89-450: In North America, Italian sausage most often refers to a style of pork sausage . The sausage is often noted for being seasoned with fennel or anise as the primary seasoning. In Italy, however, a wide variety of sausages are made, many of which are quite different from the aforementioned product. The most common varieties marketed as "Italian sausage" in supermarkets are hot, sweet, and mild. The main difference between hot and mild
178-402: A bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately. Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until December in cool climates. For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings. Of
267-639: A common cause of illness, Yersinia enterocolitica —which causes gastroenteritis—is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat. Nearly all outbreaks in the US have been traced to pork. Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute hepatitis E (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans. Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis,
356-516: A generic term for all fruit, including nuts . This can be compared to the 14th-century Middle English expression appel of paradis , meaning a banana . The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft). When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. Apple trees may naturally have
445-420: A long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris , the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii . In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. The apple
534-484: A number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. The word apple , whose Old English ancestor is æppel , is descended from the Proto-Germanic noun * aplaz , descended in turn from Proto-Indo-European * h₂ébōl . As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as
623-536: A pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F). Some varieties of apples (e.g. ' Granny Smith ' and ' Fuji ') have more than three times the storage life of others. Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening. Apple trees are susceptible to fungal and bacterial diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue
712-555: A part of the USDA, currently recommends cooking ground pork to 71 °C (160 °F) and whole cuts to 63 °C (145 °F) followed by a 3-minute rest. Pigs can be carriers of various helminths , such as roundworms , pinworms , hookworms . One of the more common is Taenia solium , a type of tapeworm , which may transplant to the intestines of humans after consuming undercooked meat. Raw and undercooked pork can also cause other diseases, such as toxoplasmosis . Although not
801-663: A pork menu option because Muslims, Jews and Hindus do not consume pork and it had seemed inconsistent with the purpose of bringing together persons of different faiths, though after the complaints raised by the Orthodox community a pork alternative was added. Pork is known to carry some diseases such as pork tapeworm and trichinosis and pigbel , thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume, although raw pork products are sometimes still consumed in Central European and Eastern European countries of which
890-447: A program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab. Among
979-743: A result, large numbers of pork recipes have been developed throughout the world. Jamón , made from the hind legs of a pig, is the most well-known Spanish dry-cured ham. Feijoada , the national dish of Brazil (also served in Portugal), is traditionally prepared with pork trimmings: ears, tail and feet. According to the USDA 's Foreign Agricultural Service , nearly 100 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide in 2006 (preliminary data). Increasing urbanization and disposable income has led to an uprising in pork consumption in China, where 2006 consumption
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#17327840165331068-459: A rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture. Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older. The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The bud scales have very hairy edges. When emerging from
1157-467: A significant non-Muslim population. The Qur'anic basis for the Islamic prohibition of pork can be found in surah 2:173 , 5:3 , 6:145 and 16:115 . He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion , blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—they will not be sinful. Surely Allah
1246-409: A species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or synonyms . In modern times, Malus pumila and Malus domestica are the two main names in use. M. pumila is the older name, but M. domestica has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make M. domestica a conserved name : the earlier proposal
1335-560: A strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent . Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being
1424-474: A succulent finish. Many brands of American hot dogs and most breakfast sausages are made from pork. Processing of pork into sausages and other products in France is described as charcuterie . Ham and bacon are made from fresh pork by curing with salt ( pickling ) or smoking . Shoulders and legs are most commonly cured in this manner for Picnic shoulder and ham , whereas streaky and round bacon come from
1513-517: A way to preserve meats before the advent of refrigeration, these preparations are prepared today for the flavors that are derived from the preservation processes. In 15th-century France , local guilds regulated tradesmen in the food production industry in each city. The guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers . The members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted and dried meats, which varied, sometimes distinctively, from region to region. The only "raw" meat
1602-520: A wide variety of cuts and flavours, and is predominantly known as "streaky bacon", or "streaky rashers". Bacon made from the meat on the back of the pig is referred to as " back bacon " and is part of traditional full breakfasts commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland . In the United States, back bacon may also be referred to as "Canadian-style Bacon" or "Canadian Bacon". The canned meat Spam
1691-600: Is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Forbidden to you are carrion , blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars . You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever
1780-523: Is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. While most Christians do consume pork, some sects prohibit it based on Leviticus chapter 11, Deuteronomy chapter 14, and Isaiah chapters 65 and 66. Some denominations that forbid pork consumption are: When pork
1869-404: Is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis , commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the developed world . From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source
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#17327840165331958-532: Is a "flitch" or "slab bacon", while an individual slice of bacon is a "rasher" (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or simply a "slice" or "strip" (North America). Slices of bacon are also known as " collops ". Traditionally, the skin is left on the cut and is known as "bacon rind". Rindless bacon, however, is quite common. In both Ireland and the United Kingdom , bacon comes in
2047-422: Is also considered easier to digest. In rural tradition, pork is shared to celebrate important occasions and to form bonding. In China, pork is so important that the nation maintains a "strategic pork reserve". Red braised pork ( hong shao rou ), a delicacy from Hunan Province , was one of Mao Zedong 's favorite dishes. Other popular Chinese pork dishes are sweet and sour pork, bakkwa , and charsiu . In
2136-422: Is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden to eat except carrion, running blood, swine—which is impure—or a sinful offering in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely your Lord
2225-662: Is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved; curing extends the shelf life of pork products. Ham , gammon , bacon , and pork sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork. Pork is the most popular meat in the Western world , particularly in Central Europe . It is also very popular in East and Southeast Asia ( Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines , Singapore , and East Timor ). The meat
2314-482: Is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there. The wild ancestor of Malus domestica was Malus sieversii , found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and northwestern China . Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over
2403-562: Is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green. Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include acetaldehyde , ethyl acetate , 1-butanal , ethanol , 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal , ethyl propionate , ethyl 2-methylpropionate, ethyl butyrate , ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, hexanal , 1-butanol , 3-methylbutyl acetate , 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate , amyl acetate , 2-methyl-1-butanol , trans-2-hexenal, ethyl hexanoate , hexanol . The apple as
2492-572: Is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations. There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the Middle East . There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting
2581-661: Is highly prized in Asian cuisines , especially in China (including Hong Kong ) and Northeast India , for its fat content and texture. Some religions and cultures prohibit pork consumption , notably Islam and Judaism . Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 13,000 BC. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as bacon , ham , sausage , terrines , galantines , pâtés and confit , primarily from pig. Originally intended as
2670-404: Is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of chicken, so the USDA treats pork as a red meat . In 1987, the U.S. National Pork Board began an advertising campaign to position pork as " the other white meat "—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with
2759-414: Is made of chopped pork shoulder meat and ham. Due to the fact that pigs can eat unused food originally meant for humans, and due to the high availability of such food in many industrialized countries, pork and other products from pigs have become securely sourced and low-priced commodities. This makes pig products very popular as raw material in many industrially produced products. Its myoglobin content
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2848-489: Is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide. The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0–100%. The skin may be wholly or partly russeted , making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax . The skin may also be marked with scattered dots. The flesh
2937-473: Is the addition of hot red pepper flakes to the spice mix of the former, while that between mild and sweet is the addition of sweet basil in the latter. This sausage -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the pig ( Sus domesticus ). It is the second-most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BCE. Pork
3026-702: Is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The University of Reading , which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in
3115-444: Is the world's largest pork consumer, with pork consumption expected to total 53 million metric tons in 2012, which accounts for more than half of global pork consumption. In China, pork is preferred over beef for economic and aesthetic reasons; the pig is easy to feed and is not used for labour. The colours of the meat and the fat of pork are regarded as more appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner. It
3204-597: Is thought to have been domesticated 4,000–10,000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia ( M. baccata ), the Caucasus ( M. orientalis ), and Europe ( M. sylvestris ). Only the M. sieversii trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to
3293-450: Is used primarily in cubes ( lardons ) as a cooking ingredient valued both as a source of fat and for its flavour. In Italy , besides being used in cooking, bacon ( pancetta ) is also served uncooked and thinly sliced as part of an antipasto . Bacon is also used for barding roasts, especially game birds. Bacon is often smoked with various wood fuels for up to ten hours. Bacon is eaten fried, baked, or grilled. A side of unsliced bacon
3382-442: Is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat. And the pig, because it possesses split hooves and does not bring up its cud—from its flesh you may not eat. As indicated by
3471-614: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . There is also a theory that pork was taboo in Scotland until roughly 1800 . Pork is a well-known example of a non-kosher food . This prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11 and Deuteronomy chapter 14: These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this
3560-680: The Philippines , due to 300 years of Spanish colonization and influence, lechon , which is an entire roasted suckling pig, is a national delicacy. China was the largest producer of pork in the world in 2020 followed by the European Union and the United States. China, EU and the United States accounted for roughly 76% of the world's pork production as per FAS / USDA Pork may be cooked from fresh meat or cured over time. Cured meat products include ham and bacon . The carcass may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts , with
3649-460: The apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars (cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock . Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which
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3738-468: The charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard . The charcutier prepared numerous items, including pâtés , rillettes , sausages , bacon , trotters , and head cheese . Before the mass production and re-engineering of pigs in the 20th century, pork in Europe and North America was traditionally an autumn dish—pigs and other livestock coming to the slaughter in the autumn after growing in
3827-487: The petals are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to- 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch) in diameter. The five-petaled flowers are group in an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 3–7 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit. Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures −2 °C (28 °F) or less, although
3916-549: The "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product. Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced
4005-544: The ' Cosmic Crisp ' cultivar in 2017. The third most grown apple cultivar in the United States is the ' Honeycrisp ', released by the University of Minnesota program in 1991. Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars. In Europe there are also many breeding programs such as the Julius Kühn-Institut ,
4094-815: The 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of ' Northern Spy ' in Merton, England . Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in
4183-548: The Eastern European countries are believed to have a higher risk of trichinosis. Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) detected Listeria monocytogenes in 210 kg (460 lb) of Polidori brand fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one
4272-590: The German federal research center for cultivated plants. Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting , ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have
4361-539: The Malus/Pyrus work group. The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking ( cooking apples ) or producing cider . Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give
4450-628: The Torah verses, pork is non-kosher because Jews may not consume an animal that possesses one trait but not the other of cloven hooves and regurgitating cud . Hogs, which are not ruminants , do not chew cud as cattle and sheep do. Practicing Jews suffice on the biblical explanation of the swine as 'unclean'. Maimonides shared this view in classifying the swine as an unclean creature in both its habit and diet. The prohibition of swine-eating in Ancient Israelite cuisine , according to Douglas,
4539-404: The average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D). Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on
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#17327840165334628-431: The base of the flower. The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point. The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple. The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and 5 in). The shape
4717-479: The beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot. In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. Cornell University has had a program operating since 1880 in Geneva, New York . Among their recent well known apples is the 'SnapDragon' cultivar released in 2013. In the west Washington State University started a program to support their apple industry in 1994 and released
4806-694: The branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year. Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples. Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include ' Sweet Bough ' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', ' Swayzie ', and 'Tolman Sweet'. Commercially, apples can be stored for months in controlled atmosphere chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of oxygen to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if
4895-421: The buds, the leaves are convolute , meaning that their edges overlap each other. Leaves can be simple ovals ( elliptic ), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ( ovate ), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ( oblong ) with a narrow pointed end. The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of
4984-453: The case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves grafting of cuttings. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of
5073-410: The characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are " extreme heterozygotes ". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents. Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in
5162-530: The domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side. Chinese soft apples, such as M. asiatica and M. prunifolia , have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between M. baccata and M. sieversii in Kazakhstan. Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits,
5251-400: The flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators. Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in
5340-483: The fruit is already fully ripe. The gas ethylene is used by plants as a hormone which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to carbon dioxide , which also must be controlled. For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in
5429-516: The importation or consumption of pork products. Examples are Iran , Mauritania , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Algeria , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Yemen , Somalia , Sudan , Afghanistan , Djibouti , Kuwait , Mali , Niger , Senegal , Gambia , Libya , Pakistan (except in some communities) and the Maldives . However, in other Muslim-majority countries with significant non-Muslim minorities, such as Indonesia (except
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#17327840165335518-417: The leaves are glabrescent , almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs. The leaves are attached alternately by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 -to- 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long shoots . When the flower buds first begin to open
5607-689: The many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1640. The only apples native to North America are crab apples . Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of
5696-431: The most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called fireblight , and three fungal diseases: Gymnosporangium rust, black spot , and bitter rot . Codling moths , and the apple maggots of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of
5785-614: The most widely grown species in the genus Malus . The tree originated in Central Asia , where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii , is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Eurasia and were introduced to North America by European colonists . Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse , Greek , and European Christian tradition. Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and
5874-625: The name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round. Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During
5963-458: The necessity for storage. Controlled atmosphere facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s. Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with
6052-415: The overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to −40 °C (−40 °F). The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn . The true fruits or carpels are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds. The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at
6141-486: The pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named Pyrus and he named the apple as Pyrus malus . This was widely accepted, however the botanist Philip Miller published an alternate classification in The Gardeners Dictionary with the apple species separated from Pyrus in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by Malus pumila he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it
6230-540: The popularity of certain cuts varying worldwide. Most of the pig can be used to produce fresh meat and, in the case of a suckling pig , the whole body of a young pig ranging in age from two to six weeks is roasted. Danish roast pork or flæskesteg , prepared with crispy crackling is a national favourite as the traditional Christmas dinner. Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in sausages . Many traditional European sausages are made with pork, including chorizo , fuet , Cumberland sausage and salami giving it
6319-537: The province of Aceh ), Malaysia , Brunei , Lebanon , Iraq , Tunisia , Egypt , Morocco , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Jordan , Albania , Azerbaijan , Turkey , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Syria , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Chad and the United Arab Emirates (except the Emirate of Sharjah ), pork is available in hotels, restaurants and supermarkets that cater to
6408-685: The resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks . Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting. There are more than 7,500 cultivars of apples . Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking , eating raw, and cider or apple juice production. Trees and fruit are prone to fungal , bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by
6497-521: The resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest. Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor . Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle 's Lyceum . Dwarf rootstocks became common by
6586-429: The same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst
6675-569: The side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly). Ham and bacon are popular foods in the West, and their consumption has increased with industrialisation. Non-western cuisines also use preserved meat products. For example, salted preserved pork or red roasted pork is used in Chinese and Asian cuisine. Bacon is defined as any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly, or back that have been cured or smoked. In continental Europe, it
6764-418: The slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011. Pork is very high in thiamin (vitamin B 1 ). Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated animals, but is high in cholesterol and saturated fat . Eating of pork is prohibited by Jewish dietary laws and Islamic dietary laws , and is also avoided by mainstream Seventh-day Adventists , Rastafarians , and members of
6853-496: The spring and fattening during the summer. Due to the seasonal nature of the meat in Western culinary history, apples (harvested in late summer and autumn) have been a staple pairing to fresh pork. The year-round availability of meat and fruits has not diminished the popularity of this combination on Western plates. Pigs are the second most widely eaten animal in the world, accounting for about 34% of meat production worldwide. As
6942-594: The wild M. sieversii origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple. At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. It
7031-536: Was 2.7 kg in 2009. Although pork marketing is prohibited in some religious localities, pork products are available elsewhere at non-kosher butchers and by the Mizra and Tiv Ta'am non-kosher supermarket chain, which caters to Russian immigrants. A modern Hebrew euphemism for pork is "white meat". Pork meat is prohibited by the Islamic dietary laws . Throughout the Islamic world many countries severely restrict
7120-610: Was 20% higher than in 2002, and a further 5% increase projected in 2007. In 2015 recorded total 109.905 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide. By 2017, half the world's pork was consumed in China. Pork is popular throughout eastern Asia and the Pacific, where whole roast pig is a popular item in Pacific Island cuisine. It is consumed in a great many ways and highly esteemed in Chinese cuisine . Currently China
7209-433: Was based on the diploid cultivar ' Golden Delicious '. However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors, in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. The first whole genome assembly
7298-711: Was because the pig was raised by non-Israelites, ate carrion and did not fit into the classification of ungulates . Harris disagrees and points out that Egyptians and Sumerians also restricted pigs and that goats also ate corpses, yet were not declared unclean in Ancient Israel. Harris offers an explanation based on environmental and economic factors instead. In Israel , pig-raising has been limited by law to certain areas and institutions. Some pig-related laws are openly circumvented. Swine production has increased from an estimated annual slaughter of 50,000 swine in 1960 to 180,000 in 2010. Pig meat consumption per capita
7387-455: Was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on
7476-469: Was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii . Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from Malus sylvestris following domestication. Central Asia
7565-414: Was made ill from consumption of the product. The FSIS has previously stated that listeria and other microorganisms must be "...destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of 71 °C (160 °F)," and that other microorganisms, such as E. coli , Salmonella , and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats. The FSIS,
7654-604: Was not included on the menu of the Liverpool Council's first Christian Orthodox Interfaith lunch some members of the Macedonian Orthodox community objected, citing the historical significance of the dish to the community during the Ottoman era and raising complaints that the council was discriminating against Orthodox Christians . A spokeswoman for the council explained that the council had not prepared
7743-485: Was unknown. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game products. Apple An apple is a round, edible fruit produced by an apple tree ( Malus spp. , among them the domestic or orchard apple ; Malus domestica ). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are
7832-639: Was used as such by many botanists. When Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of P. malus var. domestica , but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen. The earliest use of var. domestica for the apple was by Georg Adolf Suckow in 1786. Apples are diploid , with two sets of chromosomes per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010
7921-746: Was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the IAPT in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved. The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving M. domestica . Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use M. pumila as the correct name , under an alternate taxonomy. When first classified by Linnaeus in 1753,
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