66-742: Johan / Johann Joseph Zoffany RA (born Johannes Josephus Zaufallij ; 13 March 1733 – 11 November 1810) was a German neoclassical painter who was active mainly in England, Italy, and India. His works appear in many prominent British collections, including the National Gallery , the Tate Gallery and the Royal Collection , as well as institutions in continental Europe, India, the United States and Australia. His name
132-486: A "remarkable retelling of Joseph Conrad's life and work and its resonance with the present dysfunctional world". In The Guardian , William Dalrymple named the book to his list of best holiday reads of 2017. According to the Wall Street Journal ' s reviewer, " The Dawn Watch is the most vivid and suggestive biography of Conrad ever written." In The New York Times , Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o applauded
198-605: A collection of approximately a thousand paintings and a thousand sculptures, which show the development of a British School of art. The Academy's collection of works on paper includes significant holdings of drawings and sketchbooks by artists working in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards, including George Romney , Lord Leighton and Dame Laura Knight . The photographic collection consists of photographs of Academicians, landscapes, architecture and works of art. Holdings include early portraits by William Lake Price dating from
264-616: A creative companion to all students of his work. It has made me want to re-establish connections with the Conrad whose written sentences once inspired in me the same joy as a musical phrase." As part of the project, Jasanoff blogged a journey on a cargo ship sailing from China to Europe. She also published an essay in The New York Times describing the portion of her journey in the Democratic Republic of Congo ;
330-546: A family group or a circle of friends. This genre developed in the Netherlands and France, and it became popular in Britain from about 1720.) Zoffany has been described by one critic as "the real creator and master of this genre". He painted a number of 'conversation pieces' featuring a violoncello – the Cowper-Gore family, Sharp family, Morse and Cator family, and the family of Sir William Young. Around 1780, he painted
396-890: A few colour plates), in a limited edition of 500 copies. In 1966, Oliver Millar published Zoffany and his Tribuna on the painter's Uffizi group-portrait now in the Royal Collection . This was followed by Johan Zoffany, 1733–1810 , an illustrated guide for the exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 1977. In December 2009, Penelope Treadwell published the first full biography, Johan Zoffany: Artist and Adventurer , Paul Holberton Publishing. This biography traces Zoffany's footsteps, from his youth in Germany, through his first years in London – working for clockmaker Stephen Rimbault – to his growing success as society and theatrical portraitist and founder-member of
462-513: A portrait of the octogenarian professional cellist and composer Giacomo Cervetto . In the later part of his life, Zoffany was especially known for producing huge paintings with large casts of people and works of art, all readily recognizable by their contemporaries. In paintings like The Tribuna of the Uffizi , he carried this fidelity to an extreme degree – the Tribuna was already displayed in
528-583: A student of the Schools was Laura Herford in 1860. Charles Sims was expelled from the Schools in 1895. The Royal Academy made Sir Francis Newbolt the first Honorary Professor of Law in 1928. In 2011 Tracey Emin was appointed Professor of Drawing, and Fiona Rae was appointed Professor of Painting – the first women professors to be appointed in the history of the Academy. Emin was succeeded by Michael Landy , and then David Remfry in 2016 while Rae
594-855: A total membership of 40. The founder members were Reynolds, John Baker , George Barret , Francesco Bartolozzi , Giovanni Battista Cipriani , Augustino Carlini , Charles Catton , Mason Chamberlin , William Chambers , Francis Cotes , George Dance , Nathaniel Dance , Thomas Gainsborough , John Gwynn , Francis Hayman , Nathaniel Hone the Elder , Angelica Kauffman , Jeremiah Meyer , George Michael Moser , Mary Moser , Francis Milner Newton , Edward Penny , John Inigo Richards , Paul Sandby , Thomas Sandby , Dominic Serres , Peter Toms , William Tyler , Samuel Wale , Benjamin West , Richard Wilson , Joseph Wilton , Richard Yeo , Francesco Zuccarelli . William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list by
660-852: A training would form artists capable of creating works of high moral and artistic worth. Professorial chairs were founded in Chemistry, Anatomy, Ancient History and Ancient Literature, the latter two being held initially by Samuel Johnson and Oliver Goldsmith . In 1769, the first year of operation, the Schools enrolled 77 students. By 1830 more than 1,500 students had enrolled in the Schools, an average intake of 25 students each year. They included men such as John Flaxman , J. M. W. Turner , John Soane , Thomas Rowlandson , William Blake , Thomas Lawrence , Decimus Burton , John Constable , George Hayter , David Wilkie , William Etty , Edwin Landseer , and Charles Lucy in 1838. The first woman to enrol as
726-580: A unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the fine arts through exhibitions, education and debate. The origin of the Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce , principally
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#1732772535051792-454: A wedding ring. Following the death of his first wife in 1805, Zoffany married "Mary Thomas … Spinster" in accordance with Church of England rites. Johan and Mary Zoffany had five children, including a son (who died in infancy) and four daughters. Their second daughter, Cecilia (1779–1830), was involved in a well-publicised child custody case in Guernsey in 1825. Despite the high-profile
858-592: Is an American academic who serves as Coolidge Professor of History at Harvard University , where she focuses on the history of Britain and the British Empire . Jasanoff grew up in Ithaca, New York and comes from a family of academics. Her parents, Sheila and Jay Jasanoff , are both Harvard professors, and her brother Alan is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She
924-509: Is an open submission writing prize, held annually along similar principles of the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. The award ceremony features a live reading of the winning story in its entirety by a special guest. Past winning stories have been read by Stephen Fry , Dame Penelope Wilton , Juliet Stevenson and Gwendoline Christie . On 10 December 2019, Rebecca Salter was elected the first female President of
990-809: Is healthy and brilliant." In 1977, Sir Hugh Casson founded the Friends of the Royal Academy, a charity designed to provide financial support for the institution. Pin Drop Studio hosts live events where well-known authors, actors and thinkers read a short story chosen as a response to the main exhibition programme. The literary evenings are hosted by Pin Drop Studio founder Simon Oldfield. Guests have included Graham Swift , Sebastian Faulks , Lionel Shriver , William Boyd , Will Self , Dame Eileen Atkins , Dame Siân Phillips , Lisa Dawn and Ben Okri . The RA and Pin Drop Short Story Award
1056-636: Is said to have been inspired by Zoffany's Tribuna of the Uffizi . Zoffany Street in Archway , London is named after him. This street name is notable as being the last to appear in the index of London's famous street atlas, the A–Z . Royal Academician The Royal Academy of Arts ( RA ) is an art institution based in Burlington House in Piccadilly in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has
1122-467: Is sometimes spelled Zoffani or Zauffelij (on his grave, it is spelled Zoffanij ). Of noble Hungarian and Bohemian origin, Johan Zoffany was born near Frankfurt on 13 March 1733, the son of a cabinet maker and architect of the court of Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis . He undertook an initial period of study in a sculptor 's workshop in Ellwangen during the 1740s, possibly
1188-880: Is the only marble by Michelangelo in the United Kingdom and represents the Virgin Mary and child with the infant St John the Baptist . In the entrance portico are two war memorials. One is in memory of the students of the Royal Academy Schools who fell in World War I and the second commemorates the 2,003 men of the Artists Rifles who gave their lives in that war with a further plaque to those who died in World War II. Membership of
1254-590: The Literary Review observes: "Written with a novelist's flair for vivid detail and a scholar's attention to texts, The Dawn Watch is by any standard a major contribution to our understanding of Conrad and his time." Reviewing the book in The Guardian , Patrick French began: " The Dawn Watch will win prizes, and if it doesn't, there is something wrong with the prizes." In The Hindu , Sudipta Datta wrote that Jasanoff's approach to Conrad makes for
1320-528: The Nawab Wazir of Oudh , Asaf-ud-Daula ; an altarpiece of the Last Supper (1787) for St John's Church, Calcutta ; and a vibrant history painting, Colonel Mordaunt's Cock Fight (1784–86) (Tate), described by historian Maya Jasanoff as 'easily the liveliest illustration of early colonial India'. In the usual way, he sired several children by an Indian mistress, or 'uppa-patni'. Returning to England, he
1386-592: The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition , has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. Following the cessation of a similar annual exhibition at the British Institution , the Academy expanded its exhibition programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters in 1870. Britain's first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, as another way to fulfil its mission. Led by Reynolds,
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#17327725350511452-577: The University of Virginia . Jasanoff has been announced as chair of the 2021 Booker Prize jury, the other judges being writer and editor Horatia Harrod, actor Natascha McElhone , novelist and professor Chigozie Obioma , and writer and former Archbishop Rowan Williams . In February 2022, Jasanoff was one of 38 Harvard faculty to sign a letter to the Harvard Crimson defending Professor John Comaroff , who had been found to have violated
1518-977: The Yale Center for British Art and the Royal Academy , London, showed an exhibition Johan Zoffany, RA: Society Observed , curated by Martin Postle, with Gillian Forrester and MaryAnne Stevens, with a catalogue of the same name, edited by Martin Postle and including much original research. For a review of this and Mary Webster's biography, see Edward Chaney , "Intentional Phallacies", The Art Newspaper , no. 234, April 2012, p. 71. A 2014 book by David Wilson describes Zoffany's relationship with Robert Sayer (1725–94). A leading publisher and seller of prints, maps and maritime charts in Georgian Britain, based in Fleet Street, London, Sayer organised
1584-486: The "Conrad for our time", and The Spectator called her an "enviably gifted writer...her historian's eye can untie knots that might baffle the pure critic", noting that she "steers us securely and stylishly through those latitudes where Conrad witnessed the future scupper the past". In the judgment of the Financial Times : "This is an unobtrusively skilful, subtle, clear-eyed book, beautifully narrated", while
1650-606: The "concerns of those peoples who were at the receiving end of imperial power, whether that power was exerted by Europeans or by the native elites who functioned increasingly at their command." In The New York Times , Columbia University history professor Mark Mazower found "a high degree of wishful thinking" in Jasanoff's casting 18th- and early 19th-century empire as less asymmetrical domination and more "the kind of happy cross-cultural fusion that we dream about today". Jasanoff published Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in
1716-448: The 1850s, portraits by David Wilkie Wynfield and Eadweard Muybridge 's Animal Locomotion (1872–85). Among the paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of the building are those of Benjamin West and Angelica Kauffman, in the entrance hall (Hutchison 1968, p. 153), moved from the previous building at Somerset House. In the centre is West's roundel The Graces Unveiling Nature , c. 1779 , surrounded by panels depicting
1782-538: The Academy. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission "to establish a school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts" with an annual exhibition. The painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president, and Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788. The instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for
1848-938: The East, 1750–1850 , with Alfred A. Knopf in 2005 and received mostly favorable reviews. In the London Review of Books , UCLA history and political science professor Anthony Pagden called the work a "brilliant contribution" to the historical investigation of the complexities of empire; in The Guardian , Richard Gott called it "a riveting and original book." However, in The American Historical Review , University of Pennsylvania English professor Suvir Kaul said Jasanoff's history of "objects and individuals, no matter how lovingly recollected, do not add up to an argument that historians should think of empire as instantiating 'the essential humanity of successful international relationships'," and underestimate
1914-705: The King in 1769. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall , although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House , then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy's first treasurer. The Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square , where it occupied
1980-567: The Revolutionary World in 2011, also with Alfred A. Knopf . The book describes the trajectories of the approximately 60,000 American Loyalists who fled the Thirteen Colonies to relocate to other parts of the British Empire ; some 8,000 of those who elected to relocate were free black people , but 15,000 enslaved African-Americans were also forcibly moved when their Loyalist owners chose to go. Liberty's Exiles
2046-543: The Royal Academy on the retirement of Sir Christopher Le Brun . In September 2007, Sir Charles Saumarez Smith became Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy, a newly created post. Saumarez Smith stepped down from the role at the end of 2018, and it was announced that Axel Rüger, director of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, would fill the position from June 2019. The Royal Academy Schools form
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2112-476: The Royal Academy is composed of up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy, and known individually as Royal Academicians (RA). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians. The 1768 Instrument of Foundation allowed total membership of the Royal Academy to be 40 artists. Originally engravers were completely excluded from the academy, but at
2178-637: The Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere in 1755. The success of St Martin's Lane Academy led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Sir William Chambers , a prominent architect and head of the British government's architects' department, the Office of Works , used his connections with King George III to gain royal patronage and financial support for
2244-493: The Royal Academy, and following him on his Grand Tour and sojourn in India. Illustrated in full colour with more than 250 works by Zoffany and his peers, many of which are in private collections, Treadwell's biography provides a timely reassessment of the artist's life and work. In 2011 Mary Webster published her long-awaited and splendidly produced monograph on the artist: Johan Zoffany 1733–1810 (Yale University Press). In 2011–12
2310-706: The State nor the Crown, and operates as a charity. The RA's home in Burlington House is owned by the UK government and provided to the Academy on a peppercorn rent leasehold of 999 years. One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting a programme of temporary loan exhibitions. These are comparable to those at the National Gallery , the Tate Gallery and leading art galleries outside the United Kingdom. In 2004
2376-625: The Week. In 2005, Jasanoff won the Duff Cooper Prize for Edge of Empire . She won both the 2011 National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction and 2012 George Washington Book Prize for Liberty's Exiles. and in 2017, she was awarded the Windham–Campbell Literature Prize for Non-Fiction, valued at $ 165,000. Jasanoff won the 2018 Cundill History Prize valued at $ 75,000 for The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in
2442-412: The artist enjoyed in his day, as court painter in London and Vienna, Zoffany has, until very recently, been overlooked by art historical literature. In 1920, Lady Victoria Manners and Dr. G. C. Williamson published John Zoffany, R.A., his life and works. 1735–1810 – the first in-depth study of the artist and his work, privately printed, presumably at some cost (with 330pp, numerous black/white and
2508-528: The artist's propensity for wry observations, risqué allusions and double meanings, so that many of his paintings conceal as much as they reveal. In the comic opera The Pirates of Penzance , by Gilbert and Sullivan , the Major-General brags of being able to distinguish works by Raphael from works by Gerard Dou and Zoffany. A scene in Stanley Kubrick 's film Barry Lyndon (1975)
2574-563: The beginning of 1769 the category of Associate-Engraver was created. Their number was limited to six, and unlike other associates, they could not be promoted to full academicians. In 1853 membership of the Academy was increased to 42, and opened to engravers. In 1922, 154 years after the founding of the Royal Academy, Annie Swynnerton became the first woman Associate of the Royal Academy. 51°30′33″N 0°08′22″W / 51.50917°N 0.13944°W / 51.50917; -0.13944 Maya Jasanoff Maya R. Jasanoff (born 1974)
2640-500: The book as "masterful". Thiong'o wrote that Jasanoff succeeded where "An Image of Africa: Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness", Chinua Achebe 's classic Conrad essay, had failed, specifically in bringing into clear relief "Conrad's ability to capture the hypocrisy of the 'civilizing mission' and the material interests that drove capitalist empires, crushing the human spirit". " The Dawn Watch ", Thiong'o wrote, "will become
2706-586: The daughter of a court official in Würzburg . She accompanied him to London but returned to Germany within a decade or so. Zoffany left for Florence in 1772 and was followed by young Mary Thomas, the daughter of a London glovemaker, who was carrying his first child. Whether they married in Europe is uncertain, but Zoffany's portrait, Mary Thomas, the Artist's second wife ( c. 1781 –82), shows her wearing
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2772-484: The east wing of the recently completed National Gallery (designed by another Academician, William Wilkins ). These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions. In 1868, 100 years after the Academy's foundation, it moved to Burlington House , Piccadilly, where it remains. The first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as
2838-639: The elements, Fire, Water, Air and Earth. At each end are mounted two of Kauffman's circular paintings, Composition at the west end, and Painting or Colour and Genius or Invention at the east end. The most prized possession of the Academy's collection is Michelangelo 's Taddei Tondo , left to the Academy by Sir George Beaumont . The Tondo is usually on display in the Collection Gallery, which opened in May 2018. Carved in Florence in 1504–06, it
2904-504: The engraving of paintings by some leading artists of the day, most importantly Zoffany, and sold prints from the engravings. In this way he helped to secure Zoffany's international reputation. Sayer and the artist became longstanding friends as well as business associates. In 1781 Zoffany painted Robert Sayer in an important 'conversation piece'. The Sayer Family of Richmond depicts Robert Sayer, his son, James, from his first marriage, and his second wife, Alice Longfield (née Tilson). Behind
2970-586: The exhibition "appears to be tame" though it attempts to "critique the exclusive and impenetrable RA." The Academy hosts the Summer Exhibition an annual open art exhibition , which means anyone can enter their work to be considered for exhibition. Established in 1769, it is the oldest and largest open submission exhibition in the world and is included in London's Social Season . The members of The Academy, also known as Royal Academicians select and hang
3036-599: The family group is the substantial villa on Richmond Hill overlooking the River Thames, built for Sayer between 1777 and 1780 to the designs of William Eves, a little known architect and property developer. On Sayer's death in 1794 the house was to become the residence of a future king of Great Britain. In recent decades, Zoffany's paintings have provoked significant controversy. Mary Webster's monumental study in 2011, while based on extensive research, has sometimes been seen as austere. Other scholars have drawn attention to
3102-503: The first president, the first program included a lecture by William Hunter . In 2018, the Academy's 250th anniversary, the results of a major refurbishment were unveiled. The project began on 1 January 2008 with the appointment of David Chipperfield Architects. Heritage Lottery Fund support was secured in 2012. On 19 October 2016 the RA's Burlington Gardens site was closed to the public and renovations commenced. Refurbishment work included
3168-554: The highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as the John Madejski Fine Rooms. Under the direction of former exhibitions secretary Sir Norman Rosenthal , the Academy has hosted ambitious exhibitions of contemporary art. In its 1997 " Sensation ", it displayed the collection of work by Young British Artists owned by Charles Saatchi . The show
3234-447: The most famous actor of his day, often in costume – Garrick as Hamlet and Garrick as King Lear . Zoffany was a master of what has been called the 'theatrical conversation piece', a sub-set of the ' conversation piece ' genre that arose with the middle classes in the 18th century. (The conversation piece – or conversazione – was a relatively small, though not necessarily inexpensive, informal group portrait, often of
3300-473: The oldest art school in Britain, and have been an integral part of the Royal Academy of Arts since its foundation in 1768. A key principle of the RA Schools is that their three-year post graduate programme is free of charge to every applicant offered a place. The Royal Academy Schools was the first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain. The Schools' programme of formal training
3366-415: The piece drew criticism. In a letter to the editor, Boston University professor Timothy Longman said the essay "reeks of condescension" and "continues the widespread practice of ignoring the voices of Congolese intellectuals, many of whom write about their homeland with nuance." The Dawn Watch was discussed on Andrew Marr's Start the Week program on November 6, 2017. It was BBC Radio Four's Book of
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#17327725350513432-411: The press by erroneously placing only the support for a sculpture on display, and then justifying it being kept on display. From 3 February to 28 April 2024, the RA shows the exhibition "Entangled Pasts, 1768-now" in order to reveal and discuss "connections between art associated with the Royal Academy of Arts and Britain's colonial histories." However, according to Colin Grant , in The Guardian ,
3498-412: The queen is shown at her toilette inside Buckingham House . He was also popular with the Austrian imperial family and was created a baron of the Holy Roman Empire in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa . A founding member of the new Royal Academy in 1768, Zoffany enjoyed great popularity for his society and theatrical portraits. He painted many prominent actors and actresses, in particular David Garrick ,
3564-510: The restoration of 150 sash windows, glazing upgrades to 52 windows and the installation of two large roof lights. The "New RA" was opened to the public on 19 May 2018. The £56 million development includes new galleries, a lecture theatre, a public project space for students and a bridge linking the Burlington House and Burlington Gardens sites. As part of the process 10,000 works from the RA's collection were digitised and made available online. The Royal Academy receives funding from neither
3630-424: The sculptor Henry Cheere , to found an autonomous academy of arts. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, including Cheere and William Hogarth , or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as the St Martin's Lane Academy . Although Cheere's attempt failed, the eventual charter , called an 'Instrument', used to establish
3696-535: The shop of Melchior Paulus, and later at Regensburg with the artist Martin Speer [ de ] . In 1750, he travelled to Rome , entering the studio of Agostino Masucci . In the autumn of 1760, he arrived in England and initially found work with the clockmaker Stephen Rimbault, painting decorative designs for his clocks. By 1764, Zoffany was enjoying the patronage of King George III and Queen Charlotte for his charmingly informal scenes such as Queen Charlotte and Her Two Eldest Children (1765), in which
3762-413: The typically cluttered 18th-century manner (i.e. with many objects hanging in a small area, stacked high on the wall), but Zoffany added to the sense of clutter by having other works brought into the small octagonal gallery space from other parts of the Uffizi . Zoffany spent the years 1783 to early 1789 in India , where he painted portraits including the Governor-General of Bengal, Warren Hastings , and
3828-420: The university's sexual and professional conduct policies. After students filed a lawsuit with detailed allegations of Comaroff's actions and the university's failure to respond, Jasanoff was one of several signatories to say that she wished to retract her signature. In an e-mail, Jasanoff wrote, "I signed the letter without properly considering its impact on students and, obviously, without fuller information. This
3894-425: The works. Art works in a variety of media are exhibited including painting, sculpture, film, architecture, photography and printmaking. Tracey Emin exhibited in the 2005 show. In March 2007 Emin accepted the Academy's invitation to become a Royal Academician, commenting in her weekly newspaper column that, "It doesn't mean that I have become more conformist; it means that the Royal Academy has become more open, which
3960-416: Was a serious lapse in judgment and I apologize unreservedly for my mistake." Her guest essay in The New York Times on the day of the death of Elizabeth II in which she wrote that the Queen had "helped obscure a bloody history of decolonisation" prompted a backlash on social media, including from the paper's readers. Jasanoff published her first book, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in
4026-425: Was controversial for its display of Marcus Harvey 's portrait of Myra Hindley , a convicted murderer. The painting was vandalised while on display. In 2004, the Academy attracted media attention for a series of financial scandals and reports of a feud between Rosenthal and other senior staff. These problems resulted in the cancellation of what were expected to have been profitable exhibitions. In 2006, it attracted
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#17327725350514092-455: Was educated at Harvard College before studying for a master's degree at Cambridge , where she worked with Christopher Bayly . She earned her PhD at Yale University with Linda Colley , completing the thesis "French and British imperial collecting in Egypt and India, 1780–1820" (Yale, 2002). Prior to joining the faculty at Harvard, Jasanoff was a fellow at the University of Michigan , through its Society of Fellows, after which she taught at
4158-406: Was modelled on that of the French Académie de peinture et de sculpture , founded by Louis XIV in 1648. It was shaped by the precepts laid down by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his fifteen Discourses delivered to pupils in the Schools between 1769 and 1790, Reynolds stressed the importance of copying the Old Masters, and of drawing from casts after the Antique and from the life model. He argued that such
4224-405: Was shipwrecked off the Andaman Islands . The survivors held a lottery in which the loser (a sailor) was eaten. William Dalrymple describes Zoffany as having been "the first and last Royal Academician to have become a cannibal". Zoffany died in his home at Strand-on-the-Green on 11 November 1810. He is buried in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Kew . Around the age of 27, Zoffany married
4290-505: Was succeeded by Chantal Joffe in January 2016. The first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, gave his noted self-portrait, beginning the Royal Academy collection. This was followed by gifts from other founding members, such as Gainsborough and Benjamin West . Subsequently, each elected Member was required to donate an artwork (known as a "Diploma Work") typical of his or her artistic output, and this practice continues today. Additional donations and purchases have resulted in
4356-405: Was widely and favorably reviewed. In The New York Times , Thomas Bender called it a "richly informative account", "smart, deeply researched and elegantly written". Jasanoff's 2017 book, The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World , published by Penguin Press and in the UK by William Collins centers on the life and times of novelist Joseph Conrad . The Times lauded the book as
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