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14-661: The range is located to the east of the Ironwood Forest National Monument . Ragged Top , located in the north of the range, is a well-known landmark in this former mining region. The range is named after the Silver Bell Mine located at the southern end of the mountains. The range abuts the Waterman Mountains to the southeast, where palynology -(pollen) studies have shown some of the recent floristic history of Arizona during

28-598: Is " Bsh " (Mid-Latitude Steppe and Desert Climate). Silver Bell Peak Ragged Top Peak Ironwood Forest National Monument Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona . Created by Bill Clinton by Presidential Proclamation 7320 on June 9, 2000, the monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management , an agency within the United States Department of

42-677: The Pliocene . Both ranges lie in the northeast Sonoran Desert ; the Madrean Sky Island ranges begin just southeast of here, with the large, and most western sky island range, the Baboquivari Mountains -Quinlans 20–35 mi south. The Silver Bell range can be accessed by Avra Valley Road and Silver Bell Road from the south of Marana. Climate is characterized by extremely variable temperature conditions. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate

56-608: The Silver Bell Mountains within the monument, including 64 species of mammals and 57 species of birds, although the Bureau of Land Management has been unable to verify those claims. Recent studies by the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , however, have documented 560 plant species. Resident birdwatchers have documented more than 80 species of migratory and non-migratory birds. One specimen of

70-522: The Interior . The monument covers 129,055 acres (52,227 ha), of which 59,573 acres (24,108 ha) are non-federal and include private land holdings and Arizona State School Trust lands. A significant concentration of ironwood (also known as desert ironwood, Olneya tesota ) trees are found in the monument, along with two federally recognized endangered animal and plant species. More than 200 Hohokam archaeological sites have been identified in

84-615: The United States, known by the common name Arizona monardella . The species has been confirmed to have been native to northern Arizona since at least the Late Wisconsin late glacial period based upon pollen core analysis at the Waterman Mountains ( Coconino County ) - (not the Waterman Mountains of Pima County ); dominant trees of Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus monophylla remain extant species to

98-578: The endangered lesser long-nosed bat ( Leptonycteris curasoae ) and a night roost were documented within the monument by bat researchers Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn. They concluded that while the monument may be an important feeding stopover during spring migrations, the presence of L. curasoae in the monument is probably low or incidental. Leptonycteris curasoae is one of only a few bat species that migrate long distances, coming from as far south as Jalisco, Mexico, more than 1,600 miles (2,570 km). The Arizona desert bighorn sheep herd located within

112-515: The establishing Proclamation. Livestock grazing, which has occurred continuously for at least the last 125 years within the monument, is currently managed at very light or conservative levels of approximately one cow per every 300 to 400 acres (1.6 km ). Domestic sheep and goats are prohibited as a protection to the bighorn sheep. The monument offers almost no surface water but contains sufficient groundwater resources. The cattle ranchers maintain more than 80 individual man-made water sources within

126-592: The first miners in the area. They mined turquoise in the Silver Bell Mountains. Silver and copper mining began in the Silver Bell Mountains around 1850 and continues today. Bighorn sheep ewes prefer mine tailings for lambing grounds because the high, steep and open terrain enables them to see and escape from predators. The Ironwood Forest National Monument is managed for multiple uses including recreation, cattle grazing and mining, although new mining claims and motorized off-road travel are prohibited by

140-547: The monument is the last remaining relict population of desert bighorn sheep in southeastern Arizona, having first migrated into North America during the Pleistocene epoch. One or two specimens of the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl , which was listed as an endangered species in March 1997 and delisted by court order April 14, 2006, have been found within and near the monument by licensed surveyors. The Hohokam people were

154-573: The monument, dated between 600 and 1450. An array of flora are present in the Ironwood Forest National Monument. The lower elevations are in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion . One of the notable trees native here is the elephant tree ( Bursera microphylla ). Small populations of the endangered Nichols turk's head cactus , although not found among ironwood trees, occur in very localized limestone-rich areas within

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168-583: The monument, in addition to the 14 water sources maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. The presence of human-supplied water supports the exceptional abundance of birds, mule deer, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other wildlife found in the monument. Monardella arizonica Monardella arizonica is a plant species endemic to Arizona in

182-715: The monument. The desert ironwood ( Olneya tesota ) is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens estimated to be more than 800 years old. Desert ironwood is a keystone species because it provides a nursery environment of shade and protection that enables young seedlings of other species to become established despite the harsh desert climate, where daytime high temperatures can exceed 105 °F (41 °C). The ironwood also provides shade and roosting area habitats for birds. Its smoky lavender-colored blossoms provide nectar for bees and other insects, as well as forage for animals. The blossoms produce bean pods which also provide food for desert animals. Lists of dominant plants in

196-563: The prehistoric ecology and plant community of the Waterman Mountains area in the monument have been published in a sequence that currently dates back to the last glacial period , the Late Wisconsin glacial period. Dominant trees of that era, based upon pollen records, were Utah juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma ), single-leaf pinyon ( Pinus monophylla ), and redberry juniper ( Juniperus pinchotii ), and understory plants included Monardella arizonica . According to Proclamation 7320, 674 plant and animal species have been identified in

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