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54-560: Men from this lineage share a common paternal ancestor, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in ( Cinnioğlu 2004 ). This haplogroup is found today in significant frequencies in many areas in or near the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia . Out of its native Asian Continent , it is found at very high frequencies in Sudan . It

108-583: A Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis of 6200 BC, partly as a result of an increasing emphasis in PPNB cultures upon animal domesticates, and a fusion with Harifian hunter gatherers in Southern Palestine, with affiliate connections with the cultures of Fayyum and the Eastern Desert of Egypt . Cultures practicing this lifestyle spread down

162-471: A PPNA Aswadian culture. Instead, they found evidence of a fully established PPNB culture at 8700 BC at Aswad, pushing back the period's generally accepted start date by 1,200 years. Similar sites to Tell Aswad in the Damascus Basin of the same age were found at Tell Ramad and Tell Ghoraifé . How a PPNB culture could spring up in this location, practicing domesticated farming from 8700 BC has been

216-534: A likely area of ancient J-M267 diversity. Both J-P58 and other types of J-M267 are present, sometimes with similar frequencies. J-M267 is very common throughout this region, dominated by J-P58, but some specific sub-populations have notably low frequencies. J-P58 is the most common Y-Chromosome haplogroup among men from all of this region. J-M267 is uncommon in most of Northern and Central Europe. It is, however, found in significant pockets at levels of 5–10% among many populations in southern Europe. A recent study with

270-678: A linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East ( Jericho ), thus demonstrating that, on average, the Neolithic spread at a constant speed of about 1 km/yr. More recent studies confirm these results and yield the speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at 95% confidence level. Since the original human expansions out of Africa 200,000 years ago, different prehistoric and historic migration events have taken place in Europe. Considering that

324-758: Is Israel ( Jacob ). In the first lines of the New Testament , the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage. Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties . The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture , agnatic primogeniture , or agnatic seniority until after World War II . The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law , meant

378-655: Is a result of two distinct migration events: "early Neolithic dispersion" and " expansions from the Arabian peninsula " during the 7th century. Semino 2004 later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J-M267 in the Arabic-speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times. More recent studies have emphasized doubt that

432-585: Is also found at very high but lesser extent in parts of the Caucasus , Ethiopia and parts of North Africa and amongst most Levant peoples, including Jewish groups , especially those with Cohen surnames. It can also be found much less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in parts of southern Europe and as far east as Central Asia . Since the discovery of haplogroup J-P209 it has generally been recognized that it shows signs of having evolved ~ 20,000 years ago somewhere in northwestern Iran,

486-560: Is based on the ISOGG (2012) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research. J1 (L255, L321, M267) Five out 12 male individuals from Alalakh who lived between 1930-1325 BC, belonged to haplogroup J1-P58. One out of 18 male individuals from Arslantepe who lived c. 3491-3122 BC, belonged to haplogroup J1-Z1824. Three out of 6 individuals from Ebla who lived between 2565-1896 BC, belonged to J1-P58. Ebla

540-423: Is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli 2009 , and it is consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames. Tofanelli et al. 2014 responded by saying: "In conclusion, while the observed distribution of sub-clades of haplotypes at mitochondrial and Y chromosome non-recombinant genomes might be compatible with founder events in recent times at

594-550: Is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes ." Chiaroni 2009 also noted the anomalously high apparent age of Omani J-M267 when looking more generally at J-P58 and J-M267 more generally. This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains

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648-464: Is not only in itself very dominant in many areas where J-M267 or J1 are common, but it also contains a large cluster which had been recognized before the discovery of P58. It is still a subject of research though. This relatively young cluster, compared to J-M267 overall, was identified by STR markers haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13 ( Chiaroni 2009 ) This cluster

702-559: The Amuq valley , where it influenced the later development of the Ghassulian culture. Around 8000 BC, before the invention of pottery, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as alabaster or granite , and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Such objects have been found in abundance on

756-612: The Cohen modal haplotype . They said that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim . They also said that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage

810-686: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt." They further propose that the Zarzian material culture may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of Semitic languages by hunter-herders , who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus, while other haplogroups including J-M267 moved out of

864-571: The Red Sea shoreline and moved east from Syria into southern Iraq . The culture disappeared during the 8.2 kiloyear event , a term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries. In the following Munhatta and Yarmukian post-pottery Neolithic cultures that succeeded it, rapid cultural development continues, although PPNB culture continued in

918-664: The West Bank . Like the earlier PPNA people, the PPNB culture developed from the Mesolithic Natufian culture . However, it shows evidence of having more northerly origins, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia . Cultural tendencies of this period differ from that of the earlier Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), in that people living during this phase began to depend more heavily upon domesticated animals to supplement their earlier mixed agrarian and hunter-gatherer diet. In addition,

972-461: The flint tool kit of the period is new and quite disparate from that of the earlier period. One of its major elements is the naviform core. This is the first period in which architectural styles of the southern Levant became primarily rectilinear ; earlier typical dwellings were circular, elliptical and occasionally even octagonal. Pyrotechnology, the expanding capability to control fire, was highly developed in this period. During this period, one of

1026-401: The male line , the spear side or agnatic kinship , is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called

1080-604: The "Arabic" type of J-M267, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J-M267 expansion in the Middle East ( Chiaroni 2009 ). These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia , but also found in Ethiopia ( Tofanelli 2009 ). There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M267. The following phylogeny or family tree of J-M267 haplogroup subclades

1134-492: The 7th century A.D., expanded to northern Africa ( Arredi 2004 and Semino 2004 ). However the Canary Islands is not known to have had any Semitic language. In North Africa J-M267 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very uneven manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower among Berber and/or non- urban populations. In Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J-M267 into Africa across

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1188-542: The Caucasus, the Armenian Highlands, and northern Mesopotamia. The frequency and diversity of both its major branches, J-M267 and J-M172, in that region makes them candidates as genetic markers of the spread of farming technology during the Neolithic , which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations. J-M267 has several recognized subclades, some of which were recognized before J-M267 itself

1242-541: The Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J-M267 frequencies. Chiaroni 2009 rejected this for J-P58 as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on

1296-617: The Levant utilizing rectangular floor plans and plastered floor techniques were found at Ain Ghazal , Yiftahel (western Galilee ), and Abu Hureyra (Upper Euphrates ). The period is dated to between c. 10,700 and c. 8,000 BP or 8,700–6,000 BC. Plastered human skulls were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient Levant between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. They represent some of

1350-642: The Maghreb. Tofanelli 2009 take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by Semino 2004 or the smaller "Galilee modal haplotype" as discussed by ( Nebel 2002 ). They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before

1404-942: The Mesolithic Natufian culture of the Levant, the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture of East Africa, the Early Neolithic Cardium culture of Morocco, and the Ancient Egyptian culture of the Nile Valley, with fossils associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic West Eurasian/Near-Eastern component. A paper from 2021 would find that the Mesolithic Natufians cluster the closest with modern Saudi Arabians, Desert Bedouins and Yemenis. The Natufians were also close to, and ancestral to

1458-679: The Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a study in 2011, in Tunisia, J-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%) ( Ennafaa 2011 ). J*(xJ-M172) was found in India among Indian Muslims. The area including eastern Turkey and the Zagros and Taurus mountains, has been identified as

1512-766: The ancient DNA of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia and Anatolia, showed that these populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian , Caucasus , and Levantine hunter-gatherers. Altınışık, N Ezgi et al. (2022) studied 13 genomes from the PPNB at Cayonu , Turkey, and found they were formed by an admixture event between western and eastern populations of early Holocene Southwest Asia. In 2023, Xiaoran Wang and team found that their six genetically analyzed PPNB individuals, were having ancestry from Levantine Epipaleolithic, Anatolian Neolithic, Iranian Neolithic , and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. The PPNB in general exhibited strong evidence of gene flow from populations related to Anatolia compared to

1566-729: The ancient Levant PPNB/C and the later Levantine Bronze Age samples. Mathieson et al. (2015) & Lazardis et al. (2016), discovered that the Levant Neolithic samples from PPNB to PPNC were a mix of a component related to Natufians, and another lineage related to Anatolian farmers from Barcin and Mentese. In another study from 2021, the populations of the PPNB Levant were modelled as having 60.5% Israel Natufian Epipaleolithic related ancestry, and 39.5% Turkey Barcin Neolithic ancestry. Later, geneticists in 2022 using 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), discovered that

1620-476: The area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J-M267 remained with their flocks ( King 2002 and Chiaroni 2008 ). According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages , which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age (approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved

1674-562: The branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language . The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J-P58 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and Negev . On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J-P58 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal: Studies show that J-P58 group

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1728-545: The date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived were much more recent, estimated to be tens of thousands of years. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic , a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant , dating to c.  10,800  – c.  8,500 years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in

1782-536: The earlier Natufian hunter-gatherers. PPN individuals from Ain Ghazal further to the north in Jordan had a stronger genetic affinity with Anatolia than the PPN of Ba'ja, although not significantly so. The spread of the Neolithic in Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of 14C age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available. Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza discovered

1836-462: The extant variation concludes that the Caucasus is likely to be the source of the Greek and Italian haplogroup J-M267 chromosomes. The Caucasus has areas of both high and low J-M267 frequency. The J-M267 in the Caucasus is also notable because most of it is not within the J-P58 subclade. The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 was announced in ( Karafet 2008 ), but had been announced earlier under

1890-686: The first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex. The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis. Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence ), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies. Before this discovery, estimates of

1944-505: The main features of houses is a thick layer of white clay plaster flooring, highly polished and made of lime produced from limestone . It is believed that the use of clay plaster for floor and wall coverings during PPNB led to the discovery of pottery . The earliest proto-pottery was White Ware vessels, made from lime and gray ash, built up around baskets before firing, for several centuries around 7000 BC at sites such as Tell Neba'a Faour ( Beqaa Valley ). Sites from this period found in

1998-450: The majority of the Jewish " Cohen modal haplotype ", found among Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains the "Galilee modal haplotype" (GMH) and "Palestinian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype ", both of which are associated with Palestinian / Israeli Arabs by Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009 . Nebel 2002 then pointed out that the GMH is also

2052-567: The most frequent type of J-P209 haplotype found in north-west Africans and Yemenis, so it is not restricted to Israel and Palestine. However, this particular variant "is absent" from two particular "non-Arab Middle Eastern populations", namely "Jews and Muslim Kurds" (even though both of these populations do have high levels of J-P209). Nebel 2002 noted not only the presence of the GMH in the Maghreb but also that J-M267 in this region had very little diversity. They concluded that J-M267 in this region

2106-539: The movement of the people implies a consequent movement of their genes, it is possible to estimate the impact of these migrations through the genetic analysis of human populations. Agricultural and husbandry practices originated 10,000 years ago in a region of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent. According to the archaeological record this phenomenon, known as "Neolithic", rapidly expanded from these territories into Europe. However, whether this diffusion

2160-614: The name Page08 in ( Repping 2006 and called that again in Chiaroni 2009 ). It is very prevalent in many areas where J-M267 is common, especially in parts of North Africa and throughout the Arabian peninsula. It also makes up approximately 70% of the J-M267 among the Amhara of Ethiopia. Notably, it is not common among the J-M267 of the Caucasus. Chiaroni 2009 proposed that J-P58 (that they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during

2214-501: The oldest forms of art in the Middle East and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their ancestors below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of portraiture in the history of art . Danielle Stordeur's recent work at Tell Aswad , a large agricultural village between Mount Hermon and Damascus could not validate Henri de Contenson's earlier suggestion of

Haplogroup J-M267 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-478: The origin of Jewish groups as Cohenite, Levite, Ashkenazite, the overall substantial polyphyletism as well as their systematic occurrence in non-Jewish groups highlights the lack of support for using them either as markers of Jewish ancestry or Biblical tales." The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. For example the J-M267 subclade of J-P58 defined by SNP M368 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J-M267 outside

2322-751: The poor quality of the DNA sequence. Olivieri et al . found a J1c3 haplotype in one of their ancient samples from Sardinia, dated to 6190–6000 calBP. An ancient sample of J1 was found at Satsurblia Cave circa 11,000 BC, specifically belonging to the rare J1-FT34521 subclade. The ancient individual from Satsurblia was male with black hair, brown eyes, and light skin. One out of 4 male individuals from Tell Kurdu who lived circa 5706-5622 BC, belonged to J1-L620. Haplogroups/Phylogeny Haplotype/SNP research Projects. See also Y-DNA haplogroup projects (ISOGG Wiki) Haplogroup-Specific Ethnic/Geographical Group Projects Patrilineality Patrilineality , also known as

2376-568: The same movements/migration of people ( Chiaroni 2009 ). Tofanelli 2009 refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a " Eurasian " type of J-M267. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb , Sudan , Iraq and Qatar , and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J-M267 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans , Kurds , Iranians and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and

2430-542: The spindle side or the distaff side. A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males. In the Bible , family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite , if his father is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father

2484-528: The subject of speculation. Whether it created its own culture or imported traditions from the North East or Southern Levant has been considered an important question for a site that poses a problem for the scientific community. Work at the site of 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan has indicated a later Pre-Pottery Neolithic C period, which existed between 8,200 and 7,900 BP. Juris Zarins has proposed that

2538-423: The supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the "Palestinian & Israeli Arab" modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation". Hammer 2009 disagreed, at least concerning

2592-523: The total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except the Principality of Liechtenstein . By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture , meaning that

2646-532: The upper Euphrates river , in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of Bouqras . These form the early stages of the development of the art of Mesopotamia . Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for uniparentals via ancient DNA, were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups E1b1b (2/7; ~29%), CT (2/7; ~29%), E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b) (1/7; ~14%), T(xT1a1,T1a2a) (1/7; ~14%), and H2 (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade

2700-474: Was accompanied or not by human migrations is greatly debated. Mitochondrial DNA – a type of maternally inherited DNA located in the cell cytoplasm- was recovered from the remains of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farmers in the Near East and then compared to available data from other Neolithic populations in Europe and also to modern populations from South Eastern Europe and the Near East. The obtained results show that substantial human migrations were involved in

2754-496: Was also observed in a Pre-Pottery Neolithic C specimen (1/1; 100%). Maternally, the rare basal haplogroup N* has been found among skeletal remains belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, as have the mtDNA clades L3 and K . DNA analysis has also confirmed ancestral ties between the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture bearers and the makers of the Epipaleolithic Iberomaurusian culture of North Africa,

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2808-553: Was an ancient East Semitic -speaking city and kingdom in Syria in the early Bronze age that was destroyed by the Akkadians . A member of haplogroup J1-M267 is found among eastern hunter-gatherers from Karelia , Northeast Europe living ~ 8.3 kya. This branch is absent in other ancient European hunter-gatherers. Unfortunately, it is not possible to put this sample in the context of the current haplogroup J1-M267 variation because of

2862-448: Was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations ( Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009 ). More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent among men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J-M267 is nevertheless common. The genetical pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J-P58 generally, described above, and may be caused by

2916-442: Was recognized, for example J-M62 Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" 2002 . With one notable exception, J-P58, most of these are not common ( Tofanelli 2009 ). Because of the dominance of J-P58 in J-M267 populations in many areas, discussion of J-M267's origins require a discussion of J-P58 at the same time. North Africa received Semitic migrations, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from

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