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71-660: JLC may refer to: Jaeger-LeCoultre , a Swiss watch and clock manufacturer Jewish Labor Committee Jewish Leadership Council , British charity John Leggott College , a college in North Lincolnshire, England Journal of Language Relationship People [ edit ] Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , American Civil War general Jenna-Louise Coleman , an English actress John le Carré , pen name of British author David Cornwell Justin Lee Collins ,

142-426: A British comedian, radio and television presenter Jamie Lee Curtis , an American actress John Lloyd Cruz , Filipino actor Jason La Canfora , an American sports writer and television analyst Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title JLC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

213-459: A central role, prefers to use the terms bias and variability instead of accuracy and precision: bias is the amount of inaccuracy and variability is the amount of imprecision. A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error , then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be

284-459: A classification is considered correct if the correct classification falls anywhere within the top 5 predictions made by the network. Top-5 accuracy was popularized by the ImageNet challenge. It is usually higher than top-1 accuracy, as any correct predictions in the 2nd through 5th positions will not improve the top-1 score, but do improve the top-5 score. In psychometrics and psychophysics ,

355-547: A clock by S. Smith & Sons. Due to the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act, from 1932 to approximately 1985 watches were cased in locally produced cases in North America and sold under the name LeCoultre by the company Vacheron-LeCoultre , a subsidiary of Longines -Wittnauer, with slightly different case designs. After 1985, Jaeger-LeCoultre was adopted uniformly worldwide. According to factory records,

426-497: A cognitive process do not always produce the same output. Cognitive accuracy (C A ) is the propensity of a cognitive process to produce the intended or desired output. Cognitive precision (C P ) is the propensity of a cognitive process to produce the same output. To measure augmented cognition in human/cog ensembles, where one or more humans work collaboratively with one or more cognitive systems (cogs), increases in cognitive accuracy and cognitive precision assist in measuring

497-450: A common mistake in evaluation of accurate models is to compare a logic simulation model to a transistor circuit simulation model . This is a comparison of differences in precision, not accuracy. Precision is measured with respect to detail and accuracy is measured with respect to reality. Information retrieval systems, such as databases and web search engines , are evaluated by many different metrics , some of which are derived from

568-739: A condition. That is, the accuracy is the proportion of correct predictions (both true positives and true negatives ) among the total number of cases examined. As such, it compares estimates of pre- and post-test probability . To make the context clear by the semantics, it is often referred to as the "Rand accuracy" or " Rand index ". It is a parameter of the test. The formula for quantifying binary accuracy is: Accuracy = T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N {\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}}} where TP = True positive ; FP = False positive ; TN = True negative ; FN = False negative In this context,

639-427: A consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision. A measurement system is considered valid if it is both accurate and precise . Related terms include bias (non- random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable ) and error (random variability). The terminology

710-490: A contract with the Parisian watchmaker under which all Jaeger movements for a period of fifteen years would be exclusive to Cartier. The movements were produced by LeCoultre. Edmond Jaeger also acquired the patent for the atmospherically driven clock Atmos from its inventor Jean-Léon Reutter and licensed it to LeCoultre from 1936 for France, and in 1937 for Switzerland. The collaboration between Jaeger and LeCoultre led to

781-499: A few minutes, leading London-based store owner Tyme to display in its shop window: “You won’t have time to finish your cigarette before your watch is repaired”. The Duoplan led to the creation in 1929 of the world's still-smallest mechanical movement, the Calibre 101, whose 74 original parts (98 today) weighed a total of approximately one gram. The second family of watches equipped with the Calibre 101, Joaillerie 101 Étrier appeared in

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852-436: A given search. Adding a cutoff at a particular number of results takes ranking into account to some degree. The measure precision at k , for example, is a measure of precision looking only at the top ten (k=10) search results. More sophisticated metrics, such as discounted cumulative gain , take into account each individual ranking, and are more commonly used where this is important. In cognitive systems, accuracy and precision

923-410: A measurement system, related to reproducibility and repeatability , is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results . Although the two words precision and accuracy can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method . The field of statistics , where the interpretation of measurements plays

994-668: A minute-repeater shutter as a third face covering one of its two dials; the Master Grande Tradition Grande Complication is equipped with a flying tourbillon that follows the rhythm of celestial phenomena and indicates sidereal time , and a minute repeater comprising cathedral gongs; the Hybris Mechanica à Grande Sonnerie is equipped with gongs capable of playing the entire Big Ben chime; the Reverso Gyrotourbillon 2

1065-399: A multiple of the basic measurement unit: 8.0 km is equivalent to 8.0 × 10  m. It indicates a margin of 0.05 km (50 m). However, reliance on this convention can lead to false precision errors when accepting data from sources that do not obey it. For example, a source reporting a number like 153,753 with precision +/- 5,000 looks like it has precision +/- 0.5. Under

1136-495: A patented triple case back to optimise the transmission of sound under water. The latter model would go on to inspire the current Master Compressor and AMVOX lines. It was reproduced in 2008 under the name Memovox Tribute to Polaris. In honour of the International Geophysical Year in 1958, Jaeger-LeCoultre created a watch protected against magnetic fields, water and shocks. The Geophysic chronometer

1207-411: A related measure: trueness , "the closeness of agreement between the arithmetic mean of a large number of test results and the true or accepted reference value." While precision is a description of random errors (a measure of statistical variability ), accuracy has two different definitions: In simpler terms, given a statistical sample or set of data points from repeated measurements of

1278-626: A small watchmaking workshop in Le Sentier, where he honed his horological skills to create high-quality timepieces. In 1844, he invented the world's most precise measuring instrument at the time, the Millionomètre, and in 1847 he created a keyless system to rewind and set watches. Four years later, he was awarded a gold medal for his work on timepiece precision and Mechanization at the first Universal Exhibition in London . In 1866, at

1349-466: A time when watchmaking skills were divided up among hundreds of small workshops, Antoine and his son, Elie LeCoultre (1842-1917), established the Vallée de Joux's first full-fledged manufacture, LeCoultre & Cie. , pooling their employees’ expertise under one roof. Under this set-up, they developed in 1870 the first partially mechanised production processes for complicated movements. By the same year,

1420-502: Is a major cause of environmental issues such as pollution , soil degradation and deforestation . The situation is especially serious in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China , Russia and South Africa . It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if

1491-510: Is a Swiss luxury watch and clock manufacturer founded by Antoine LeCoultre in 1833 and is based in Le Sentier , Switzerland . Since 2000, the company has been a fully owned subsidiary of the Swiss luxury group Richemont . Jaeger-LeCoultre is regarded as a top-tier Richemont brand. It has hundreds of inventions, patents, and more than one thousand movements to its name, including

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1562-429: Is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data. In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution , which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement. In numerical analysis , accuracy is also the nearness of a calculation to the true value; while precision

1633-499: Is also reflected in the 2008 issue of the BIPM International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), items 2.13 and 2.14. According to ISO 5725-1, the general term "accuracy" is used to describe the closeness of a measurement to the true value. When the term is applied to sets of measurements of the same measurand , it involves a component of random error and a component of systematic error. In this case trueness

1704-403: Is ambiguous; the trailing zeros may or may not be intended as significant figures. To avoid this ambiguity, the number could be represented in scientific notation: 8.0 × 10  m indicates that the first zero is significant (hence a margin of 50 m) while 8.000 × 10  m indicates that all three zeros are significant, giving a margin of 0.5 m. Similarly, one can use

1775-699: Is equipped with a spherical tourbillon principle, a reversible case and a cylindrical balance; the Master Compressor Extreme LAB is oil-free; the Gyrotourbillon 1 is equipped with a tourbillon evolving in three dimensions to compensate for the effects of gravity in all positions. Since 1931, Jaeger-LeCoultre has held close ties with the equestrian sports community and counts the Polo Club de Veytay as one of its partners. In 2004, Jaeger-LeCoultre teamed with Aston Martin to launch

1846-412: Is simply the fraction of correct classifications: Accuracy = correct classifications all classifications {\displaystyle {\text{Accuracy}}={\frac {\text{correct classifications}}{\text{all classifications}}}} This is usually expressed as a percentage. For example, if a classifier makes ten predictions and nine of them are correct, the accuracy is 90%. Accuracy

1917-431: Is sometimes also viewed as a micro metric , to underline that it tends to be greatly affected by the particular class prevalence in a dataset and the classifier's biases. Furthermore, it is also called top-1 accuracy to distinguish it from top-5 accuracy, common in convolutional neural network evaluation. To evaluate top-5 accuracy, the classifier must provide relative likelihoods for each class. When these are sorted,

1988-509: Is the closeness of the mean of a set of measurement results to the actual (true) value, that is the systematic error, and precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results, that is the random error. ISO 5725-1 and VIM also avoid the use of the term " bias ", previously specified in BS 5497-1, because it has different connotations outside the fields of science and engineering, as in medicine and law. In industrial instrumentation, accuracy

2059-471: Is the measurement tolerance, or transmission of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Ideally a measurement device is both accurate and precise, with measurements all close to and tightly clustered around the true value. The accuracy and precision of a measurement process is usually established by repeatedly measuring some traceable reference standard . Such standards are defined in

2130-476: Is the resolution of the representation, typically defined by the number of decimal or binary digits. In military terms, accuracy refers primarily to the accuracy of fire ( justesse de tir ), the precision of fire expressed by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the centre of the target. A shift in the meaning of these terms appeared with the publication of the ISO 5725 series of standards in 1994, which

2201-415: Is used to characterize and measure results of a cognitive process performed by biological or artificial entities where a cognitive process is a transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a higher-valued form. ( DIKW Pyramid ) Sometimes, a cognitive process produces exactly the intended or desired output but sometimes produces output far from the intended or desired. Furthermore, repetitions of

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2272-603: The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités ) and maintained by national standards organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States. This also applies when measurements are repeated and averaged. In that case, the term standard error is properly applied: the precision of the average is equal to

2343-541: The Jaeger-LeCoultre Glory to the Filmmaker Award . Accuracy and precision Accuracy and precision are two measures of observational error . Accuracy is how close a given set of measurements ( observations or readings) are to their true value . Precision is how close the measurements are to each other. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines

2414-726: The Nautilus , the first American nuclear submarine to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the North Pole. JLC produces some complicated watches ( Grand complication ), e.g. the Master Gyrotourbillon 1 with a spherical Tourbillon . The Duomètre Sphérotourbillon is equipped with a tourbillon adjustable to the nearest second; the Reverso Répétition Minutes à Rideau is equipped with

2485-428: The confusion matrix , which divides results into true positives (documents correctly retrieved), true negatives (documents correctly not retrieved), false positives (documents incorrectly retrieved), and false negatives (documents incorrectly not retrieved). Commonly used metrics include the notions of precision and recall . In this context, precision is defined as the fraction of documents correctly retrieved compared to

2556-596: The 1930s. In 1953, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom wore a Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 101 wristwatch for her coronation . The Atmos Clock is a timepiece of near-perpetual movement needing no human intervention and almost no energy. Invented by Swiss engineer Jean-Léon Reutter in 1928 in Neuchâtel , the Atmos clock has been the Swiss government's official gift for important guests since 1950. Patented in 1928,

2627-755: The Aston Martin Jaeger-LeCoultre gentleman's watch - the AMVOX1. The design of the timepiece was inspired by a 70-year historical link between the two companies. The dashboard of the 1930s, 1.5-litre Aston Martin LM – a regular class winner in international motorsport – contained instruments created by Jaeger-LeCoultre. In October 2011, the Responsible Jewellery Council announced that Jaeger-LeCoultre had obtained certification for its commitment to human rights and for meeting

2698-610: The French Navy, Edmond Jaeger, challenged Swiss manufacturers to develop and produce the ultra-thin movements that he had invented. Jacques-David LeCoultre, Antoine's grandson who was responsible for production at LeCoultre & Cie., accepted the challenge, giving rise to a collection of ultra-thin pocket watches, including the thinnest in the world in 1907, equipped with the LeCoultre Calibre 145. The same year, French jeweller Cartier , one of Jaeger's clients, signed

2769-690: The Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 489. In 1956, a Memovox featuring the Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 815 became the first self-winding alarm watch in history, while shortly thereafter the company marked its 125th anniversary by releasing the Memovox Worldtime. In 1959, the Memovox Deep Sea was equipped with a specific alarm to remind divers to begin their ascension, and in 1965, the Memovox Polaris was released with

2840-463: The Manufacture employed 500 people and was known as the “Grande Maison of the Vallée de Joux”, and by 1900, it had created over 350 different calibres, of which 128 were equipped with chronograph functions and 99 with repeater mechanisms. From 1902 and for the next 30 years, LeCoultre & Cie. produced most of the movement blanks for Patek Philippe of Geneva. In 1903, Paris-based watchmaker to

2911-647: The World Heritage Committee's priority programmes, leading to the listing of new marine sites and protection measures for the 46 sites already listed. Each year, the programme as well as the sites are featured in print and online news articles by the International Herald Tribune, thus offering increased visibility to the partnership. In addition, the company partners with the Venice Film Festival to present

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2982-487: The ability to be hand wound, the calibre 497, Calibre 497 debuted with the Jaeger-LeCoultre Futurematic and was much more advanced than the earlier JLC 476 and JLC 481. It features a larger balance for improved accuracy and hacking seconds. One unique feature is a lock that holds the swinging weight in place when the mainspring is fully wound. It also features a special 6 hour power reserve, allowing

3053-731: The case. Watches for ladies also bore "LeCoultre" on the front. The LeCoultre trademark expired in 1985 and was replaced by the Jaeger-LeCoultre trademark. Since Jaeger-LeCoultre's founding, the company has produced over 1,242 different calibres , registered approximately 400 patents and created hundreds of inventions. In December 2018, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) released an official report giving environmental ratings for 15 major watch manufacturers and jewelers in Switzerland . Jaeger-LeCoultre, along with 3 other manufacturers including Vacheron Constantin and Cartier ,

3124-601: The clock before beginning to manufacture it in its current technological form in 1946. In 1988, the Kohler and Rekow design agency created a two-piece limited edition showcase for the clock and, in 2003, the Manufacture released the Atmos Mystérieuse, driven by the Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 583 and comprising 1,460 parts. In 1951, the Manufacture released the Futurematic , the first automatic movement that lacked

3195-581: The clock with two days' autonomy. Its balance, suspended from a steel-alloy wire thinner than a hair, performs two vibrations per minute; its gearing requires no lubricant. The Atmos' gearing is known for its accuracy: the moon-phase model, for example, accumulates a one-day discrepancy only once every 3,821 years. The patents were subsequently purchased by Jaeger-LeCoultre in France 1936 and in Switzerland in 1937. The company then spent ten years perfecting

3266-534: The company being officially renamed Jaeger-LeCoultre in 1937. Before that, LeCoultre of Switzerland and Jaeger of France also formed a company in England, Ed. Jaeger (London) Limited , in 1921 to make instruments for prestige car manufacturers. In 1927 Jaeger LeCoultre sold 75 per cent of the company to S Smith & Sons and in 1937 the company name was changed to British Jaeger Instruments Limited. The 1930 Bentley Speed Six also features gauges made by Jaeger and

3337-511: The concepts of trueness and precision as defined by ISO 5725-1 are not applicable. One reason is that there is not a single “true value” of a quantity, but rather two possible true values for every case, while accuracy is an average across all cases and therefore takes into account both values. However, the term precision is used in this context to mean a different metric originating from the field of information retrieval ( see below ). When computing accuracy in multiclass classification, accuracy

3408-408: The convention it would have been rounded to 150,000. Alternatively, in a scientific context, if it is desired to indicate the margin of error with more precision, one can use a notation such as 7.54398(23) × 10 m, meaning a range of between 7.54375 and 7.54421 × 10 m. Precision includes: In engineering, precision is often taken as three times Standard Deviation of measurements taken, representing

3479-490: The distribution of Vacheron Constantin timepieces. Collectors have confused this distribution channel with the manufacture of the watches. According to Jaeger-LeCoultre enthusiast Zaf Basha, the "Galaxy", an upmarket mysterious dial diamond watch, is a collaboration between Vacheron & Constantin and LeCoultre for the American market. It features “LeCoultre” on the front and “Vacheron & Constantin — LeCoultre” stamped on

3550-444: The documents (true positives plus true negatives divided by true positives plus true negatives plus false positives plus false negatives). None of these metrics take into account the ranking of results. Ranking is very important for web search engines because readers seldom go past the first page of results, and there are too many documents on the web to manually classify all of them as to whether they should be included or excluded from

3621-442: The documents retrieved (true positives divided by true positives plus false positives), using a set of ground truth relevant results selected by humans. Recall is defined as the fraction of documents correctly retrieved compared to the relevant documents (true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives). Less commonly, the metric of accuracy is used, is defined as the fraction of documents correctly classified compared to

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3692-768: The ethical, social and environmental standards established by the RJC's Member Certification system. In 2012, in partnership with the Italian luxury leathergoods brand Valextra , Jaeger-LeCoultre began offering a two-tone version of its ladies’ Reverso watch. Jaeger-LeCoultre and the International Herald Tribune have joined forces with UNESCO 's World Heritage Centre in support of the World Heritage Marine Programme. The partnership provides funding and media exposure for one of

3763-587: The existing Calibre 497. Like that movement, it has a power reserve indicator at 9:00 and small seconds 3:00, but in Cal. 817 and Cal. 837 these are tiny round windows rather than being full subdials. Calibre 827 returned to the full subdial format. Calibres 817, 827, and 837 were produced from 1956 through 1958, with just 3,500 movements made. About 3,000 of Cal. 817, 1,000 of Cal. 827, and just 500 of Cal. 837 were made. Approximately 52,500 examples of Calibre 497 were produced between 1951 and 1958. It has been said that

3834-410: The first version – known today as the Atmos 1 – was marketed by La Compagnie Générale de Radiologie (CGR) in 1930. It derives energy from small temperature and atmospheric pressure changes in the environment, and can run for years without human intervention. Wound by a capsule filled with a mixture of temperature-sensitive gases, a 1 °C fluctuation is enough to store sufficient energy to supply

3905-451: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JLC&oldid=1137232417 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jaeger-LeCoultre Manufacture Jaeger-LeCoultre SA , or simply Jaeger-LeCoultre ( French pronunciation: [ʒeʒɛʁ ləkultʁ] ),

3976-506: The known standard deviation of the process divided by the square root of the number of measurements averaged. Further, the central limit theorem shows that the probability distribution of the averaged measurements will be closer to a normal distribution than that of individual measurements. With regard to accuracy we can distinguish: A common convention in science and engineering is to express accuracy and/or precision implicitly by means of significant figures . Where not explicitly stated,

4047-548: The last movement to be used in an American LeCoultre watch was shipped out of Le Sentier in 1976. Some collectors and misinformed dealers have made the erroneous claim that American LeCoultre is not associated with Jaeger-LeCoultre Switzerland. The confusion stems from the 1950s, when the North American distributor of LeCoultre watches was the Longines-Wittnauer Group, which also was responsible for

4118-443: The margin of error is understood to be one-half the value of the last significant place. For instance, a recording of 843.6 m, or 843.0 m, or 800.0 m would imply a margin of 0.05 m (the last significant place is the tenths place), while a recording of 843 m would imply a margin of error of 0.5 m (the last significant digits are the units). A reading of 8,000 m, with trailing zeros and no decimal point,

4189-549: The material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies. Its name inspired by the Latin “I turn around”, the Reverso was created in 1931 as a watch capable of surviving the hard knocks of a polo game: The origin of the watch creation is rooted in the early 1930s when a group of Polo players asked César de Trey, a watch dealer, to create a timepiece that could withstand the rigours of their sport. César de Trey followed up on

4260-466: The range that 99.73% of measurements can occur within. For example, an ergonomist measuring the human body can be confident that 99.73% of their extracted measurements fall within ± 0.7 cm - if using the GRYPHON processing system - or ± 13 cm - if using unprocessed data. Accuracy is also used as a statistical measure of how well a binary classification test correctly identifies or excludes

4331-404: The request with a letter to his colleague and watch manufacturer, Jacques-David LeCoultre. René-Alfred Chauvot, was a French engineer with LeCoultre, and was engaged to develop this new watchcase. Mr. Chauvot designed a reversible case that could protect the fragile dial and glass of the watch. The final design, that is still in use today, allows for the case to be swivelled in its carrier to protect

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4402-433: The same quantity, the sample or set can be said to be accurate if their average is close to the true value of the quantity being measured, while the set can be said to be precise if their standard deviation is relatively small. In the fields of science and engineering , the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's true value . The precision of

4473-478: The status of “inhabitant” but left the following year to acquire a plot of land in the Vallée de Joux . Over time, a small community formed and in 1612, Pierre LeCoultre's son built a church there, marking the founding of the village of Le Sentier where the company's Manufacture is still based today. In 1834, following his invention of a machine to cut watch pinions from steel, Antoine LeCoultre (1803-1881) founded

4544-482: The technical director of Etablissements Ed. Jaeger, the Duoplan was built on two levels – hence its name – enabling it to maintain a large-size balance. The Duoplan was also one of the first gem-set steel watches and, in 1929, its glass was replaced with sapphire crystal , a first in watchmaking. The Duoplan was insured by Lloyd's of London with a special after-sales service, and a damaged movement could be replaced in

4615-588: The term accuracy is interchangeably used with validity and constant error . Precision is a synonym for reliability and variable error . The validity of a measurement instrument or psychological test is established through experiment or correlation with behavior. Reliability is established with a variety of statistical techniques, classically through an internal consistency test like Cronbach's alpha to ensure sets of related questions have related responses, and then comparison of those related question between reference and target population. In logic simulation ,

4686-405: The watch glass. The design is considered a classic of Art Deco . A list of notable watches from the Reverso line include the following: In 1925, the LeCoultre Calibre 7BF Duoplan was created in an effort to bring together miniaturisation and precision. The fashion of the period was for small wristwatches, however small calibres often suffered from a loss of reliability. Created by Henri Rodanet,

4757-401: The watch to immediately function when it is put on, rather than requiring it to be wound first. The Calibre 497 featured a power reserve indicator along with small seconds located at the unusual position of 3:00. There is no crown on either side of the case. The crown to set the time is on the rear of the case. Calibre 817 was used in the Jaeger-LeCoultre Futurematic and was a modification of

4828-594: The whole project for the Futurematic almost made the company bankrupt, as they never fully recovered their investment from sales of the Futurematic series of watches. In 1950, the Manufacture released the Memovox (portmanteau of memoria and vox , “voice of memory”), a year after the model cricket was released by Vulcain . Its striking mechanism could be used as an alarm for waking up, appointments, timetables, etc. The first models were hand wound and equipped with

4899-610: The world's smallest movement, one of the world's most complicated wristwatches (Grande Complication), and a timepiece of near-perpetual movement (the Atmos clock ). Watch enthusiasts refer to the brand as the watchmaker's watchmaker. The earliest records of the LeCoultre family in Switzerland date from the 16th century, when Pierre LeCoultre (circa 1530 – circa 1600), a French Huguenot , fled to Geneva from Lizy-sur-Ourcq , France to escape religious persecution. In 1558, he obtained

4970-404: Was given an average environmental rating as "Upper Midfield", suggesting that the manufacturer has taken first actions addressing the impact of its manufacturing activities on the environment and climate change . In jewelry and watchmaking industry, there are general concerns over the lack of transparency in manufacturing activities and the sourcing of precious raw materials such as gold , which

5041-515: Was proposed by long-time employee Jules-César Savary as a watch intended for scientific bases in Antarctica . The watch was fitted with the Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 478BWS and featured seventeen jewels, a Breguet overcoil, a regulating spring on the balance-cock, a shock-absorber and a Glucydur balance. The year of its release, the Geophysic was offered to William R. Anderson , the captain of

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