Misplaced Pages

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73-575: As in England, the medieval unitary king's council evolved into distinct bodies, the smallest being the privy council, of senior advisors to the king (or, in Ireland's case, to the king's representative). Others were the great council , which evolved into the Parliament of Ireland , and the afforced council , an ad-hoc body of intermediate size. The privy council played a leading role in directing

146-501: A contract to strike an issue of Irish coinage from 1722 to 1724. He also struck the 'Rosa Americana' coins of British America during the same period. Wood's coinage was extremely unpopular in Ireland, occasioning controversy as to its constitutionality and economic sense, notably in Jonathan Swift 's Drapier's Letters . The coinage was recalled and exported to the colonies of British America . Subsequently, Wood developed

219-571: A firm involving some of the Coalbrookdale ironworks partners at Bersham ironworks. Wood hoped to make a profit producing coins for use in Ireland and America. During the first half of 1722 the king's mistress, the Duchess of Kendal , obtained a patent from the Earl of Sunderland for coining copper money for Ireland. This was a means of providing her with something to live on after the death of

292-629: A large house in Wolverhampton , The Deanery, where they raised 14 children. After his marriage William Wood entered into a partnership as a manufacturing ironmonger in Wolverhampton with his father-in-law, Richard Molyneux. Later in 1723 his two brothers-in-law, the Dublin ironmongers John and Daniel Molyneux, disclaimed all connection with the coinage of William Wood. However, little is known of his trade. In 1715, William Wood 'took two important steps away from his prosperous anonymity and down

365-556: A larger debate about Ireland's constitutional status and the rights of the Irish Parliament and people. As a result of the popular agitation against the coins, Wood's halfpence and farthings were ultimately recalled. As compensation for the loss of his patents, Wood was granted a pension of £3000 a year for eight years, although he only received this for three years before his death on 2 August 1730. The famed blind Irish harper Turlough O'Carolan (1670 – 25 March 1738) wrote

438-525: A member after stepping down. After the Church of Ireland's 1871 disestablishment its archbishops of Dublin and Armagh were no longer appointed. James II appointed Catholic Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell as Lord Deputy and appointed Catholics to the council, including judges and Richard Nagle . Tyrconnell objected to Nagle on the ground that he was undignified as a practising barrister . Later penal laws prevented Catholic Privy Councillors until

511-564: A novel but ineffective means of producing iron, which he exploited as part of a fraudulent investment scheme. William Wood was born in Wolverhampton, son of Francis Wood, a silkweaver. His family were not supposedly descendants of Huguenots named Dubois who had fled France after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572. William married Margaret Molineaux in 1690, daughter of Willenhall ironmonger Richard Molineaux. The couple lived in

584-440: A partnership with Thomas Harvey and others at Tern Mill, a brass and iron mill close to Tern Hall (now Attingham Park ), with the intention of obtaining further ironworks. They built Sutton Forge, at Sutton by Shrewsbury , and with Charles Lloyd of Dolobran , Bersham Furnace . They also had for a time furnace at Esclusham Above and Ruabon . In 1717, he became a partner in building a blast furnace at Rushall , where there

657-400: A right of audience with the viceroy, and many men were anxious to become members purely for this access and took little or no part in council business. Charles II 's 1679 plan to reduce the number to 20 or 30 was not acted on. By the eighteenth century, there were over 100 councillors, few of whom usually attended meetings. Nevertheless, the viceroy informally consulted an inner circle before

730-470: A road which led eventually to infamy and ruin. The first was his application for the receiver-generalship of the land tax for the neighbouring county of Shropshire , and the second his formation of a large partnership for the production and marketing of iron and steel in the Midlands and London.' Effectively he was attempting to profit from the crushing Whig victory in 1714. In 1714, he had entered into

803-828: A rumour that the Free State government was seeking to transfer the JCPC's appellate jurisdiction to a revived Privy Council of Ireland. The Parliamentary Gazette , an unofficial reference work, continued to publish lists of members of the "Privy Council in Ireland" as late as 1934. Official sources after 1922 occasionally retained the style "Rt Hon" for members of the dormant Irish Privy Council; for example in Oireachtas proceedings of Andrew Jameson , Bryan Mahon , and James Macmahon , and in The London Gazette of Henry Givens Burgess . Hugh O'Neill, 1st Baron Rathcavan

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876-498: A share in Francis' patent, though he had some difficulty in getting it paid. He set up Wednesbury Field Forge in 1740, where he made iron from scrap. He patented a process for making pig iron malleable in 1761 and, with this brother Charles in 1762, a similar process, the earlier form of that known as potting and stamping . This was an important advance in the conversion from pig iron to bar iron . William’s son Charles Wood

949-608: A tongue-in-cheek celebration of this failure, titled "Squire Wood's Lamentation on the Refusal of his Halfpence". While working at Lee Hall in Bellingham, Northumberland , his son Francis devised a means of making iron with mineral coal, which he patented in 1727. In 1723, Thomas Baylies on behalf of Wood had agreed an iron ore mining lease in Frizington Parks, near Whitehaven . In May 1728, he sought to exploit

1022-551: Is non-existent". Technically there were no ex officio members of the council, as appointment was by letters patent after swearing a specific oath of office at a council meeting. However, holders of certain offices were "sworn of the council" as a matter of course. Councillors in the time of Elizabeth I included the Chancellor of Ireland , Treasurer of Ireland , Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer , Master of

1095-414: The curia regis remained in session; though, its membership was much smaller. The smaller curia was composed of royal officers and barons attending the monarch . English kings had itinerant courts during this period, and the small curia followed the king in all his travels. As they traveled the kingdom, the king and curia often heard suitors in person. The powers and functions of the great council and

1168-626: The Cabinet acting for the authority of the crown." Early government departments also developed out of the small curia regis, such as the chancery , the treasury , and the exchequer . In France the King's Court , called the Curia Regis in Latin, functioned as an advisory body under the early Capetian kings . It was composed of a number of the king's trusted advisers but only a few travelled with

1241-706: The Governor and Privy Council of Northern Ireland to perform the functions previously performed there by the Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council of Ireland. The first Governor was appointed on 9 December 1922, and on 12 December was sworn in and in turn appointed Craig's cabinet to the Privy Council of Northern Ireland. In the Irish Free State , statutory references to "Order in Council, or by

1314-701: The Provisional Government of what would on 6 December become the Irish Free State . However, no meeting was held to mark the occasion, the Provisional Government had no dealings with the Privy Council of Ireland, and some of its few remaining meetings were in Northern Ireland; for example on 24 November 1922 it met in Galgorm Castle , Ballymena and again at Stormont Castle , Belfast . The final appointments to

1387-791: The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 changed the oath of office , the next being Anthony Richard Blake in 1836. In 1846 Daniel Murray , the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin , was offered a place on the council. The role of Secretary of the Council and Keeper of the Privy Seal of Ireland was filled by the Secretary of State [for Ireland] while that office existed (1560–1802) and the Chief Secretary for Ireland thereafter. The office of Clerk of

1460-705: The Southern Commons was inquorate , the Lord Lieutenant could replace the Southern Parliament with a committee of Privy Councillors, a provision dubbed " Crown Colony government". During the Anglo-Irish War the 1921 Southern election was won by abstentionsts of Sinn Féin , and the "Crown Colony" provision seemed likely to be invoked, but a truce was agreed leading to the Anglo-Irish Treaty . The British initially hoped

1533-678: The Tramways and Public Companies (Ireland) Act 1883 , Educational Endowments (Ireland) Act 1885, Labourers (Ireland) Act 1885, and Irish Education Acts 1892 and 1893. The Veterinary Department of the Irish Privy Council, established 1866–72, was "most peculiarly constituted", having no corresponding committee of the council; it became the Veterinary Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction upon

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1606-771: The Tudor conquest of Ireland . It established and delegated to Presidencies in Munster and in Connaught , while directly supervising Leinster . Although the chief governor was appointed by the monarch under the Great Seal of England , a 1542 statute legalised the existing practice of an interim Lord Justice being elected by a meeting of the Irish council summoned by the Lord Chancellor of Ireland , as when William Drury

1679-602: The witan , and English writers continued to use this term as well. It corresponded to the placitum generale of the Frankish kingdoms , and this name was also applied to the English curia regis . It was similar to, but not the same as, the curia ducis which served the Dukes of Normandy . Members, particularly the king's household knights , were also known as the curiales regis . The curia regis conducted

1752-415: The "Clandestine and Unpresedented [ sic ] manner" in which Wood had obtained his patent. Open letters, ballads, pamphlets, and puppet shows denounced or mocked Wood's coinage. Jonathan Swift attacked the coinage in a widely circulated series of pseudonymous Drapier's Letters . Swift objected to the secretive way this patent had been given to a private individual in England, rather than to

1825-800: The 1556–1571 council book bequeathed by Charles Haliday to the Royal Irish Academy and published in 1897 by the Historical Manuscripts Commission , and a portion of the 1392–3 proceedings owned by the Marquess of Ormond and published in 1877 in the Rolls Series . A calendar of the 1581–1586 council book made in the 1860s by John P. Prendergast was published in 1967. King%27s council The curia regis ( [ˈkuː.ri.a ˈreː.gis] ), Latin for "the royal council " or " king's court ",

1898-476: The 18th century, a legal fiction arose where Parliament debated "heads of a bill" and petitioned the council to introduce it; the council could still amend or reject these "heads". Private bills were always initiated by the council until the Williamite revolution . The council gradually stopped initiating any bills beyond two "causes and considerations" bills, one of which was always a money bill , to which

1971-536: The Commons objected as violating its control of supply . The Patriot Party defeated the 1768 "Privy Council Money Bill", heralding an increase in parliamentary sovereignty which culminated in the Constitution of 1782 , which removed the Irish Privy Council from the legislative process. (The British Privy Council retained the right to veto Irish bills, but not to amend them.) Orders in Council were issued by

2044-522: The Commons were appointed. The Commander-in-Chief, Ireland was a member. By the 19th century the Attorney-General for Ireland was a member as were many senior judges; Charles Dod contrasted this with the equivalent officers in England and Wales , who received knighthoods . The chief governor attended meetings but was not a member of the council; a former Lord Lieutenant might be sworn in as

2117-699: The Council Board covered , save only the Deputy." In 1655 during the Protectorate the council moved to the old Custom House on Essex Quay. After a 1711 fire destroyed its chamber and archives, it returned to Dublin Castle to a new Council Chamber above the archway linking the Upper and Lower Yards. By 1907 only members living near Dublin would receive a summons to ordinary meetings of the council. Members of

2190-592: The Irish Privy Council a leading role in the legislative process. Before the council summoned each new Parliament (with a general election to the Commons ) it had to submit the Parliament's bills to the Privy Council of England for approval as "causes and considerations" for the summons. Initially, all bills were by the Irish council, and the Commons and Lords could pass or reject, but not amend them. By

2263-425: The Irish authorities (who were not consulted in the matter); to the officiousness of Robert Walpole in defending the patent; and to the high-handed way that the wishes of Ireland's parliament and public opinion were set aside. Swift claimed that Ireland would be defrauded of much of the silver and gold in circulation on the grounds that Wood's coins were of inferior quality and could easily be forged. The controversy

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2336-501: The Irish council or merging it with the British one— receiving little consideration. In 1801 Lord Pelham , a former Chief Secretary for Ireland , became British Home Secretary and assumed that his office now extended to Ireland, but viceroy Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke insisted that the silence of the 1800 acts regarding the Irish council implied that its assent remained obligatory for effecting government orders. Ireland under

2409-678: The King (or Queen) in Council, or by Proclamation of the King (or Queen) or of the King (or Queen) in Council" were changed to "Order of the Governor-General upon the advice of the Executive Council ". Although never formally abolished, the Privy Council of Ireland ceased to have any functions and did not meet again. The Chief Secretary's chair was taken from the Council Chamber in Dublin Castle to serve as

2482-592: The Lord Lieutenant). There was controversy over the proclamations issued by the council under the Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 , since among the signatories were senior judges who might hear appeals against sentences handed down under the act. Sir Michael Morris , the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland , stated that in his 20 years attending council meetings, no "matter of policy"

2555-477: The Mines Royal Company, Wood wanted to incorporate the "Company of Ironmasters of Great Britain", with a capital of £1,000,000, but it was feared this would prove to be a vehicle for stockjobbing . This led to an investigation by the Privy Council , at which point William Wood died. The government provided £500 to build furnaces by the high road to Chelsea , so that the promoters could demonstrate

2628-512: The Privy Council of Ireland were entitled to the style " Right Honourable " (abbreviated "Rt Hon") in the same way as those of the Privy Council of Great Britain . In writing, the post-nominal letters "PC" could be used, or "PC (Ire)" to avoid confusion with any other privy council. Most of the council's records were lost in either the 1711 fire or the 1922 destruction of the Public Record Office of Ireland . Exceptions include

2701-597: The Privy Council were those of Charles Curtis Craig , William Henry Holmes Lyons , and Henry Arthur Wynne on 28 November 1922, on the recommendation of James Craig , the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland . The last Order in Council was made on 5 December 1922. When the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force the next day, the UK's Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 created

2774-572: The Privy Council, of which the northern and southern governments would technically be executive committees . Accordingly, the members of the first Executive Committee for Northern Ireland , the Craigavon ministry , were sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland in May 1921 immediately before Lord Lieutenant Viscount FitzAlan appointed them to their ministries. The 64 Southern Senators included eight elected by Privy Councillors from among their membership. If

2847-653: The Rolls in Ireland , Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas for Ireland , a puisne judge , the Vice-Treasurer of Ireland , and the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin and Bishop of Meath . In the 17th century, the Privy Council mostly comprised Irish peers , many of whom were absentees in England, so that only a fraction attended council meetings. In the 18th century more members of

2920-614: The Royal Council in Spain was created in 1385 by King John after the disaster at the Battle of Aljubarrota . It was reestablished under Queen Isabella I in 1480 as the chief body dealing with administrative and judicial matters of the realm. The Council was dissolved in 1834 by Isabel II. Wood%27s halfpence William Wood (1671–1730) was an English hardware manufacturer, ironmaster, and mintmaster , notorious for receiving

2993-599: The Union had a some government bodies answerable to the viceroy and Council and others which were divisions of Whitehall departments; however, a lack of collegiality prevented the Irish council becoming a rival power centre. In 1850 the First Russell ministry proposed to abolish the Lord Lieutenant and transfer some of his statutory functions to Privy Council of Ireland. Opposing this, Thomas Chisholm Anstey said, "The Privy Council of Ireland, like that of England, though

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3066-481: The business of state whether legislative, judicial, or diplomatic. Its membership was the tenants-in-chief (i.e. the baronage , including bishops and abbots ) along with the great officers of state and of the royal household , such as the chancellor , constable , treasurer or chamberlain , marshal , and steward . Occasionally, these would be summoned by the king to meet as a magnum concilium ( Latin for "great council"). In between great councils,

3139-443: The chair of the Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann . In 1930, the meaning of appeal to "His Majesty in Council" (in the Free State Constitution and Anglo-Irish Treaty ) was disputed in a case at the Judicial Committee of the UK Privy Council in London (JCPC). One party claimed that "His Majesty in Council" ought to mean the Privy Council of Ireland, but the JCPC ruled that it meant the JCPC itself. In 1931 The Irish Times reported

3212-486: The chief council for purposes of State, he regretted to say, was never summoned unless on holyday occasions, its duties having been usurped by the Cabinet Council, a body unknown to the common law." In 1852 the Privy Council Office was merged into the Chief Secretary's Office. Latterly the council's executive role was merely formal and ceremonial. Of ten meetings held from August 1886 to January 1887, attendance ranged from four (including three Lords Justices) to ten (including

3285-426: The chief governor with the advice and consent of the Privy Council. From Elizabeth to Charles I, the Irish council filled the legislative gap during long intervals between Irish parliaments by passing "Acts of State", justified on grounds similar to those latterly used for Charles' Personal Rule . The governor could issue proclamations without the council on routine matters, but on important policy questions needed

3358-399: The coppers then circulating in Ireland. They were certainly less profitable for Wood to mint than his lighter weight Rosa Americana issues (Hibernias weighed sixty halfpence to the pound as compared to 120 Rosa Americana halfpence to the pound). When including the costs of production and the £10,000 fee paid to the Duchess of Kendal, P. Mossman has calculated Wood would have lost £4,871 over

3431-472: The council met in the Council Chamber in Dublin Castle , where new councillors took their oath of office and from which Orders in Council were issued. A room over the chapel built by Philip Sidney in 1567 had "a very long table, furnished with stools at both sides and ends [where] sometimes sit in council about 60 or 64 privy councillors". Charles I sent the English Privy Council's rules of order to Ireland with some extra orders including "No man shall speak at

3504-457: The council to veto the corporation's choice of mayor. This power was controversially used in Dublin in 1711–1714 to keep out Whigs , and in Cork in 1835 to keep out an Orangeman . The 1665 act also established a commission to resolve doubts over the Act of Settlement 1662 ; when the commission found further ambiguities in the 1665 act's terms of reference, it applied to the "Lord Lieutenant and Council" to resolve them. Poynings' Law (1495) gave

3577-436: The council was by the 18th century a sinecure , held from 1786 by Henry Agar, later 2nd Viscount Clifden . After Clifden's death in 1836, the Public Offices (Ireland) Act 1817 applied, and the senior deputy clerk became "First Clerk of the Council, Usher, and Keeper of the Council Chamber", positions merged in 1852 with that of Chief Clerk to the Secretary (in 1876 renamed Assistant Under-Secretary ). For most of its existence

3650-448: The council's agreement. The 1724 defeat of Wood's halfpence came after the Irish privy council sided with the Irish parliament in opposition to the British government and refused to intercede between parliament and the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Carteret . The Irish council developed a judicial role later than the Privy Council of England , with the Court of Castle Chamber sitting in Dublin Castle from 1571 to 1641. Privy Councillors had

3723-408: The formal council meetings, in order to expedite decision-making. In Great Britain a similar process led to the evolution of this inner circle or " cabinet " into the de facto government while the full privy council became a ceremonial body. Ireland's dependency and lack of responsible government prevented such a definitive division there. The oath of office for senior positions in the administration

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3796-530: The fourteen years of the patent. Thus from Wood's standpoint the Hibernia coin specifications were too generous based on the cost of production, fuelling speculation that Wood intended to make good his shortfall by debasing or even counterfeiting his own coins. Wood's coinage was extremely unpopular in Ireland. The Anglican archbishop of Dublin , William King , was an early critic of the copper coinage scheme, arguing as early as July 1722 that its introduction would lead to an outflow of gold and silver coins from

3869-473: The king at any time. By the later twelfth century it had become a judicial body with a few branching off to remain the king's council. By the fourteenth century the term curia regis was no longer used. However, it was a predecessor to later sovereign assemblies: the Parlement , which was a judiciary body, the Chamber of Accounts, which was a financial body, and the King's Council . The Royal Council of Poland  [ pl ] in early medieval times

3942-482: The king. Wood thought this would be a profitable enterprise so he purchased the royal patent from the duchess for £10,000. In his indenture from George I dated 16 June 1722, Wood was authorized to produce up to 360 tons of halfpence and farthings for Ireland at 30 pence to the pound over a period of fourteen years for an annual fee of £800 paid to the king. These Hibernia coins, which were minted in Phoenix Street, Seven Dials, London , from January 1722, were heavier than

4015-470: The kingdom. The Commissioners of the Irish Revenue similarly argued that there was no shortage of halfpence and farthings in Ireland, and a large influx of copper coins would be prejudicial to the country's commerce and the royal revenue. The Parliament of Ireland sent an address to the king in September 1723 protesting against the coins' introduction, citing the danger of inflation and of legal tender (gold and silver) coinage flowing out of Ireland as well as

4088-401: The latter's 1900 establishment. The Privy Council's Irish Universities Committee was established in 1908 to hear petitions relating to the National University of Ireland (NUI) and Queen's University Belfast (QUB). Although the Government of Ireland Act 1920 provided for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland , it had some all-island institutions, retaining

4161-647: The new company. He also agreed to sell his potwork at Gardden at Rhosllannerchrugog and shares in the White Grit and Penally lead mines on the Stiperstones for £17100. By 1723, Wood also had the Falcon Iron Foundry at Southwark , where he placed his son William in charge. Harvey went unpaid for several years and had to seek help from his fellow Quaker Joshua Gee , whose son Joshua married Harvey's daughter, leading to litigation against William Wood, his sons William and Francis and son-in-law William Buckland (as guarantors). This ultimately led to several ironworks being returned to Harvey. Wood's share of Ruabon Furnace

4234-481: The patent for iron-making processes invented by his son Francis, which he re-patented himself. He financed this by contracting to supply a large quantity of iron to the United Company of Mines Royal and Mineral and Battery Works , who advanced money (or rather saleable shares) with which Wood erected works on Frizington Moor. The works were 375 feet long and 36 feet wide, with 11 furnaces, three horsemill-powered forges and engines for grinding coal and iron ore. Wood

4307-454: The process. Wood, two of his sons, William and Charles , his son-in-law William Buckland, and Kingsmill Eyre were the petitioners in this. A trial of the process in the presence of John Hanbury , Sir James Lowther, and the Earl of Hay took place in November 1731. The iron produced was then tried by blacksmiths in the presence of Privy Council clerks. The smiths gave the opinion that the iron required more work than common redshort iron and

4380-425: The resulting Provisional Government could be appointed under the "Crown Colony" provision, but realised ministers from Sinn Féin would refuse the Privy Council oath, and instead the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 replaced much of the 1920 act as regards Southern Ireland. It was in the Council Chamber on 16 January 1922 that Viscount FitzAlan formally handed over control of the Dublin Castle administration to

4453-405: The small curia were identical since they were considered the same institution meeting under different circumstances. During the 13th century, the great council and the small curia separated into two distinct bodies. The great council evolved into Parliament and the small curia evolved into the Privy Council . The small curia regis then is "the very distant ancestor of the modern executive,

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4526-428: Was at least an intention to use coke as fuel, then a comparatively novel idea. In 1720, Wood issued a prospectus for erecting 'a company for manufacturing iron copper brass etc.', The Present State of Mr Wood's Partnership . He probably hoped to profit from share dealing. Harvey wanted to buy Wood's shares and have his own business back. Wood offered to buy Harvey's, but did not offer enough. Harvey accepted shares in

4599-403: Was composed exclusively by King's will. Over time, in addition to King's appointments, certain higher dignitaries were assumed to belong to the Council owing to their functions. The following dignitaries were permanent members of the Council in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland : By the end of the 15th century the Royal Council was transformed into the Senate of Poland . The earliest form of

4672-441: Was discussed. In the 19th century, petitions to the Privy Council against decisions of various administrative bodies were referred to committees of councillors with legal experience. Most committees were ad hoc, but there were statutory "judicial committees" (comprising current or former senior judges) relating to the Encumbered Estates' Court (1849–58) and Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 . Other committees heard appeals under

4745-438: Was elected in 1579 between Henry Sidney 's recall and Lord Grey 's arrival. Charles I ordered the Lord Deputy to reform the "negligent meeting" of the privy council's committees. The Act of Explanation 1665 empowered the viceroy and council to override the royal charters of municipal corporations; the resulting "New Rules", which governed many major towns from 1672 until the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 , allowed

4818-430: Was involved in the discovery of platinum . He built Low Mill Forge, near Egremont, where he conducted experiments for the potting and stamping process, which he patented with John. He built the Cyfarthfa Iron foundry in Glamorgan , for Anthony Bacon and William Brownrigg , recording events in a diary (Gross 2001). Francis was engaged at Ember Mill in Thames Ditton when he was declared bankrupt in October 1732, as

4891-477: Was not quelled when assays carried out by Sir Isaac Newton , at that time Master of the Mint , showed that the copper in the coins he assayed "was of the same goodness and value with that which was coined for England." Irish pamphleteers, including Swift, pointed out that Wood himself had selected the coins for Newton to test and that Wood would not be able to turn a profit without debasing the coins actually bound for Ireland. The controversy turned increasingly into

4964-410: Was purportedly transferred to Daniel Ivie in satisfaction for the non-delivery of iron. He broke into the house at Gardden, occupied by John Hawkins the clerk there, and had to be removed by a constable, but Hawkins (who was arrested) had to get himself removed to London by habeas corpus in 1731 to answer proceedings. Ivie seems to have operated there until 1737, while Hawkins became managing partner for

5037-470: Was secretive over what was achieved. Sir John Meres of the United Company of Mines Royal (etc.) asked James Lowther of Whitehaven to find out what was happening. The reports that Lowther obtained from his agent John Spedding indicated the works were experiencing difficulty, with the result that the Company delayed instalments of what they were to advance. The company never received more than some 10 tons of Wood's iron. Having failed to secure finance from

5110-429: Was taken at a council meeting. Latterly such offices as Vice-Treasurer of Ireland were sinecures whose holders might secure a private act of the British parliament allowing them to take the oath in Britain to save the bother of travelling to Dublin. Although the Acts of Union 1800 abolished the Kingdom of Ireland and its parliament, its Privy Council (like the Lord Lieutenant) was retained, alternatives —abolishing

5183-411: Was the last surviving Irish Privy Councillor; appointed on 16 September 1921, he died on 28 November 1982. While the Irish Universities Committee was succeeded in relation to QUB by a committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland, in the Republic of Ireland in 1973 Seanad Éireann expressed concern that there was no way to process petitions relating to the NUI because "the Privy Council in Ireland

5256-643: Was the name given to councils of advisers and administrators in medieval Europe who served kings, including kings of France , Norman kings of England and Sicily , kings of Poland and the kings and queens of Scotland . After the Norman Conquest of 1066, the central governing body of the Kingdom of England was called the curia regis . Before the Conquest, the Anglo-Saxons called this body

5329-492: Was weaker when cold. This adverse report was the end of efforts to have a company chartered. Kingsmill Eyre took out a patent for a similar process in his own name in 1736. In this, scrap iron was added to the charge, which made the iron less bad. He tried to revive the Frizington works, but nothing came of this and he was declared bankrupt in May 1738. William's son John obtained £2000 from his father for handing back

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