The Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) F3 is a low bypass turbofan engine developed in Japan by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries for the Kawasaki T-4 jet trainer aircraft . The first prototype engine, the XF3, was manufactured in 1981 and first flew in the XT-4 in July 1985. About 550 have been built.
49-612: Ishikawajima-Harima began developing a small turbofan engine in the late 1970s as a competitor for the new jet trainer aircraft being developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries . The developmental engine was named the XF3, and it was selected over the SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac in 1982 to power the XT-4 trainer. The early developmental models of the engine produced 2,600 pounds-force (12 kN) of thrust , but later models (including
98-3474: A genericized trademark for any type of personal watercraft. 1949 Moto Guzzi 1950 Benelli 1951 Moto Guzzi 1952 Moto Guzzi 1953 NSU 1954 NSU * 1955 MV Agusta 1956 MV Agusta 1957 Mondial 1958 MV Agusta 1959 MV Agusta 1960 MV Agusta 1961 Honda 1962 Honda 1963 Honda 1964 Yamaha 1965 Yamaha 1966 Honda 1967 Honda 1968 Yamaha 1969 Benelli 1970 Yamaha 1971 Yamaha 1972 Yamaha 1973 Yamaha 1974 Yamaha 1975 Harley-Davidson 1976 Harley-Davidson * 1977 Yamaha 1978 Kawasaki 1979 Kawasaki 1980 Kawasaki 1981 Kawasaki 1982 Yamaha 1983 Yamaha 1984 Yamaha 1985 Honda 1986 Honda 1987 Honda 1988 Honda 1989 Honda 1990 Yamaha 1991 Honda 1992 Honda 1993 Honda 1994 Honda 1995 Aprilia 1996 Honda 1997 Honda 1998 Aprilia 1999 Aprilia 2000 Yamaha 2001 Honda 2002 Aprilia 2003 Aprilia 2004 Honda 2005 Honda 2006 Aprilia 2007 Aprilia 2008 Aprilia 2009 Aprilia 2010 Suter 2011 Suter 2012 Suter 2013 Kalex 2014 Kalex 2015 Kalex 2016 Kalex 2017 Kalex 2018 Kalex 2019 Kalex 2020 Kalex 2021 Kalex 2022 Kalex 2023 Kalex 1949 Mondial 1950 Mondial 1951 Mondial 1952 MV Agusta 1953 MV Agusta 1954 NSU * 1955 MV Agusta 1956 MV Agusta 1957 Mondial 1958 MV Agusta 1959 MV Agusta 1960 MV Agusta 1961 Honda 1962 Honda 1963 Suzuki 1964 Honda 1965 Suzuki 1966 Honda 1967 Yamaha 1968 Yamaha 1969 Kawasaki 1970 Suzuki 1971 Derbi 1972 Derbi 1973 Yamaha 1974 Yamaha 1975 Morbidelli 1976 Morbidelli 1977 Morbidelli 1978 Minarelli 1979 Minarelli 1980 Minarelli 1981 Minarelli 1982 Garelli 1983 MBA 1984 Garelli 1985 MBA 1986 Garelli 1987 Garelli 1988 Derbi 1989 Honda 1990 Honda 1991 Honda 1992 Honda 1993 Honda 1994 Honda 1995 Honda 1996 Aprilia 1997 Aprilia 1998 Honda 1999 Honda 2000 Honda 2001 Honda 2002 Aprilia 2003 Aprilia 2004 Aprilia 2005 KTM 2006 Aprilia 2007 Aprilia 2008 Aprilia 2009 Aprilia Public company A public company
147-497: A century, with bridge-building among its first businesses. The company offers of storage management for LNG, Kawasaki's portfolio also includes retractable roofs, floors and other giant structures, the Sapporo Dome 's retractable surface is one example. For construction, Kawasaki produces products such as wheel loaders, tunnel machines, rollers, snowplows and purpose-specific loaders. The tunnel boring machines used to excavate
196-440: A company they perceive as possibly lacking liquidity. For example, if all shareholders were to simultaneously try to sell their shares in the open market, this would immediately create downward pressure on the price for which the share is traded unless there were an equal number of buyers willing to purchase the security at the price the sellers demand. So, sellers would have to either reduce their price or choose not to sell. Thus,
245-567: A contract for the engine in 1992, after spending the previous years developing and testing the engine internally. The primary difference between the XF3-400 and the standard F3-30 is the inclusion of an afterburner . Adding the afterburner is the primary reason why the maximum thrust of the -400 is much higher than the -30. Other changes included compressor and turbine blades that were aerodynamically optimized using 3D computational fluid dynamics techniques, and improved temperature performance in
294-556: A joint venture with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. However, by the end of 2001, the agreement was terminated. In the following years, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Co. have seen a fluctuation of profits and losses. Kawasaki is active in a diverse range of the aerospace industry. The company is a contractor for the Japanese ministry of defence and has built aircraft such as the C-1 transport aircraft, T-4 intermediate jet trainer, and
343-401: A long period of time after maturity into a profitable company. However, from 1997 to 2012, the number of corporations publicly traded on US stock exchanges dropped 45%. According to one observer ( Gerald F. Davis ), "public corporations have become less concentrated, less integrated, less interconnected at the top, shorter lived, less remunerative for average investors, and less prevalent since
392-1023: A part of joint ventures with COSCO in China, i.e. the Nantong COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co., Ltd.(NACKS), in Nantong, China, and the Dalian COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co., Ltd.(DACKS), in Dalian, China. On 3 July 2024, the Japanese Defence Ministry announced an investigation into bribery allegations between Kawasaki and Maritime Self-Defence Force personnel over submarine repair contracts. Kawasaki will also set up its own inspection panel to look into fictious transactions and slush funds. Main products Kawasaki's key offering are high-performance gas turbines. The company
441-520: A public company. In the United Kingdom , it is usually a public limited company (plc). In France , it is a société anonyme (SA). In Germany , it is an Aktiengesellschaft (AG). While the general idea of a public company may be similar, differences are meaningful and are at the core of international law disputes with regard to industry and trade. Usually, the securities of a publicly traded company are owned by many investors while
490-553: A separate entity, its former shareholders receiving compensation in the form of either cash, shares in the purchasing company or a combination of both. When the compensation is primarily shares then the deal is often considered a merger . Subsidiaries and joint ventures can also be created de novo . That often happens in the financial sector. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies are not generally considered to be privately held companies (even though they themselves are not publicly traded) and are generally subject to
539-567: A single-stage low-pressure turbine. The XF3-400 variant includes an afterburner after the low-pressure turbine, the production F3 does not. The two-stage fan uses wide chord blades, and both the production F3 and the advanced XF3-400 use the same fan. Unlike the fan, the five-stage compressor differs between the F3 and the XF3-400, with the advanced XF3-400 benefiting from 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improvements. The high-pressure turbine blades are single-crystal blades, and they are cooled by
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#1732783311331588-451: A thin film of air from inside of the blades. The low-pressure turbine blades, like the high-pressure compressor, were improved between the F3 and the XF3-400 using 3D CFD. Both the F3 and the XF3-400 use a FADEC for engine control. Data from Related development Comparable engines Related lists Kawasaki Heavy Industries Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. ( KHI ) ( 川崎重工業株式会社 , Kawasaki Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha )
637-450: A wide range of municipal and industrial waste to be recovered, recycled and put to new use. Such systems include refuse paper and plastic fuel production facilities that convert wastepaper/plastics into an easy-to-handle solid fuel, equipment that converts old tires into highway paving materials and tiles, and machinery that sorts glass bottles by size and color. Main products Kawasaki's history of building steel structures spans more than
686-482: A young age. He was involved with two offshore disasters but accredited his survival to the modernization of the ships. This led to the decision to create technological innovations for the Japanese shipping industry. In 1878, after struggling to find business, his first order was placed. This is marked as the company's start in the industry. In 1886, Kawasaki moved the business from Tokyo to Hyogo. This allowed space for
735-491: Is Japan's largest manufacturer of rolling stock. It began operations in the industry in 1906. It manufactures express and commuter trains, subway cars, freight trains, locomotives, monorails and new transit systems. Kawasaki is also involved in the development and design of high-speed trains such as Japan's Shinkansen . Main Products Shipbuilding is the historical industry in which Kawasaki Heavy Industries
784-476: Is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange ( listed company ), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not ( unlisted public company ). In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. In most cases, public companies are private enterprises in
833-460: Is a Japanese public multinational corporation manufacturer of motorcycles , engines , heavy equipment , aerospace and defense equipment, rolling stock and ships , headquartered in Minato , Tokyo , Japan. It is also active in the production of industrial robots , gas turbines , pumps , boilers and other industrial products. The company is named after its founder, Shōzō Kawasaki . KHI
882-775: Is also involved in development of new energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels such as wind power generation, biomass power generation, photovoltaic systems and rechargeable batteries. Main products Kawasaki develops and builds a vast array of industrial plants and equipment, including large cement, chemical and nonferrous metal plants, prime movers, and compact precision machinery. It also offers industrial plant engineering from design to sales. Kawasaki also develops automation systems. Industrial robots for processes such as assembly, handling, welding, painting and sealing, as well as automation systems for distribution and logistics such as automated product- and cargo-handling systems for plants and airports. Main products Kawasaki
931-649: Is especially prevalent in such countries as the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires firms whose stock is traded publicly to report their major shareholders each year. The reports identify all institutional shareholders (primarily firms that own stock in other companies), all company officials who own shares in their firm, and all individuals or institutions owning more than 5% of
980-683: Is involved in joint development and production of the Boeing 767 , Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 with The Boeing Company , and the 170, 175, 190 and 195 jets with Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica . It is also involved in the joint international development and production of turbofan engines for passenger aircraft such as the V2500 , the RB211/Trent , the PW4000 and the CF34 . Kawasaki also works for
1029-412: Is involved in the development of equipment that prevents pollution in a wide range of industries. Among the leading products are fuel gas desulfurization and denitrification systems, and ash handling systems. The company also supplies municipal refuse incineration plants, gasification and melting systems, sewage treatment and sludge incineration plants. Kawasaki has also been developing systems that enable
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#17327833113311078-595: Is known as one of the three major heavy industrial manufacturers of Japan, alongside Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and IHI . Prior to the Second World War , KHI was part of the Kobe Kawasaki zaibatsu , which included Kawasaki Steel and Kawasaki Kisen . After the conflict, KHI became part of the DKB Group ( keiretsu ). Shōzō Kawasaki , born in 1836, was involved with the marine industry from
1127-408: Is privately held can buy out the shareholders of a public company, taking the company off the public markets. That is typically done through a leveraged buyout and occurs when the buyers believe the securities have been undervalued by investors. In some cases, public companies that are in severe financial distress may also approach a private company or companies to take over ownership and management of
1176-404: Is when a company has little or no trading activity and the market price is simply the price at which the most recent trade took place, which could be days or weeks ago. This occurs when there are no buyers willing to purchase the securities at the price being offered by the sellers and there are no sellers willing to sell at the price the buyers are willing to pay. While this is rare when the company
1225-621: The Channel Tunnel and the 14.14 m diameter shield machines used in the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line construction are two well-known examples. Main products Kawasaki produces motorcycles, Jet Skis and ATVs . Kawasaki's motorcycle include the Ninja sport bikes , and cruisers , dual-purpose and motocross motorcycles, as well as utility vehicles , ATVs and general-purpose gasoline engines . Kawasaki's "Jet Ski" has become
1274-590: The JAXA . The company was responsible for the development and production of the payload fairings, payload attach fittings (PAF) and the construction of the launch complex for the H-II rocket. It continues to provide services for the H-IIA rocket. Kawasaki has also participated in projects such as the development of reusable launch vehicles for spacecraft that will handle future space transport, space robotics projects such as
1323-878: The Japanese Experiment Module for the International Space Station , the cancelled HOPE-X experimental orbiting plane and the docking mechanism for the ETS-VII . According to a document from July 1997, they would have been a major manufacturer of the Kankoh-maru space tourism vehicle (also known as the Kawasaki S-1), which never saw production. In 2022, Kawasaki and Airbus signed a memorandum of understanding to address hydrogen needs in aviation, and to focus on airport hydrogen hubs development. Main products Kawasaki
1372-722: The P-3C antisubmarine warfare patrol airplane. Since 2007, it has built the P-1 maritime patrol aircraft, and since 2010, it has built the C-2 transport aircraft. Kawasaki also builds helicopters, including the BK117 , jointly developed and manufactured with MBB . It also produces the CH-47J / JA helicopter. In the commercial aviation business, the company is involved in the joint international development and production of large passenger aircraft. It
1421-476: The private sector, and "public" emphasizes their reporting and trading on the public markets. Public companies are formed within the legal systems of particular states and so have associations and formal designations, which are distinct and separate in the polity in which they reside. In the United States , for example, a public company is usually a type of corporation though a corporation need not be
1470-451: The 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies. A public company possess some advantages over privately held businesses. Many stock exchanges require that publicly traded companies have their accounts regularly audited by outside auditors and then publish the accounts to their shareholders. Besides the cost, that may make useful information available to competitors. Various other annual and quarterly reports are also required by law. In
1519-458: The New York subway system. In 1995, Kawasaki Heavy Industries came to an agreement with China to produce the largest containerships ever. This led to the company announcing higher than expected profits in 1996. However, shortly after the profits, the company saw a long decline in business forcing them to find a solution. With the company seeing continuous losses into the 21st century, it formed
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1568-492: The United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act imposes additional requirements. The requirement for audited books is not imposed by the exchange known as OTC Pink. The shares may be maliciously held by outside shareholders and the original founders or owners may lose benefits and control. The principal–agent problem , or the agency problem is a key weakness of public companies. The separation of a company's ownership and control
1617-466: The XF3-400. It was designed to be a higher performance, afterburning version of the XF-3, producing around 7,600 lbf (34 kN) of thrust. One distinctive quality of this engine was that it was to have a thrust-to-weight ratio of 7:1, higher than any similarly sized engine. Work on this engine began in earnest in 1986, and a demonstrator engine was built and tested in 1987. IHI was formally awarded
1666-451: The aircraft to make emergency landings. An investigation revealed that the turbine section was suffering from a vibration resonance problem, leading to the turbine blade failures. The blades were strengthened and modified to dampen the vibrations. The engine, and the aircraft, returned to service in 1990. Beginning in 1999, IHI began upgrading the fielded engines with a new high-pressure turbine to increase their service life. This variant of
1715-432: The company. One way of doing so would be to make a rights issue designed to enable the new investor to acquire a supermajority . With a supermajority, the company could then be relisted, or privatized. Alternatively, a publicly traded company may be purchased by one or more other publicly traded companies, with the target company becoming either a subsidiary or joint venture of the purchaser(s), or ceasing to exist as
1764-614: The end of World War 1. After the war, along with the Allied arms-limitation agreement in 1912, Kawasaki faced a huge decline in shipbuilding. In 1929, the Depression caused a large amount of financial problems with the company. During World War 2, Kawasaki was a major builder of combat aircraft like the Ki-61, which killed many Allied aircrew. Just afterwards, they adapted air intakes from combat aircraft to high speed motorcycles. In 1947,
1813-523: The engine was known as the F3-IHI-30B . In 2003, IHI began updating the engine with a more advanced Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC). This updated engine was designated the F3-IHI-30C . Soon after IHI began working on the XF-3, they began developing a more powerful variant of the engine as a technology demonstrator for a theoretical supersonic fighter . This engine was designated
1862-444: The firm's stock. For many years, newly-created companies were privately held but held initial public offering to become publicly traded company or to be acquired by another company if they became larger and more profitable or had promising prospects. More infrequently, some companies such as the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs and the logistics services provider United Parcel Service (UPS) chose to remain privately held for
1911-504: The government introduced a new shipbuilding agenda and gave Kawasaki a rise in profits and helped restore the company. The company was able to resume all operations and by the 1950s, Japan was leading as the world's largest shipbuilder. By the late 1960s into the 1970s Kawasaki had begun to withdraw from the shipbuilding industry and diversified its company, producing motorcycles, jet skis, bridges, tunnel-boring machines, and aircraft. They also supplied technologically advanced railroad cars to
1960-441: The high-pressure turbine. A 1998 report revealed that thrust vectoring was also being integrated into the XF3-400. The F3 is a two-shaft (or two spool) low-bypass turbofan . It features a two-stage fan (low-pressure compressor) on the low-pressure shaft, followed by a five-stage high-pressure compressor on the high-pressure shaft. The engine uses an annular combustor , which feeds a single-stage high-pressure turbine followed by
2009-626: The model selected for the XT-4) produced 3,600 lbf (16 kN) of thrust. The production engine was designated the F3-30 (alternatively, the F3-IHI-30), and it first flew in the XT-4 aircraft in 1985. Production of the qualified engine also began in 1985. After the engine and aircraft were in production there were several incidents where one or two of the high pressure turbine blades failed, forcing
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2058-425: The number of trades in a given period of time, commonly referred to as the "volume" is important when determining how well a company's market capitalization reflects true fair market value of the company as a whole. The higher the volume, the more the fair market value of the company is likely to be reflected by its market capitalization. Another example of the impact of volume on the accuracy of market capitalization
2107-497: The price per share. For example, a company with two million shares outstanding and a price per share of US$ 40 has a market capitalization of US$ 80 million. However, a company's market capitalization should not be confused with the fair market value of the company as a whole since the price per share are influenced by other factors such as the volume of shares traded. Low trading volume can cause artificially low prices for securities, due to investors being apprehensive of investing in
2156-516: The rise of orders placed to his company and the renaming to Kawasaki Dockyard. The new and improved company went public as Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd when the demand for ships rose during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. Kojiro Matsukata was announced as the company's first president. After opening a new factory in 1906, Kawasaki began diversifying its products. They began to produce parts for the railroad, automotive, and airplane industry by
2205-446: The same reporting requirements as publicly traded companies. Finally, shares in subsidiaries and joint ventures can be (re)-offered to the public at any time. Firms that are sold in this manner are called spin-outs . Most industrialized jurisdictions have enacted laws and regulations that detail the steps that prospective owners (public or private) must undertake if they wish to take over a publicly traded corporation. That often entails
2254-502: The shares of a privately held company are owned by relatively few shareholders. A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. Conversely, a publicly traded company typically (but not necessarily) has many shareholders. In the United States, companies with over 500 shareholders in some instances are required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ; companies that report under
2303-428: The turn of the 21st century". Davis argues that technological changes such as the decline in price and increasing power, quality and flexibility of computer numerical control machines and newer digitally enabled tools such as 3D printing will lead to smaller and more local organization of production. In corporate privatization, more often called " going private ," a group of private investors or another company that
2352-409: The would-be buyer(s) making a formal offer for each share of the company to shareholders. The shares of a publicly traded company are often traded on a stock exchange . The value or "size" of a company is called its market capitalization , a term which is often shortened to "market cap". This is calculated as the number of shares outstanding (as opposed to authorized but not necessarily issued) times
2401-742: Was created and developed, as from the company's 1878 founding as the Kawasaki Dockyard Co. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Its product range include high-performance LNG and LPG carriers, container ships, bulk carriers and VLCCs, as well as submarines. The company is also involved in the development of offshore structures and research vessels. Kawasaki also produces marine machinery and equipment, including main engines, propulsion systems, steering gears, deck and fishing machinery. Kawasaki has shipyards at Kobe and Sakaide, Kagawa . (Kagawa Prefecture). The company also builds ships as
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