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40-495: The region is agricultural, and produces extra virgin olive oil, green and white asparagus, and cotton. Jódar is the largest European producer of handcrafted esparto grass arts and crafts, mainly parasols for beach use. This town is near Mount San Cristóbal, a peak in the north part of the massif of Sierra Mágina , and is the most populous town of the Comarca de Sierra Mágina  [ es ] . Mountains and mounts near to

80-521: A steppic landscape – esparto grasslands – which covers large parts of Spain and Algeria. Esparto leaves have been used for millennia. The oldest baskets of esparto, dating back 7,000 years, were found in a cave in southern Spain (Cueva de los Murciélagos, Albuñol , Granada ). This collection is now in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain . There are many esparto remains in archaeological settlements from as long ago as

120-432: A cylinder mould that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire mesh and covers the mould as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mould to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off the mould. Papermaking continues to be of concern from an environmental perspective , due to its use of harsh chemicals, its need for large amounts of water, and

160-570: A generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved. Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and other regions of Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper

200-588: A handful of leaves at a time. The esparto is not normally used immediately after harvesting. Instead, the leaves are left to dry in the sun until they turn yellowish. This is the raw esparto, which is used for different basketry techniques. An alternative is to soak the leaves in water for about a month, before drying and then crushing them. This material is known as "crushed esparto", which is stronger and easier to weave. The main techniques are: All techniques involve working with an odd number of strands, from 5 to 31 or more. There are many complementary techniques to end

240-401: A press. The method of manual papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can be generalized into five steps: Screening the fibre involves using a mesh made from non-corroding and inert material, such as brass, stainless steel or a synthetic fibre, which is stretched in a paper mould, a wooden frame similar to that of

280-445: A special name that describes its use. For example, a "cesto rosero" is a basket used traditionally to gather saffron flowers. A special esparto basketry piece is the esparto canteen. Made with crushed esparto and waterproofed with pine pitch, they were used by the shepherds of southeastern Spain to carry water in the mountains. The Archaeological Museum of Cartagena has an example of a Roman esparto canteen two thousand years old. Esparto

320-404: A window. The size of the paper is governed by the open area of the frame. The mould is then completely submerged in the furnish, then pulled, shaken and drained, forming a uniform coating on the screen. Excess water is then removed, the wet mat of fibre laid on top of a damp cloth or felt in a process called "couching". The process is repeated for the required number of sheets. This stack of wet mats

360-436: Is made using industrial machinery , while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression . In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry,

400-466: Is currently an overlap of certain celebrated paper art practitioners with their other artistic pursuits, while in academia the term may be applied to those conducting research, education, or conservation of books and paper artifacts. In the industrial field it tends to overlap with science, technology and engineering, and often with management of the pulp and paper business itself. Some well-known and recognized papermakers have found fame in other fields, to

440-590: Is of Cai Lun , an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 CE), said to have invented paper about 105 CE using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. Paper used as a writing medium had become widespread by the 3rd century and, by the 6th century, toilet paper was starting to be used in China as well. During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) paper

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480-470: Is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products. Hemp paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding since the eighth century BC. Paper with legible Chinese writings on it has been dated to 8 BC. The traditional inventor attribution

520-406: Is then pressed in a hydraulic press. The fairly damp fibre is then dried using a variety of methods, such as vacuum drying or simply air drying. Sometimes, the individual sheet is rolled to flatten, harden, and refine the surface. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape or the standard shape (A4, letter, legal, etc.) and packed. The wooden frame is called a " deckle ". The deckle leaves

560-496: The Neolithic period, including rugs, ropes, clothes, etc. Iberians used esparto rugs as floor coverings. For Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans, esparto was the best raw material for boat ropes. For centuries, esparto grasslands have been managed by local populations in order to boost the harvest, due to its economic value. In southern Spain there is an "Esparto culture": a deep knowledge about the many uses of this fiber forms part of

600-538: The medieval Islamic world , where they were first noted in the 9th century by Arabic geographers in Damascus . Traditional papermaking in Asia uses the inner bark fibers of plants. This fiber is soaked, cooked, rinsed and traditionally hand-beaten to form the paper pulp. The long fibers are layered to form strong, translucent sheets of paper. In Eastern Asia, three traditional fibers are abaca , kōzo and gampi . In

640-541: The watermark were well established by 1300 CE, while hemp and linen rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities. Papermaking was originally not popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over papyrus and parchment . It was not until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type of printing and its demand for paper that many paper mills entered production, and papermaking became an industry. Modern papermaking began in

680-570: The 1860s. Lloyd imported his raw materials from Oran and Arzew in Algeria . It has been extensively used in the UK and Europe , but due to transportation costs, it is rarely found in the United States . Most paper made from esparto is usually combined with 5% to 10% wood pulp . The fibers are fairly short in relation to their width, yet do not create any significant amount of dust. Because of

720-633: The Himalayas, paper is made from the lokta plant. This paper is used for calligraphy, printing, book arts, and three-dimensional work, including origami . In other Southeast Asian countries, elephants are fed with large amount of starch food, so that their feces can be used to make paper as well. This can be found in elephant preservation camps in Myanmar, where the paper is sold to fund the organization's operations. In Europe , papermaking moulds using metallic wire were developed, and features like

760-554: The abolition of estate privileges in the 19th century. This article about a location in Andalusia, Spain, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . https://www.andalucia.org/en/jodar Esparto Esparto , halfah grass , or esparto grass is a fiber produced from two species of perennial grasses of north Africa , Spain and Portugal. It is used for crafts, such as cords , basketry , and espadrilles . Stipa tenacissima and Lygeum spartum are

800-416: The baskets, square braids, cord edging, crown sinnet, points, etc. In the finest pieces, all leaves used must be the same size and diameter, and must always be joined in parallel. Traditionally, esparto basketry has not been a professional product. Shepherds, farmers and other people of the countryside used to plait esparto on rainy days or in times not suitable for working. Most craft tools and artifacts in

840-599: The early 19th century in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine . This machine produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines are large. Some produce paper 150 meters in length and 10 meters wide. They can produce paper at a rate of 100 km/h. In 1844, Canadian Charles Fenerty and German Friedrich Gottlob Keller had invented the machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in papermaking. This innovation ended

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880-403: The edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy, called " deckle edges ", one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally mechanically imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury. The impressions in paper caused by the wires in the screen that run sideways are called "laid lines" and the impressions made, usually from top to bottom, by

920-535: The mid-19th century, making paper by hand was extinct in the United States. By 1912, fine book printer and publisher, Dard Hunter had reestablished the craft of fine hand paper making but by the 1930s the craft had lapsed in interest again. When artist Douglass Howell returned to New York City after serving in World War II , he established himself as a fine art printmaker and discovered that art paper

960-432: The nearly 2,000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually almost all paper was made out of pulped wood. Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a dilute suspension of fibres in water, called "furnish", and forcing this suspension to drain through a screen, to produce a mat of interwoven fibres. Water is removed from this mat of fibres using

1000-451: The plant, were used to make the traditional torches of southern Spain, named "hachos". They are also used by beekeepers to produce smoke while taking honey from the hives. Shepherds would sometimes weave a makeshift spoon from esparto leaves to eat curdle. Papermaking Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard , which are used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper

1040-587: The point that their papermaking background is almost forgotten. One of the most notable examples might be that of the first humans that achieved flight, the Montgolfier brothers , where many accounts barely mention the paper mill their family owned, although paper used in their balloons did play a relevant role in their success, as probably did their familiarity with this light and strong material. Key inventors include James Whatman , Henry Fourdrinier , Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman , among others. By

1080-513: The processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paper machine called Fourdrinier machine distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry by gravity or under vacuum, the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls. The outcome often weighs several tons. Another type of paper machine, invented by John Dickinson in 1809, makes use of

1120-443: The quality of the production process. The "handsheets" made according to TAPPI Standard T 205 are circular sheets 15.9 cm (6.25 in) in diameter and are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of sizing . Paper made from other fibers, cotton being the most common, tends to be valued higher than wood-based paper. A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to

1160-469: The rebellious Omar Ben Hafsun, later to betray him. One of Omar Ben Hafsun's deputies beheaded him and sent his head to Córdoba. The Christian conquest was carried out by Sancho Martínez de la Torre in 1231, by order of King Fernando III, as a starting point in the battle for Ubeda. In 1485, Diaz Sanchez de Carvajal founded an estate over Jódar, with the approval of the Catholic Monarchs , until

1200-408: The resulting contamination risks, as well as the carbon sequestration lost by deforestation caused by clearcutting the trees used as the primary source of wood pulp . While papermaking was considered a lifework, exclusive profession for most of its history, the term "notable papermakers" is often not strictly limited to those who actually make paper. Especially in the hand papermaking field there

1240-445: The short fiber length, the tensile strength of the paper is less than that of many other papers, but its resistance to shrinkage and stretching is superior, and the paper is a well-filled, dense paper with excellent inking qualities. It also has very good folding properties. Some manufacturers of rolling paper may use esparto, which might lead to a slightly higher carcinogen level when burned. The old leaves, which are under

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1280-408: The southern Spanish countryside for farming and livestock were made with esparto, such as harvesting baskets, items for the home, and containers/sacks for carts, horses, and donkeys. There is a huge variety of items, many of which are well known and have a specific use, but others are the product of a special personal need or a free creation, such as toys for children or animals. Every kind of basket has

1320-681: The species used to produce esparto. Stipa tenacissima ( Macrochloa tenacissima ) produces the better and stronger esparto. It is endemic to the Mediterranean region (growing in Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Another name in Spanish for the plant is "atocha", a pre-Roman word. "Esparto" or σπάρτο in Greek may refer to any woven products of sedge or broom , including cords and ropes. This species grows forming

1360-480: The traditions of these communities. After the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), esparto was declared a "national fiber"; there was even a National Esparto Service. The opening of markets to other fibers and plastics eventually led to the decline of the esparto industry. Esparto leaves are traditionally harvested with a stick; usually of wood or iron, but in ancient times, of bone. The stick is used to pull up

1400-555: The village include: The climate is Mediterranean , with warm and dry summers and cold winters. There are prehistoric remains in Jódar, at Las Quebradas . The creation of the town dates back to the 3rd century BCE. During the al-Andalus period it was called Galdur y Xauda. Its castle is among the oldest in the province, documented since the year 860. In the 10th century the Arab governor Jair Aben Xaquir declared it independent and joined

1440-458: The wires holding the sideways wires together are called "chain lines". Watermarks are created by weaving a design into the wires in the mould. Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines. The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA) is the world-leading association for handmade paper artists. Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check

1480-435: Was also used for making slingshots. In ancient times these were used as weapons of war, but could also be used for hunting or by shepherds to protect their livestock. A wide strip of plaited raw esparto, named "pleita" in Spanish, is the traditional mold for Manchego cheese. Another important use of esparto is in rope-making. Ropes could be made with raw esparto, crushed esparto or raked esparto (after crushed). A special rope

1520-556: Was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavour of tea, while the later Song dynasty (960–1279 CE) was the first government to issue paper-printed money. In the 8th century, papermaking spread to the Islamic world , where the process was refined, and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing. Production began in Samarkand , Baghdad , Damascus , Cairo , Morocco , and then Muslim Spain . In Baghdad , papermaking

1560-516: Was under the supervision of the Grand Vizier Ja'far ibn Yahya . Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. The earliest references to paper mills also come from

1600-528: Was used to tie cereal bunches in harvest time. Other were used in vernacular architecture to tie reeds to the timber in roof building. Esparto grass is known for its use in papermaking . The fiber makes a high quality paper often used in book manufacturing. First used in Great Britain in 1850 by Thomas Routledge who imported it from southern Spain, and it was greatly exploited by Edward Lloyd at his paper mills at Bow-Bridge and Sittingbourne from

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