelic origin, Sloane probably being an anglicisation of Ó Sluagháin . As a youth, Sloane collected objects of natural history and other curiosities. This led him to

4554-414: Was probably not the first. (Some sources credit Daniel Peter as the inventor in 1875, using condensed milk; other sources point out that milk was added to chocolate centuries earlier in some countries. ) By the 1750s, a Soho grocer named Nicholas Sanders claimed to be selling Sloane's recipe as a medicinal elixir, perhaps making "Sir Hans Sloane's Milk Chocolate" the first brand-name milk chocolate drink. By

4623-461: Was six years old. Alexander Sloane was a collector general of taxes for County Down and was an agent for the 1st Earl of Clanbrassil (of the first creation; c. 1618–1659), and was a brother to James Sloane, MP (1655–1704). It is said that Sarah Hicks (Hans's mother) was an English woman who moved to Killyleagh as Anne Carey's companion when Anne married Lord Clanbrassil. Sloane's paternal family were Ulster-Scots , having migrated from Ayrshire in

4692-562: Was typically sloping, with the body being wider than that of African elephants. The tails of mammoths were relatively short compared to living elephants. While early mammoth species like M. meridionalis were probably relatively hairless, similar to modern elephants, M. primigenius and likely M. trogontherii had a substantial coat of fur, among other physiological adaptations for living in cold environments. Genetic sequencing of M. trogontherii -like mammoths, over 1 million years old from Siberia suggests that they had already developed many of

4761-436: Was viewed as fashionable; he built a large practice which became lucrative. The physician served three successive sovereigns: Queen Anne , George I , and George II . There was some criticism of Sloane during his lifetime as a mere "virtuoso", an undiscriminating collector who lacked understanding of scientific principles. One critic stated that he was merely interested in the collection of knick-knacks, and another called him

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