Misplaced Pages

#74925

49-532: Initially, the front was an umbrella organization for a broad coalition of forces with nationalist , liberal-democratic, socialist, bazaari , secular and Islamic tendencies, that mobilized to successfully campaign for the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry . In 1951, the Front formed a government which was deposed by the 1953 Iranian coup d'état and subsequently repressed. Members attempted to revive

98-475: A British agent and a reactionary. Despite the threatening existence of SAVAK and the harsh crackdown unleashed by the regime on the protesters, the unrest grew and spread to other cities such as Tabriz , which was rocked by riots and briefly seized by rebels. By late 1978, almost the whole country (not just the organized opposition) was inflamed with hatred towards the Shah and rioting, protests and street clashes with

147-599: A hard core of about 300 administrators from Abadan and blocked Iran's access to its hard currency accounts in British banks. After the withdrawal of the British workers in the fall of 1951, the Iranians felt confident that they could easily hire non-British technicians to run the industry and then quickly train their own nationals to replace them. This did not prove to be the case; the United States, Sweden, Belgium,

196-527: A long overdue staunching of the bleeding of its national wealth which could now be harnessed to fighting poverty in Iran. In Britain, the nationalisation was widely seen as an intolerable breach of contract or theft. British emissaries in the United States after the nationalisation, argued that allowing Iran to nationalise the oil company "would be widely regarded as a victory for the Russians" and would also "cause

245-512: A loss of one hundred million pounds per annum in the United Kingdom's balance of payments, thus seriously affecting our rearmament program and our cost of living." British warships blockaded Abadan. On 22 August, the British cabinet imposed a series of economic sanctions on Iran. It prohibited exports of key British commodities, including sugar and steel, directed the withdrawal of all British personnel from Iranian oil fields and all but

294-578: A peaceful procession from his house to the Marble Palace on 15 October 1949, threatened to take sanctuary in a major mosque or shrine, and was eventually allowed into the palace with 19 other people, where they stayed for four days. The Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , eventually gave in and promised fair and honest elections. After the sit-in, the leaders of the protest formed the National Front and elected Mossadegh to be its chairman. The Front

343-471: A reign of terror. ... Barely two hours before the scheduled rally, however, Khomeini addressed the nation over the radio. He treated the protest meeting as `an invitation to uprising, an invitation to insurrection.` ... He demanded the Iran Freedom Movement disassociate itself from the National Front within the hour if they wished to escape retribution. ... His attack on [President] Bani-Sadr

392-503: Is different from Wikidata Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Abadan Crisis The Abadan Crisis ( Persian : بحران نفتی ایران Bohrân Nafti Irân , "Iran Oil Crisis") occurred from 1951 to 1954, after Iran nationalised the Iranian assets of the BP controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in

441-500: The CIA and MI6 restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to power. In August 1954, the AIOC was set under the control of an international consortium . Initially, ownership shares in the consortium proposed to be divided along the following lines: 40% to be divided equally (8% each) among the five major American companies with BP to have a 40% share, Shell 14% and CFP 6%. Iran now received 25% of

490-563: The Mojâhedine Eslâm (an Islamic party led by Âyatollâh Âbol-Ghâsem Kâšâni ). In the aftermath of the 1953 coup , the National Front was outlawed and its highest-ranking leaders arrested and brought before a military court. The military coup established Mohammad Reza Shah as the supreme leader of Iran, although nominal power was held by Prime Minister Fazlollah Zahedi (who was paid by the CIA to help overthrow Mossadegh and strengthen

539-670: The United States . The Front became the governing coalition when it took office in April 1951, with Mosaddegh elected Prime Minister. Mosaddegh's minister of foreign affairs Hosseyn Fâtemi enforced the "Oil Nationalization Act", passed by the Majlis in March and ratified by the Senate. The Act, reluctantly signed by the Shah, called for nationalization of the assets held by AIOC, from which

SECTION 10

#1732771909075

588-491: The 1933 concession granted to the AIOC by Iran was "immoral as well as illegal". Mosaddeq "challenged every aspect of the British commercial presence in Iran". The British feared that if Mosaddeq's policies prevailed, "nationalists throughout the world could abrogate British concessions with impunity." The AIOC was nationalized by the Iranian Parliament in March 1951. In Iran this was enormously popular and seen as

637-490: The 1954 Majlis elections (which in the end were rigged in favor of pro-Shah candidates). It disintegrated under pressure from the state; however, the Second National Front was formed in 1960, which consisted of prominent people such as Karim Sanjabi , Mehdi Bazargan, Allahyar Saleh, Shapour Bakhtiar, Adib Boroumand , Asqar Pârsâ , Dâryuš Foruhar , Qolâm Hosseyn Sadiqi , Mohamad Ali Khonji and others. Its aim

686-1766: The Arts and Humanities United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation Global [ edit ] International Co-operative Alliance International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements Girls on the Run United Nations umbrella organizations See also [ edit ] Big tent Federation Supraorganization Umbrella brand Umbrella company Umbrella fund Umbrella school Umbrella term References [ edit ] ^ Legal, US. "Umbrella Organization Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc" . definitions.uslegal.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . ^ Ortiz, Rosalba; Peris, Jordi (January 2021). "The Role of Farmers' Umbrella Organizations in Building Transformative Capacity around Grassroots Innovations in Rural Agri-Food Systems in Guatemala" . Sustainability . 14 (5): 2695. doi : 10.3390/su14052695 . hdl : 10251/199935 . ISSN   2071-1050 . ^ Melville, Rose (2010), "Umbrella Organizations" , in Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 1577–1582, doi : 10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_628 , ISBN   978-0-387-93996-4 , retrieved 2024-04-28 ^ "Giles Coren Times article prompts Polish complaints to PCC" .

735-476: The Front in 1960, 1965, and 1977. Before 1953 and throughout the 1960s, the Front was torn by strife between secular and religious elements. Over time its coalition split into various squabbling factions, with the Front gradually emerging as the leading organization of secular liberals with nationalist members adhering to liberal democracy and social democracy . During the Iranian Revolution ,

784-468: The Front supported the replacement of the old monarchy by an Islamic Republic , and was the main symbol of the nationalist tendency in the early years of post-revolutionary government. It was banned in July 1981. Although it is under constant surveillance and officially illegal, it remains active inside Iran. The National Front had its roots in a protest against ballot-rigging , where Mohammad Mosaddegh led

833-904: The Guardian . 2008-08-08 . Retrieved 2022-11-11 . ^ Business Solutions, WebCider. "buildingSMART, United Kingdom and Ireland" . www.ukbimalliance.org . {{ cite web }} : |last= has generic name ( help ) ^ "United Nations Umbrella Organizations" (PDF) . FSI Transition Center. 2017. External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of umbrella organization at Wiktionary Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Germany Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbrella_organization&oldid=1239294731 " Categories : Supraorganizations Types of organization Hidden categories: CS1 errors: generic name Articles with short description Short description

882-625: The National Front opposed the existing Western domination and control of Iran's natural resources, and related revenues, which began with colonialist concessions given during the Qajar dynasty . By the mid-1950s, Iran's oil assets were owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company , whose predecessor company bought the concession from William Knox D'Arcy . D'Arcy had negotiated the concession in 1901 with Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar ,

931-640: The National Front was made up of four main parties; the Iran Party , which was founded in 1946 as a platform for Iranian liberals, including figures such as Karim Sanjâbi , Gholam Hossein Sadighi , Ahmad Zirakzadeh and Allah-Yar Saleh ; the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation (a left-wing party that advocated a non-communist socialist Iran, led by Mozzafar Baghai and Khalil Maleki ); and

980-582: The Netherlands, Pakistan, and West Germany all refused to make their technicians available to the nationalized Iranian industry. Only Italy agreed, demonstrating that most industrialized countries supported Britain over Iran in the nationalization dispute." In July 1952, the Royal Navy intercepted the Italian tanker Rose Mary and forced it into the British protectorate of Aden on the grounds that

1029-1039: The Public Interest UEFA Ulster Defence Association United Way Yamaguchi-gumi National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia ANC Asia [ edit ] Bangladesh [ edit ] Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh Europe [ edit ] Russia [ edit ] The former KGB United Kingdom [ edit ] Bond : network for organisations working in international development Homeless Link NAVCA (National Association for Voluntary and Community Action) (UK) UK BIM Alliance Transport for London Maritime UK North America [ edit ] Canadian GeoAlliance Canadian Hockey League Central Intelligence Agency Jewish Federations of North America Rainbow Railroad Metropolitan Toronto School Board and its six boards United Fund for

SECTION 20

#1732771909075

1078-490: The Shah left the country, amid rejoicing among the populace, and on 11 February, the regime collapsed and Ayatollah Khomeini became the political leader of Iran. At first the National Front supported the new Provisional Revolutionary Government and the establishment of the Islamic Republic . But the joint statement with Sanjabi notwithstanding, Khomeini "explicitly refused to put the same word, democracy, into either

1127-430: The Shah of Persia, who granted a 60-year petroleum search concession in a transaction in which no money changed hands. For most of the first half of the twentieth century, Iran's oil was the British government's single largest overseas investment; 51 percent of the company was owned by the British government. The AIOC, which later became BP , consistently violated the terms of the agreement that had been updated in 1933, and

1176-532: The Shah's regime. The former believed in patiently negotiating with the Shah and the higher officials in the hope of peacefully bringing about a democracy. In contrast to this passive approach, the Third National Front advocated a strategy of civil disobedience and protests in the hope of either forcing the regime to come to terms with the opposition or face collapse. By 1964, however, Mohammad Reza Shah had consolidated his control of both his regime and

1225-801: The Third National Front was formed, which consisted of the FMI (religious-nationalists; Melli-Mazhabis), the Iran Nation Party (the party of Dâryuš Foruhar; Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran ), the Society of Iranian Socialists (led by Khalil Maleki, a prominent personality of the Mossadegh era who had been prohibited from joining the Second National Front due to his past history in the Tudeh Party ) and the student activists. The Second and Third National Fronts differed largely in their tactical approach to facing

1274-611: The United States and Europe). The National Front was revived in late 1977 by Karim Sanjabi (former minister of education under Mossadegh and now the leader of the Front), Shapour Bakhtiar (former deputy minister of labor under Mossadegh and now the leader of the Iran Party) and Dâryuš Foruhar (head of the Iran Nation Party). The three signed an open letter which politely criticized the Shah and called on him to re-establish

1323-612: The city of Abadan . The AIOC was the United Kingdom 's "single largest overseas asset" and a "source of national pride" in the British post-war era of Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin . Even as late as the "1940s and early 1950s some high British officials still believed that Persian petroleum was actually and rightly British petroleum because it had been discovered by the British, developed by British capital, and exploited through British skill and British ingenuity." In stark contrast, Iranian Premier Mohammad Mosaddegh believed

1372-756: The claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) AFL–CIO and other national trade union centers DD172 Department of Public Safety European Armenian Federation for Justice and Democracy European Music Council European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF) Federation of Poles in Great Britain Federation of Student Islamic Societies Independent Sector National Retail Federation National Wrestling Alliance Open Source Geospatial Foundation Software in

1421-539: The constitutional monarchy, free political prisoners, respect freedom of speech, and hold free and fair elections. For some months (under pressure from the Carter Administration ), many educated and liberal-minded Iranians were now able to voice their grievances against the regime of the Shah. In January 1978, violence erupted in the holy city of Qom over the publication of an article in a pro-government newspaper which attacked Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as

1470-435: The country, and he quickly moved to further guarantee his position by increasing the powers of SAVAK (the state's intelligence agency), which was infamous for the torture and killings it inflicted on the opposition and even on ordinary Iranians who merely uttered any wrong words against the regime. In this new atmosphere of police terror, the National Front virtually ceased to exist (though exile branches continued to operate in

1519-491: The designated meeting place for the rally. The large numbers of middle-class protesters and supporters of the National Front who also showed up were cowed into virtual silence. There was no organized demonstration, no speeches, no march. Leaders of the Liberation Movement and Banisadr had to make a public apology for supporting the Front's appeal on TV and the radio. Umbrella organization From Misplaced Pages,

National Front (Iran) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-431: The former's plans to reduce the military budget. In June the following year, a huge religious uprising occurred in the cities of Tehran , Qom , Mashad , Shiraz and Varamin , which was put down with ruthless force by the Iranian army. The unrest had been sparked by the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , a vocal critic of the Shah and his program of land reforms and granting women the right to vote. Around this time,

1617-484: The 💕 Group of industry-specific institutions For the fictional company set in the Resident Evil videogame series, see Umbrella Corporation . An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and identities to

1666-544: The government of Iran had hitherto only received minimal compensation. This led to British counter-moves and the loss of nearly all income during the Abadan Crisis . Following Britain's request, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to overthrow the Mossadegh government, in an event known as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état . Prior to the coup ,

1715-628: The high-ranking leaders and the student activists; in 1961, Bazargan, Mahmoud Taleghani (a prominent Islamic cleric) and others formed the Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) which was committed to a democratic state in which the Islamic religion would play a substantial role in state and society (as opposed to the more secular orientation of the National Front). Another issue arose over the appointment in April 1961 of Dr. Ali Amini to

1764-407: The law of retribution ( qisas , aka blood revenge or "an eye for an eye"). The National Front called upon the people of Tehran to participate in a demonstration for 15 June 1981. The Front intended the meeting to serve as the focus for the middle classes, the bazaar, and the left wing. It distributed 4 million leaflets. For the first time it attacked Khomeini directly as responsible for repression and

1813-428: The monarchy and establishing a democratic and Islamic government in its place. This was a diversion from the National Front's long-held aim of reforming the monarchy, and it caused some friction in the high council (although most of the rank and file and leaders supported the new orientation). The friction blew into open division when Shapour Bakhtiar, one of the three top leaders, accepted the Shah's invitation to become

1862-407: The police and army grew in intensity and bloodshed. By this time, Ayatollah Khomeini was now recognized as the undisputed spiritual leader of the uprising. Sanjabi, as representative of the Front, came to Paris, and emerged from his meeting with Khomeini "with a short declaration that spoke of both Islam and democracy as basic principles," and committed the National Front to the twin goals of abolishing

1911-569: The power of the monarchy). In an atmosphere of police repression, several former members of the National Front (mostly low-ranking leaders) established an underground network called the National Resistance Movement . This group included future prime ministers Mehdi Bazargan and Shapour Bakhtiar , and its aim was to reestablish democracy by campaigning for free and fair elections. Its activities were largely restricted to peacefully distributing flyers and attempting to regulate

1960-476: The premiership. It was widely believed that the Shah had chosen Amini under pressure from the Kennedy Administration in the United States; partly for this reason, the National Front's leaders persistently refused to collaborate with or lend support to Amini's government. However, political turmoil grew worse; Amini stepped down from the premiership in 1962, owing to his dispute with the Shah over

2009-400: The prime minister of Iran, but only on the condition that the Shah committed himself to reign and not rule. Bakhtiar's decision to collaborate with the Shah caused the National Front to denounce him as a traitor to their cause and to expel him from the organization. Only a few moderate and secular individuals among the leadership chose to ally with Bakhtiar and with the monarchy. On 16 January,

National Front (Iran) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-665: The profits compared to 20% of the original treaty with the AIOC. Saudi Arabia and other oil-exploiting countries of the region received up to 50% of the profits in cooperation with American oil companies at the same time. In April 1951, the Majlis nationalized the Iranian oil industry by a unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC. The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran and organized an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned

2107-490: The ship's petroleum was stolen property. News that the Royal Navy was intercepting tankers carrying Iranian oil scared off other tankers and effectively shut down oil exports from Iran. The prime minister, who was selected by the Shah and approved by the Majlis, was overthrown on 19 August 1953, following a coup d'état orchestrated by the United Kingdom and the United States. During the coup , codenamed Operation Ajax ,

2156-443: The smaller organizations. In this kind of arrangement, it is sometimes responsible, to some degree, for the groups under its care. Umbrella organizations are prominent in cooperatives and in civil society, and can engage in advocacy or collective bargaining on behalf of their members. Examples [ edit ] [REDACTED] This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying

2205-530: The title of the Republic or its constitution." Within a short time, it became clear that Ayatollah Khomeini's model of an Islamic society was modeled not on democracy, but on theocratic rule of Islamic jurists (or velayat-e faqih ), and traditional Islamic sharia law . Perhaps the revolution's climactic confrontation between Khomeini's theocrats and the National Front occurred in June 1981 after parliament approved

2254-595: Was conceived to be a broad alliance of like-minded associations (rather than individuals, as in a normal political party) with the aim of strengthening democracy, press freedom, and constitutional government. The most important groups in the Front were the Iran Party , the Toilers Party , the National Party, and the Tehran Association of Bazaar Trade and Craft Guilds. Soon after its founding,

2303-560: Was equally uncompromising. Khomeini declared that 'The National Front is condemned as of today,' and that all opponents of the law of retribution were apostates and threatened the leaders of the Front with the death penalty if they did not repent. In the meantime Hezbollahi members of the Revolutionary Guard and committees, men and women from the wards of south Tehran organized by the IRP machine poured into Ferdowsi Square,

2352-401: Was reluctant to change the terms of the agreement even as Iran's movement for nationalization grew in the late 1940s. Although AIOC was highly profitable, "its Iranian workers were poorly paid and lived in squalid conditions." The goal of the National Front was to nationalize Iran's oil resources and to counteract British dominance of Iran's internal affairs by initiating direct relations with

2401-428: Was to return Mohammad Mossadegh to the premiership and to reestablish the constitutional monarchy. Initially, it seemed as if this organization was gaining in strength. However, the group's leaders fell into disagreements over questions such as the organization of the Front, tactics against the Shah's regime, and the form of government to which the National Front ought to commit itself. These disputes led to tension between

#74925