Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona . Created by Bill Clinton by Presidential Proclamation 7320 on June 9, 2000, the monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . The monument covers 129,055 acres (52,227 ha), of which 59,573 acres (24,108 ha) are non-federal and include private land holdings and Arizona State School Trust lands.
19-502: A significant concentration of ironwood (also known as desert ironwood, Olneya tesota ) trees are found in the monument, along with two federally recognized endangered animal and plant species. More than 200 Hohokam archaeological sites have been identified in the monument, dated between 600 and 1450. An array of flora are present in the Ironwood Forest National Monument. The lower elevations are in
38-554: Is a keystone species because it provides a nursery environment of shade and protection that enables young seedlings of other species to become established despite the harsh desert climate, where daytime high temperatures can exceed 105 °F (41 °C). The ironwood also provides shade and roosting area habitats for birds. Its smoky lavender-colored blossoms provide nectar for bees and other insects, as well as forage for animals. The blossoms produce bean pods which also provide food for desert animals. Lists of dominant plants in
57-7071: Is a common name for many woods that have a reputation for hardness , or specifically a wood density that is denser than water (approximately 1000 kg/m , or 62 pounds per cubic foot), although usage of the name ironwood in English may or may not indicate a tree that yields such heavy wood. Some of the species with their common name [ edit ] Acacia aulacocarpa (Brush ironwood) Acacia estrophiolata (Southern ironwood), central Australia Acacia excelsa (Ironwood) Acacia melanoxylon (Ironwood) Acacia stenophylla (Ironwood), Australia Aegiphila martinicensis (Ironwood) Afzelia africana (Ironwood) Androstachys johnsonii (Lebombo ironwood), southeastern Africa and Madagascar Allagoptera caudescens , Borassus flabellifer , Caryota urens , Iriartea deltoidea Black Palm, Palmira wood (Black ironwood) Argania spinosa (Morocco ironwood, Thorny, Prickly ironwood) Astronium fraxinifolium , Astronium urundeuva (Ironwood) Backhousia bancroftii (Bancroft's ironwood) Backhousia citriodora (Lemon ironwood), northeastern Australia Backhousia myrtifolia (Carrol ironwood, Ironwood) ( Backhousia subargentea Syn.: Choricarpia subargentea ) (Giant ironwood), eastern Australia Bridelia micrantha (Benin or Yoruba ironwood), Bridelia atroviridis (Yoruba ironwood) Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam (Ironwood, Blue-beech ironwood, Smooth-barked ironwood), eastern North America Casuarinaceae , She-oaks in general, Southeast Asia (Australian ironwood) Allocasuarina spp.; Allocasuarina luehmannii , Allocasuarina torulosa , Allocasuarina inophloia (Ironwood), Allocasuarina verticillata (Long-leaved, Longleaf ironwood, Highland or Mountain ironwood) Casuarina cunninghamiana (Small-cone ironwood, Australian coast ironwood, River-oak ironwood) Casuarina equisetifolia Toa (Beach, Coast ironwood, Pacific, Sea, South Sea or Polynesian ironwood or Short-leaf and False ironwood, Lowland Ironwood), native from Burma south to Australia Casuarina cristata (Ironwood) Casuarina glauca (Long-leaf Ironwood, Saltmarsh Ironwood, Blue ironwood) Casuarina stricta (Highland ironwood, Fodder ironwood) Casuarina junghuhniana (Mountain Ironwood) ( Cenostigma pluviosum Syn.: Caesalpinia pluviosa ) (Bolivian ironwood) Cercocarpus spp. (Ironwood), Cercocarpus betuloides (Mountain ironwood) Chionanthus battiscombei (Water pock ironwood, Small-fruited ironwood, Water Ornate-leaf(ved) ironwood) Chionanthus caymanensis (Ironwood, Cayman ironwood) Chioanthus compactus (White ironwood) Chionanthus panamensis , Chionanthus ligustrinus (Pine ridge ironwood) Chionanthus peglerae (Bastard black ironwood or Giant pock ironwood and Pegler's bastard ironwood, Large-leaved ironwood) ( Citharexylum flexuosum Syn.: Citharexylum spinosum ) (White ironwood) Cliftonia monophylla (Ironwood) Coccoloba pubescens (Broad-leaved ironwood) Colophospermum mopane (Black ironwood, Rhodesian ironwood) Colubrina elliptica (Ironwood, Martinique ironwood), Colubrina arborescens (West Indian ironwood) Combretum imberbe (Ironwood) Cordia subcordata (Ironwood) Cossinia pinnata (Judas ironwood) Cryptocarya lauriflora (Borneo ironwood), Cryptocarya ferrea (Java ironwood) Cynometra alexandri (Uganda ironwood), central and east Africa Cyrilla racemiflora (Ironwood, Swamp ironwood) Dalbergia melanoxylon (African ironwood) Dialium guianense (Ironwood) Diploglottis australis Syn.: Diploglottis cunninghamii ) (Australian, New Holland ironwood) Distylium racemosum (Japanese ironwood) Drypetes gerrardii (Bastard white ironwood, Forest ironwood) Erythrophleum chlorostachys Steelwood (Cooktown ironwood, Red or Northern ironwood, Leguminous ironwood, Poisonous ironwood), native to northern Australia Erythroxylum areolatum (Cartagena ironwood, Jamaica ironwood) Eucalyptus spp. (Australian ironwood) Eugenia confusa (Red berry ironwood, Tropical ironwood) Eusideroxylon zwageri (Borneo ironwood, Chinese ironwood, Real or True ironwood), southeast Asia Exostema caribaeum (Bastard ironwood) Exothea paniculata (Ironwood) Fagraea fragrans (Sumatra or Java ironwood) Fagara lentiscifolia (Bastard ironwood) Forestiera pubescens (Ironwood) Forestiera pubescens var. parvifolia (New Mexican ironwood) Genipa americana (Brazilian ironwood) Gordonia haematoxylon (Ironwood) Gossia bidwillii (Smooth-barked ironwood, Scrub ironwood), Gossia acmenoides (Scrub ironwood), Gossia dulcis (Ironwood), Gossia floribunda (Cape ironwood), Gossia myrsinocarpa (Malanada ironwood) Gymnanthes lucida (Narrow-leaf ironwood) ( Gymnostoma nodiflorum Syn.: Casuarina nodiflora ) (Knot-flowered ironwood) ( Gymnostoma papuanum Syn.: Casuarina papuana ) (Papuan ironwood) ( Gymnostoma sumatranum Syn.: Casuarina sumatrana) (Ironwood) Handroanthus spp. formerly Tabebuia spp.; Handroanthus heptaphyllus , Handroanthus serratifolius etc., Ipê, Brazilian walnut, Lapacho, Yellow poui (Ironwood) Heritiera trifoliolata Black stavewood, Heritiera actinophylla Stavewood (Ironwood) Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray (Ironwood), western North America Homalium dentatum , Homalium letestui (Brown ironwood), Homalium rufescens (Small-leaved brown ironwood), Homalium abdessammadii (Zambezi brown ironwood) Hopea odorata , Hopea parviflora (Malabar, Ceylon ironwood) Hypelate trifoliata (White ironwood) Ilex mitis (Lance-leaved ironwood, Smooth or Mild, Unarmed ironwood) Inhambanella henriquesii (Rock, Water or Small ironwood) Intsia bijuga , Intsia palembanica (Moluccan, Madagascar ironwood) Ixora ferrea (Ironwood, West Indian ironwood, Martinique ironwood, Red ironwood, Three-flowered ironwood) Jacquinia keyensis (Ironwood) Krugiodendron ferreum (Black ironwood, Caribbean or Guadeloupe ironwood), Caribbean ( Libidibia ferrea Syn.: 'Caesalpinia ferrea ) (Brazilian ironwood), Brazil Lignum vitae ; Guaiacum officinale , Guaiacum sanctum and Argentine, Paraguay Lignum Vitae, Verawood Bulnesia arborea also als Maracaibo Lignum Vitae and Bulnesia sarmientoi (Ironwood) Lophira alata (West African ironwood, (Small) Red ironwood, Dwarf (red) ironwood, Dryzone (red) ironwood), western and central Africa Lophira lanceolata ((Dwarf) Red ironwood) Lyonothamnus floribundus (Catalina or Western ironwood, Island or Santa Cruz (Island) Ironwood, Lyon's Ironwood or Fern-leaved ironwood), in
76-606: The Silver Bell Mountains within the monument, including 64 species of mammals and 57 species of birds, although the Bureau of Land Management has been unable to verify those claims. Recent studies by the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , however, have documented 560 plant species. Resident birdwatchers have documented more than 80 species of migratory and non-migratory birds. One specimen of
95-5179: The rose family , Channel Islands of California Manilkara hexandra (Ceylon ironwood) Manilkara kauki (Moluccan ironwood) Mesua ferrea (Sri Lankan or Ceylon and Assam ironwood, East Indian Ironwood), southern and southeastern Asia Metrosideros spp. all Species (Ironwood), Metrosideros umbellata (New Zealand Ironwood), Metrosideros kermadecensis (Real or True ironwood) Millettia grandis (Kafir ironwood) Minquartia guianensis (Ironwood) Mouriri myrtilloides (Small-leaved ironwood) Myoporum obscurum (Bastard ironwood) Myracrodruon urundeuva (Ironwood) Nestegis apetala (Bastard ironwood), New Zealand and Norfolk Island Notelaea ligustrina (Tasmanian ironwood, New-South-Wales ironwood) Notelaea longifolia (Norfolk-Island ironwood) ( Noronhia foveolata Syn.: Chionanthus foveolatus ) (Pock ironwood, Bastard ironwood or Cape pock ironwood, Bastard, Forest pock ironwood, Ornate-leaf(ved), Fine-leaved ironwood) native to southern Africa Ochna holstii (Red ironwood) Oldfieldia africana (West African ironwood) Olea capensis ( Bastard Black, Forest, Bushveld or False, Bastard ironwood, South African ironwood, Small and Olive ironwood, East African ironwood), Africa Olea woodiana (Black ironwood), eastern and southern Africa Olinia ventosa (Sproutful ironwood) Olneya tesota (desert ironwood, Arizona or Sonora ironwood, Mexican ironwood) Ostrya knowltonii Knowlton's or Western hophornbeam (Canyon ironwood, Western Ironwood) Ostrya virginiana Hophornbeam, (North-American, American ironwood, Canadian ironwood, Rough-barked ironwood, Eastern ironwood) Palicourea cardiomorpha subsp. cardiomorpha (Panicled-flowered ironwood) Parrotia persica (Persian ironwood, Transcaucasian ironwood) Parrotia subaequalis (Chinese ironwood) Paubrasilia echinata (Ironwood) Peltophorum rufum (Cochinchina ironwood) Pemphis acidula (Maldivian ironwood) Picrodendron baccatum (Black ironwood) Planchonella costata (Bastard ironwood) Planchonella obovata (Silvery ironwood, Obovate ironwood) Prosopis juliflora , Prosopis glandulosa (Texas ironwood), Prosopis kuntzei , Prosopis africana (Ironwood) Mesquite Prunus africana (Ironwood) Quebracho Schinopsis spp.; Schinopsis brasiliensis , Schinopsis balansae , Schinopsis lorentzii and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Ironwood) Rapanea melanophloeos (Laurel-leaved ironwood) Rauvolfia sandwicensis (Hawaiian ironwood) Reynosia septentrionalis , Reynosa latifolia (Red ironwood) Rhodamnia acuminata (Cooloola ironwood) Rhodomyrtus trineura var. canescens (Crater ironwood), Rhodomyrtus pervagata (Rusty ironwood) Rothmannia capensis (Black ironwood, Cape of Good Hope ironwood) Schleichera oleosa (Ironwood) Senegalia intsia (Indian ironwood) Senegalia muricata (Ironwood) Senegalia tenuifolia (Antillean ironwood) Senna siamea (Indonesian or Indian ironwood) Sideroxylon spp. (Ironwood); Sideroxylon inerme (Smooth or White ironwood, Broad-leaved, Unarmed ironwood, Cape or East African ironwood) Sideroxylon lanuginosum or Gum bully (Ironwood) Sideroxylon lycioides (American ironwood, Canada thorny ironwood, Willow-leaved, Boxthorn-leaved ironwood, Ten-threaded, Decandrous ironwood, Bumelia ironwood) Sideroxylon tenax (Silky(-leaved) ironwood, Silvery-leaved ironwood) Sideroxylon celastrinum (Ironwood) Sideroxylon cinereum (White ironwood, Bourbon or Mauritius ironwood) Sideroxylon foetidissimum (Opposite-leaved ironwood) Sideroxylon lanuginosum (Woolly-leaved ironwood) Sideroxylon reclinatum (Reclined ironwood) Sloanea dentata (Black ironwood, Broad-leaf ironwood) Sloanea jamaicensis , Sloanea sinemariensis (Ironwood) Stadmania spp. (Ironwood, Bois de fer , Mauritius ironwood), Stadmania oppositifolia (Bourbon ironwood) Swartzia spp.; Swartzia tomentosa (Cayenne ironwood), Swartzia bannia , Swartzia bidentata , Swartzia leiocalycina , Swartzia ingifolia , Swartzia grandifolia , Swartzia panacoco (Guiana ironwood) etc. (Ironwood, South American ironwood, Suriname ironwood) Terminalia canescens (Ironwood) Tetragastris balsamifera (West Indian ironwood) Thouinia striata (Ironwood, Quebracho) Trichilia hirta (Bastard ironwood) Tristaniopsis laurina (Canungra ironwood) Vachellia farnesiana (Ironwood) Vepris lanceolata (White ironwood), Vepris reflexa (Woodland white ironwood, Bushveld white ironwood, Drooping or Rock white ironwood), Vepris undulata (White ironwood), Vepris carringtoniana (Coastal white ironwood, Wing-leaved white ironwood), Vepris zambesiaca (Rare white ironwood), Vepris termitaria (Riverine white ironwood) native to South Africa Xanthostemon species collectively known as "Philippine ironwood", all endemic to
114-464: The Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) (July–December 2021). "The Five Endemic Species of Philippine Ironwoods (Mangkono)" . RISE . 33 (2). [REDACTED] Index of plants with the same common name This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name ( vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit
133-2013: The Philippines Xanthostemon bracteatus (Mapilig) Xanthostemon fruticosus (Sierra Madre mangkono) Xanthostemon philippinensis (Bagoadlau) Xanthostemon verdugonianus (Mangkono) Xanthostemon speciosus (Palawan mangkono) Xanthostemon verus (Asian or Moluccan, Real or True ironwood) Xantolis tomentosa (Armed ironwood, Felty, Woolly, Downy-leaved ironwood) Xylia xylocarpa (Burma ironwood or Myanmar ironwood) Zanthoxylum fagara (Bastard, False ironwood, Yellow ironwood, Jamaica, Brazilian ironwood, Intended-leaved American ironwood) Zanthoxylum piperitum (Crenated-leaved ironwood) Zanthoxylum tragodes (Prickly-leaved American ironwood) Zapoteca tetragona (Antillean ironwood) Plants named ironwood [ edit ] [REDACTED] Acacia estrophiolata [REDACTED] Acacia stenophylla flowers [REDACTED] Carpinus caroliniana leaves [REDACTED] Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana [REDACTED] Chionanthus foveolatus leaves [REDACTED] Eusideroxylon zwageri leaves [REDACTED] Holodiscus discolor flowers [REDACTED] Libidibia ferrea [REDACTED] Lyonothamnus floribundus [REDACTED] Mesua ferrea [REDACTED] Nestegis apetala [REDACTED] Olea capensis [REDACTED] Olea woodiana See also [ edit ] Ironwood Island (Wisconsin) Ironwood, Michigan Ironwood State Prison Black ironwood (disambiguation) Ironbark , various Eucalyptus spp. Iron tree (disambiguation) Janka hardness test Sideroxylon , from sideros (σιδηρος) meaning "iron", and xylon (ξύλον) meaning "wood" Járnviðr References [ edit ] ^ "Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell" . FAO. July 9, 2008. Archived from
152-499: The Sonoran Desert ecoregion . One of the notable trees native here is the elephant tree ( Bursera microphylla ). Small populations of the endangered Nichols turk's head cactus , although not found among ironwood trees, occur in very localized limestone-rich areas within the monument. The desert ironwood ( Olneya tesota ) is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens estimated to be more than 800 years old. Desert ironwood
171-577: The endangered lesser long-nosed bat ( Leptonycteris curasoae ) and a night roost were documented within the monument by bat researchers Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn. They concluded that while the monument may be an important feeding stopover during spring migrations, the presence of L. curasoae in the monument is probably low or incidental. Leptonycteris curasoae is one of only a few bat species that migrate long distances, coming from as far south as Jalisco, Mexico, more than 1,600 miles (2,570 km). The Arizona desert bighorn sheep herd located within
190-514: The establishing Proclamation. Livestock grazing, which has occurred continuously for at least the last 125 years within the monument, is currently managed at very light or conservative levels of approximately one cow per every 300 to 400 acres (1.6 km). Domestic sheep and goats are prohibited as a protection to the bighorn sheep. The monument offers almost no surface water but contains sufficient groundwater resources. The cattle ranchers maintain more than 80 individual man-made water sources within
209-592: The first miners in the area. They mined turquoise in the Silver Bell Mountains. Silver and copper mining began in the Silver Bell Mountains around 1850 and continues today. Bighorn sheep ewes prefer mine tailings for lambing grounds because the high, steep and open terrain enables them to see and escape from predators. The Ironwood Forest National Monument is managed for multiple uses including recreation, cattle grazing and mining, although new mining claims and motorized off-road travel are prohibited by
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#1732783902295228-459: The linking article so that it links directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironwood&oldid=1250303781 " Categories : Set index articles on plant common names Wood by type Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Ironweed Too Many Requests If you report this error to
247-546: The monument is the last remaining relict population of desert bighorn sheep in southeastern Arizona, having first migrated into North America during the Pleistocene epoch. One or two specimens of the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl , which was listed as an endangered species in March 1997 and delisted by court order April 14, 2006, have been found within and near the monument by licensed surveyors. The Hohokam people were
266-634: The monument, in addition to the 14 water sources maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. The presence of human-supplied water supports the exceptional abundance of birds, mule deer, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other wildlife found in the monument. Ironwood Not to be confused with Ironweed . For other uses, see Ironwood (disambiguation) . Ironwood
285-936: The original on 2008-07-09. ^ Yashe, Asavela; Hankey, Andrew (June 2020). "Androstachys johnsonii Prain" . PlantZAfrica.com . SANBI. ^ "Giant Ironwood - profile" . Threatened species . New South Wales Office of Environment & Heritage. 2014-08-05. ^ Metzger, F. T. (1990). " Carpinus caroliniana " . In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods . Silvics of North America . Vol. 2. Washington, D.C. : United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station. ^ Boland, D. J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, M. W. (2006). Forest trees of Australia (5th ed.). Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 0-643-06969-0 . ^ "Cynometra alexandri" . Wood Technical Fact Sheets . USDA Forest Service. Archived from
304-549: The original on 2014-02-19 . Retrieved 2017-03-18 . ^ Boland, D.J.; Brooker, M.I.H; Chippendale, G.M.; Hall, N.; et al. (1984). Forest trees of Australia . Melbourne: CSIRO. p. 68. ^ "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim" . Plants Profile . USDA. 2008. ^ " Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul" . Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . ^ "Azobe (Lophira alata)" . Wildscreen Arkive. Archived from
323-542: The original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2017-03-19 . ^ "Nestegis apetala" . New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. ^ " Chionanthus foveolatus " . Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . ^ "Olea capensis" . Ecocrop . FAO. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26 . Retrieved 2017-03-20 . ^ " Olea woodiana " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . ^ Department of
342-469: The original on 2017-03-20 . Retrieved 2017-03-19 . ^ Erwin, D. M. & Schorn, H. E. (2000). "Revision of Lyonothamnus A.Gray (Rosaceae) from the Neogene of Western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences . 161 (1): 179–193. doi : 10.1086/314232 . PMID 10648208 . S2CID 9161661 . ^ "Mesua ferrea L. – Clusiaceae" . biotik.org. Archived from
361-693: The prehistoric ecology and plant community of the Waterman Mountains area in the monument have been published in a sequence that currently dates back to the last glacial period , the Late Wisconsin glacial period. Dominant trees of that era, based upon pollen records, were Utah juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma ), single-leaf pinyon ( Pinus monophylla ), and redberry juniper ( Juniperus pinchotii ), and understory plants included Monardella arizonica . According to Proclamation 7320, 674 plant and animal species have been identified in
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