54-573: Istrian Albanian was a Gheg variety of the Albanian language , spoken in the village of Katun in the area of Poreč , Istria . From the 13th to the 17th century the depopulation of the Istrian Peninsula prompted the Republic of Venice to repopulate the region with settlers, which among others included Albanians. The coalescence of the various dialects spoken by the settlers led to
108-466: A church dedicated to Saint Alexander was built near Mount Krujë. In the late 9th century David of Krujë is mentioned as one of the bishops, who participated in the Fourth Council of Constantinople . In the early 10th century Krujë had an Eastern Orthodox suffragan bishop, subject to the metropolitan bishop of Durrës. The Roman Catholic bishopric of Krujë was established in 1167, when its bishop
162-565: A member of the notable Toptani family of the region and officer of the Ottoman army, captured the town and incorporated it in the Republic of Central Albania making it a center of his movement, but in June of the same year it was reincorporated by Prênk Bibë Doda in the Principality of Albania . On 20 December 1914 the local anti-Essadists, led by Abdi Toptani and Mehmet Gjinali, formed
216-695: A variant or sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian spoken in Northeastern Albania , Kosovo , and Serbia . The Northeastern Gheg dialectal area begins roughly down from the eastern Montenegrin-Albanian border, including the Albanian districts (Second-level administrative country subdivisions) of Tropojë , Pukë , Has , Mirditë and Kukës ; the whole of Kosovo , and the municipalities of Bujanovac and Preševo in Serbia. The tribes in Albania speaking
270-574: A written language in any country. Publications in Kosovo and North Macedonia are in Standard Albanian , which is based on Tosk. However, some authors continue to write in Gheg. Before World War II, there had been no official attempt to enforce a unified Albanian literary language; both literary Gheg and literary Tosk were used. The communist regime in Albania imposed nationwide a standard that
324-476: Is Artur Bushi , who was elected in the 2015 local elections as a candidate of the Socialist Party of Albania . Krujë has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) with warm summers, cool winters, and abundant precipitation. The total population of Krujë is 51,191 as of the 2023 census, in a total area of 339.20 km . The population of the municipal unit is 8,921. In 1922
378-521: Is a degree of variance, Northwestern Gheg and Northeastern Gheg are still very much similar, and speakers of both sub-dialects have no problem understanding and having a conversation with one another. The Northwestern Gheg subdialect encompasses three main Albanian ethnographic regions: Malësia e Madhe , Shkodër and Lezhë. Within the Northwestern Gheg, the area of Malësia e Madhe shows different phonological, syntactic, and lexical patterns than
432-647: Is a town and a municipality in north-central Albania . Located between Mount Krujë and the Ishëm River , the city is 20 km north of the capital of Albania, Tirana . Krujë was inhabited by the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani . In 1190 Krujë became the capital of the first Albanian state in the Middle Ages , the Principality of Arbër . Later it was the capital of the Kingdom of Albania , while in
486-495: Is deeper and more prolonged . Northeastern Gheg is considered to be the autonomous branch of Gheg Albanian in turn, the Northeastern Gheg dialects themselves differ greatly among themselves. The dialect is also split in a few other minority dialects, where the phoneme [y] of standard Albanian is pronounced as [i], i.e. "ylberi" to "ilberi" (both meaning rainbow); "dy" to "di" (both meaning two). In Northeastern Gheg,
540-502: Is one of the two major varieties of Albanian , the other being Tosk . The geographic dividing line between the two varieties is the Shkumbin River , which winds its way through central Albania . Gheg is spoken in northern and central Albania, Kosovo , northwestern North Macedonia , southeastern Montenegro and southern Serbia by the Albanian dialectal subgroup known as Ghegs . Gheg does not have any official status as
594-471: Is the slight difference in the tone and or pronunciation of the respective dialects. Northwestern Gheg does not have the more deeper sounding a's, e's, etc. and is considered by some to sound slightly more soft and clear in tone compared to Northeastern Gheg, yet still spoken with a rough Gheg undertone compared to the Southern Albanian dialects. Other differences include different vocabulary, and
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#1732772755775648-589: The Albanian Revolt of 1432-1436 the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Andrea Thopia . Until 1432, the subaşi (governor) of Krujë had been Zagan Bey , then Hizir Bey, and later during 1437—1438 Skanderbeg was its governor. In November 1438 Hizir Bey was again appointed as subaşi of Krujë until he was replaced in April 1440 by Umur Bey. On 28 November 1443 Skanderbeg gained control over Krujë by deceiving its subaşi with forged sultan's letter, and raised
702-520: The House of Thopia gradually lost control of the town, which by 1395 had come under Ottoman vassalage. The Ottomans lost control of Krujë in the early 15th century, when it was captured by Niketa Thopia and regained it in 1415. After its recapture it was incorporated in the Sanjak of Albania and formed an administrative unit with the status of Subaşilik as attested in the regional register of 1431. During
756-457: The League of Lezhë under Vrana Konti and Skanderbeg defeated an Ottoman force of about 100,000 men led by Sultan Murad II , who had tried to bribe Konti to surrender the castle of the town. In the following decade Krujë was first besieged in 1466 and then in 1467 unsuccessfully by Ballaban Pasha and Sultan Mehmed II , whose total troops were about 150,000. After Skanderbeg's death in 1468,
810-608: The Southwestern Statistical Region ( Kičevo , Debar and parts of Struga ). According to linguists such as Jorgji Gjinari and Xhevat Lloshi, the Central Gheg dialect group represents a sub-group of the larger Southern Gheg zone. The Italian linguist Carlo Tagliavini puts the Gheg of Kosovo and North Macedonia in Eastern Gheg. Northeastern Gheg , sometimes known as Eastern Gheg , is
864-461: The 1912 Declaration of Independence of Albania . In the mid-1910s Krujë was one of the battlefields of the conflict between the short-lived Republic of Central Albania , founded by Essad Toptani , and the Principality of Albania . In 1914 Toptani managed to seize the town but during the same year it was reincorporated by Prênk Bibë Doda in the Principality of Albania. During World War II it
918-524: The Albanian language is the main criterion for Albanian self identity. The standardization has been criticized, notably by the writer Arshi Pipa , who claimed that the move had deprived Albanian of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs. He referred to literary Albanian as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership, who had conquered anti-communist northern Albania and imposed their own dialect on
972-595: The Albanian-Ottoman wars, during which the castle was besieged four times by the Ottoman army. The national ethnographic museum of Krujë was founded in 1989 and is located in a 15–6-room villa of the Toptani family built in 1764. The main exhibits of the museum are objects of artisanship, whose age varies from 60 to 500 years. Krujë's most important football club is KS Kastrioti , founded in 1926 and briefly renamed as Puna Krujë in 1951. The club's home ground
1026-618: The Director General of Health Services appointed the first director of health services in Krujë, Ihsan Korça while the last to hold the post before the establishment of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania was Abdulla Mehmeti. The first hospital and the first polyclinic of Krujë were built in 1946 and 1948 respectively. During 1968–69 a new medical laboratory and a department of surgery were added and expanded. In 1970
1080-474: The Directorate of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the district was established in the town. In 1977-9 a new hospital and polyclinic were built, while in 1986 the first Obstetrics and gynaecology hospital of the town was opened. In 2008 the first hospital was rebuilt and renamed after its first director Stefan Gjoni. In antiquity Krujë was a site used for pagan rituals , while after the spread of Christianity
1134-476: The Ghegs. In post- WWII Yugoslavia there was a project to create a Kosovan language, which would have been largely Gheg. This was in line with Josip Broz Tito 's reorganization of the country into a federation of ethnolinguistically defined nations , which relied heavily on language policy to create or reinforce separation of these nations from such neighbors as Bulgaria , and it built on efforts by communist Albania to unite with Yugoslavia . The idea of union
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#17327727557751188-486: The Malsia Albanian dialect, whereas in the other Gheg varieties and in Tosk it has been reanalyzed as a prefix attached to other lexical terms, no longer existing as a preposition. Assimilations are common in Gheg but are not part of the Albanian literary language, which is a standardized form of Tosk Albanian . Kruj%C3%AB Krujë ( Albanian definite form : Kruja ; see also the etymology section )
1242-595: The Mat river, extending eastwards to and beyond the Black Drin river, including Kruja and Fushë Kruja , Mati , part of Mirdita , Lurë , Luma and Dibër Valley . Central Gheg is also spoken outside of Albania, with the majority of Albanians from North Macedonia speaking dialects of Central Gheg - including the divergent idiom spoken in Upper Reka . These regions include Polog Valley ( Tetovo and Gostivar ) and
1296-460: The Ottoman army stationed in the city against the rebels of Krujë. After prolonged confrontations the Ottoman officials offered to begin negotiations with the rebels. On 20 September 1906 the leaders of Krujë and the Ottoman diplomats met at the Tallajbe quarter of Krujë to discuss the administrative status of the town, however, the Ottoman army under Şemsi Pasha ambushed the rebel leaders. During
1350-670: The Ottomans in 1478 after being besieged for over a year. This success was viewed by the Ottomans as a good omen that the siege of Shkodra would also be successful. During the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Krujë became the battlefield of various anti-Ottoman rebellions also related with the imposition of new taxes. In 1906 the people of Krujë revolted once more against the Ottoman Empire. The Wāli of Shkodër , Sali Zeki Pasha sent four battalions of
1404-622: The Union of Krujë, which quickly extended its authority in central Albania. Following the Italian invasion of Albania the country became a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy . Mustafa Merlika-Kruja , a native of Krujë, who became the Prime Minister of the new regime ordered the formation of a 300-man gendarmerie force to defend the town against resistance groups. However, soon afterward, resistance leader Abaz Kupi , another native of
1458-489: The areas of Shkodër and Lezhë. For this reason, Malsia e Madhe Albanian ( MMA ) can be considered a distinct variety of Northwestern Gheg. The different features of this variety can be traced to the historical and geographic isolation of the muntainous region of Malësia e Madhe (Albanian for 'Great Highlands'). The early isolated Malsia Albanian has preserved archaic features of Proto-Albanian and Proto-Indo-European in comparison to other Gheg varieties and to Tosk, such as
1512-526: The battle that followed, which became known in history after the Tallajbe district, about 30 people died including uninvolved civilians. Throughout the Albanian Revolt of 1912 , that led to the creation of the Albanian Vilayet and later in the Declaration of Independence of Albania Krujë, which was captured on 14 August, was one of the major anti-Ottoman centers. In 1914 Essad Toptani ,
1566-402: The city's garrison was supplemented by troops of the Republic of Venice . In 1476 the town was once more besieged by a ten-thousand-man army under Gedik Ahmed Pasha ; however, the local garrison led by proveditor Pietro Vetturi fended off the Ottoman besiegers, who retreated after the arrival of reinforcements under Francesco Contarini and Nikollë Dukagjini. The city was eventually conquered by
1620-518: The dialect include Nikaj-Merturi, Puka, Gashi, and Tropoja. The Albanian speech in roughly around Skopje , Karadak , and Kumanovo in North Macedonia , is sometimes regarded part of Northeastern Gheg. Calques of Serbian origin are evident in the areas of syntax and morphology . The Northeastern Gheg slightly differs from Northwestern Gheg (spoken in Shkodër ), as the pronunciation
1674-578: The dialects spoken in the regions of Durrës, Tirana, and sections of Elbasan such as Peqin and the western villages of Krrabë. The latter group, on the other hand, is spoken in the regions of Elbasan, Librazhd, and Martanesh. The spoken dialects of Shëngjergj, in Tirana, and Krrabë, in Elbasan, act as transitional dialects between the two groups, although the former is closer to the Southwestern group and
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1728-470: The early 15th century Krujë was conquered by the Ottoman Empire , but then recaptured in 1443 by Skanderbeg , leader of the League of Lezhë , who successfully defended it against three Ottoman sieges until his death in 1468. The Ottomans took control of the town after the fourth siege in 1478, and incorporated it in their territories. A 1906 local revolt against the Ottoman Empire was followed by
1782-463: The eastern villages of the latter with the Southeastern group. The dialects of Ishëm, Vorë, Zall-Herr, and Zall-Dajt represent the northernmost extensions of Southern Gheg (specifically Southwestern Gheg), and as such, they show direct influences from Central Gheg (spoken in neighbouring Krujë , Mat , and Bulqizë ); thus they can be labelled as transitional dialects. Certain settlements to
1836-587: The extreme south of the Southern Gheg dialect zone, which are included in the largely Southern Gheg-speaking units, speak transitional dialects depicting both characteristics of Gheg and Tosk Albanian. These include villages such as Dars in Peqin, the coastal villages of southernmost Kavajë, and a number of settlements in Qukës and Hotolisht. Central Gheg is a sub-dialect of Gheg spoken in the interior basin of
1890-422: The first Albanian flag on the same day. In 1444 Skanderbeg incorporated it in the League of Lezhë , the confederation of the Albanian principalities . From 1450 until 1477 Krujë was defended successfully by the Albanian troops four times against the Ottoman army, which eventually captured it in 1478 during the fourth Siege of the city . During the first siege of Krujë in 1450, the 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers of
1944-740: The first time as Kroai (in Medieval Greek Κροαί) in Byzantine documents of the early 9th century. In medieval Latin it was known as Croia , Croya and Croarum . During the Ottoman era it was also known as Ak Hisar or Akçahisar from the Turkish words ak (white) and hisar (castle). In ancient times the region of Krujë was inhabited by the Illyrian tribe of the Albani, while
1998-555: The formation of nasal-stop clusters by placing the prefix en- with unstressed word-initial vowel are: Tosk mb uʃa 'to fill', from PAlb * e n - b usa (vs. Malsia b uʃa ); Tosk ŋg a 'where, from where', from PAlb * e n - k a (vs. Malsia k a ); Tosk ŋg ula 'to thrust, put on point', from PAlb * e n - k ula (vs. Malsia k u:ʎ ); Tosk nd ej 'to stretch', from PAlb * e n - t enja (vs. Malsia t æ̃:n ). The PAlb preposition * en 'in' has been preserved solely in
2052-650: The formation of the Istrian Albanian dialect. The only surviving text of the dialect was written by the local scholar Pietro Stancovich in the 1830s. Stankovich recorded a version of the Parable of the Prodigal Son and a vocabulary list of the dialect. This Indo-European languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gheg Albanian Gheg or Geg (Gheg Albanian: gegnisht , Standard Albanian : gegërisht )
2106-490: The high status and the wealth of the burials. Originally a middle-sized fortress like other urban centers, Krujë expanded to a town probably from the sixth to the ninth century AD. In 1190 Krujë became the capital of the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, the Principality of Arbër founded by Progon of the House of Progon . During the reign of Gulam of Albania the principality was dissolved and incorporated in
2160-574: The newly founded Kingdom of Albania . During the late 13th and early 14th century the Byzantine and the Thopia family and in 1343 the Serbian Empire took control of the city. The Kingdom of Albania was eventually dissolved between 1363 and 1368, when Karl Topia captured its capital Durrës and incorporated its territories, including Krujë in 1363 in the Princedom of Albania . After 1389
2214-846: The palatal stops of standard Albanian, such as [c] (as in q en , "dog") and [ɟ] (as in gj umë , "sleep"), are realised as palato-alveolar affricates, [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] respectively. Northwestern Gheg , sometimes known as Western Gheg , is a sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian spoken in Northwestern Albania and Southern Montenegro . The tribes that speak this dialect are the Malësor , Dukagjin and other highlander tribes which include ( Malësia ): Hoti , Gruda , Triepshi , Kelmendi , Kastrati , Shkreli , Lohja , etc., ( Dukagjin ) : Shala , Shoshi , Shllaku , Dushmani , etc., etc..( Lezhë ),...( see Tribes of Albania ). The main contrast between Northwestern Gheg and Northeastern Gheg
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2268-607: The so called standard Albanian (the Tosk-based dialect) is taught in schools and used in media and in public life in Kosovo. The Gheg dialect is divided by four sub-dialects: Central Gheg, Southern Gheg, Northwestern Gheg (or Western Gheg), and Northeastern Gheg (or Eastern Gheg). Southern Gheg is spoken in the ethno-geographic regions of central and, areas of, north-central Albania; among these being: Southern Gheg can be further broken down into two major groupings: Southwestern Gheg and Southeastern Gheg. The first group includes
2322-577: The tekke, which was restored by Baba Husayn of Dibër in the mid-19th century. In the early 20th century, Hasluck wrote that the population of Krujë ("Croia") appeared to be almost entirely Bektashi. The museums of Krujë include the Skanderbeg Museum and the national ethnographic museum. The Skanderbeg Museum, founded in 1982, was built in the environs of the Krujë Castle . Its collection includes mostly 15th century artefacts related to
2376-628: The town is located near the Iron Age Illyrian site of Zgërdhesh . Some scholars have identified the site with the main settlement of the Albani , Albanopolis , while others identified Albanopolis with Krujë itself. During the Illyrian Wars the area of Krujë was captured by the Roman Republic . Early medieval artifacts of Krujë include dress items and weaponry found in fifth- and sixth-century cemeteries, which display
2430-543: The town, created one of the first permanent resistance forces of Albania in Krujë and gradually took control of the region. In 1943 at the assembly of Tapizë Balli Kombëtar proposed to the LNÇ the creation of provisional resistance government, with Krujë as the capital city, but this proposal was rejected by the LNÇ leaders. In the end of November 1944, the last German troops stationed in the area were defeated and LNÇ battalions entered
2484-438: The town. Krujë is found at an altitude of 600 m (1,969 ft) on the foot of Mount Krujë ( Albanian : Mali i Krujës ), while south and west of the town is found the plain of the Ishëm River . The town is located in the northern part of the outer Albanides tectonic unit, which consists of anticlines of Mesozoic carbonate platforms . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Krujë, but it also includes
2538-438: The use of words like "kon" (been), and " qysh " (how?) which are used in Northeastern Gheg, and not often used in Northwestern Gheg. Instead Northwestern Gheg speakers say "kjen or ken" (been), and use the adverb "si" to say (how?). For example in Northeastern Gheg to say "when I was young", you would say, "kur jam kon i ri" , while in Northwestern Gheg you would say " kur kam ken i ri , kur jam ken i ri .". Although there
2592-433: The villages of Barkanesh, Brre and Picerragë. The closest cities to Krujë are Tiranë and Durrës at a distance of 20 and 37 km respectively. The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Bubq , Cudhi , Fushë-Krujë , Krujë, Nikël and Kodër-Thumanë , that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Krujë. The current mayor of Krujë
2646-421: The word-initial voiceless and voiced stops. Whereas Tosk Albanian has homorganic nasal-stop clusters, having produced a shift from the proto form that featured a word-initial stop to a nasal-stop cluster, which was achieved by placing a prefix en- (< PAlb preposition * en 'in'). Gheg Albanian is in a transitional position, featuring nasals that resulted from reduced nasal-stop clusters. Examples of
2700-826: Was based on the variant of Tosk spoken in and around the city of Korçë . With the warming of relations between Albania and Yugoslavia starting in the late 1960s, the Kosovo Albanians —the largest ethnic group in Kosovo—adopted the same standard in a process that began in 1968 and culminated with the appearance of the first unified Albanian orthographic handbook and dictionary in 1972. Although they had until then used Gheg and almost all Albanian writers in Yugoslavia were Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons. The change of literary language has had significant political and cultural consequences because
2754-533: Was consecrated by Pope Alexander III . In 1284 the Byzantine Empire expelled the Catholic bishop of Krujë, while after Stefan Uroš II Milutin captured the town, he also expelled the Catholic bishop Andreas Croensis in 1317. In Illyricum Sacrum Daniele Farlati documented fourteen Catholics bishops of the town from 1286 to 1694, while Konrad Eubel documented four additional bishops. Bektashism
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#17327727557752808-453: Was dropped though, in the aftermath of the split between Stalin and Tito in 1948, as Albania sided with Moscow. As a result of this rupture and other factors, no such Kosovan language was ever created. Indeed, in 1974 the Tosk-based standard Albanian was adopted as an official language of Kosovo. However, the natural dialect of Kosovo Albanian is Gheg, and it is still practically the only dialect that Kosovo Albanians use in everyday life, while
2862-583: Was introduced in the region of Krujë in the early 18th century. During the Ottoman era a tekke dedicated to the Bektashi saint Sari Saltik was built near the church of Saint Alexander. In 1789–99 the Dollma tekke was built by the Dollma family near the castle. In 1807 Sheikh Mimi , sent by Ali Pasha to Krujë founded another tekke in the town. However, Sheikh Mimi was executed by Kaplan Pasha, who destroyed
2916-399: Was the centre of the activities of resistance leader Abaz Kupi . The museums of Krujë include the Skanderbeg Museum , located in the environs of the Krujë Castle , and the national ethnographic museum. The name of the city is related to the Albanian word kroi , krua , meaning " fountain " or "water source", from Proto-Albanian * krana < * krasna . The city was attested for
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