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17-397: John (died 1147) was an early 12th-century Tironensian cleric. He was the chaplain and close confidant of King David I of Scotland , before becoming Bishop of Glasgow and founder of Glasgow Cathedral . He was one of the most significant religious reformers in the history of Scotland. His later nickname , "Achaius", a latinisation of Eochaid would indicate that he was Gaelic , but

34-577: A corporate religious body. Tiron had a school; and after Bernard's death, built houses so that lay women could reside within its walls under the care and protection of the monks. Roger de Port was buried here. Tiron was the first of the new religious orders to spread internationally. Within less than five years of its creation, the Order of Tiron owned 117 priories and abbeys in France, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 1113 Robert FitzMartin granted

51-539: A monk at Tiron . However, in 1138, the papal legate Alberic , bishop of Ostia recalled him to his see. John died in 1147, and was buried in Jedburgh Abbey . He was succeeded by another Tironensian, Herbert, Abbot of Selkirk/Kelso . John's legacy was vast. His impact as a confidant of David was crucial to the growth of reformed monastic orders in the Kingdom of Scotland . Moreover, John himself presided over

68-439: A small house in a solitary place near Fougeres. A community began to form there. Although the area provided grazing for livestock, it was not well-suited for growing grain or grapes. The monks built workrooms before they began clearing land for fields. During the famine of 1109–1111 the abbey welcomed many displaced persons. It sheltered whole families, including skilled craftsmen. Bernard encourage them to produce goods for sale and

85-472: The Reformation ) the abbeys of Selkirk (later re-located to Kelso ) (1128), Arbroath (1178), Kilwinning (1140+), and Lindores Abbey , and Newburgh . The first two abbots of Selkirk became, in turn, abbots at Tiron. During the tenure of William of Poitiers as abbot, Tiron established abbeys and priories along the north–south trade routes from Chartres to the navigable Seine and Loire rivers. Under him,

102-612: The Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Cyprien in Poitiers around the year 1070, Bernard left the order in 1101 when his nomination as abbot of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe was disapproved by Cluny and Pope Paschal II . Bernard then lived as a hermit on the island of Chausey , between Jersey and Saint-Malo . Adelelmus of Flanders was a hermit at Saint-Nicolas in Maine. He joined Bernard on Chausey and under his guidance founded

119-578: The Tironensians land and money to found the order's first house in Wales, St Dogmaels , Pembrokeshire, which was established on the site of a clas (early Celtic church), which dated back to at least 600 AD. Closed during the Dissolution of the monasteries , much of the stone was quarried for other uses. In Scotland, the Tironensians were the monks and master craftsmen who built and occupied (until

136-687: The abbey owned at least one ship that traded in Scotland and Northumberland. Tiron adopted a system of annual general chapters. In 1120, Abbot William decreed that abbots from overseas need only attend once in every three years. Arnold, Abbot of Kelso, founded the cathedral church at St Andrews. In France, the order was integrated into the new Benedictine Congregation of St Maur in 1627. Notes Citations Bibliography 48°18′43″N 0°59′37″E  /  48.31194°N 0.99361°E  / 48.31194; 0.99361 Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe Too Many Requests If you report this error to

153-514: The archbishop's rights, effectively stalling Thurstan's claims. Nevertheless, York's claims continued to be pressed. In 1134, there was renewed papal pressure from Pope Innocent II to make submission. Perhaps it was for this reason that John gave his allegiance to the Antipope Anacletus II . The political situation had changed by 1135, and John's move had put him out of favour. In either 1136 or 1137 John abandoned his see to become

170-688: The example of the Desert Fathers , all three men and their followers (men and women) lived detached from the world, in great poverty and strict penance. The foundation of Tiron Abbey by Bernard of Abbeville was part of wider movements of monastic reform in Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Bernard's intention was to restore the asceticism and strict observance of the Rule of St. Benedict in monastic life, insisting on manual labour. In 1107 he and his friend Geoffrey (later Abbot of Tiron), build

187-518: The monastery community prospered. The success of the community aroused the jealousy of the Cluniac monks of Saint-Denis of Nogent-le-Rotrou. He moved his monastery to land in Thiron-Gardais granted to him by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, and placed it under the protection of the cathedral canons of Chartres, instead of a secular overlord. This assured that decisions affecting the abbey were made by

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204-482: The monastic foundations of Selkirk (later Kelso Abbey , Kelso ), Jedburgh and Lesmahagow . John's episcopate saw the beginnings of Glasgow cathedral. Tironensian Order The order, or congregation, of Tiron was founded in about 1106 by the Benedictine Bernard de Ponthieu , also known as Bernard d'Abbeville (1046–1117), born in a small village near Abbeville , Ponthieu . Tonsured at

221-438: The name is probably not authentic. He was in fact a Tironensian monk, of probable French origin. While David was in the custody of King Henry I of England , he spent some time in northern France. David came to cultivate strong relations with the new Tironensian monastic order, and in 1113 established a Tironensian monastery at Selkirk Abbey . John may have either been the cause of this relationship, or perhaps its product. John

238-490: The nunnery of Monastery of Etival-en-Charnie  [ fr ] . He then founded a monastery in honor of St. Nicholas for men. His relics are at Etival. Bernard next relocated to the woods of Craon , near Angers, with two other rigorist monks: Robert d'Arbrissel , future founder of the controversial Abbey of Fontevraud , and Vitalis de Mortain , later the founder of the Congregation of Savigny in 1113. Following

255-461: The pallium. On 9 December 1125 Honorius wrote a letter to John complaining that he had not yet obeyed the order to yield obedience to Thurstan, and again ordering him to do so. (Honorius wrote another letter on the same day to the Bishop-elect of Whithorn, ordering him to be consecrated by Thurstan at York). However John remained unwilling, and the year 1127 was set to continue discussion about

272-469: Was obviously serious enough for John to travel to Rome to appeal. Afterwards John traveled on pilgrimage to Jerusalem , but in 1123 was ordered by the pope to return to his diocese. John traveled to Rome again in 1125 in order to secure a pallium , which would have elevated St Andrews to an archbishopric. Thurstan soon arrived in Rome himself, and this was probably enough to prevent Pope Honorius II granting

289-623: Was serving as David's chaplain until about 1116, and was appointed bishop of Glasgow sometime thereafter. John was involved in a dispute with the Archbishop of York , a dispute general to the David's kingdom. After the accession of Thurstan to the Archbishopric of York, John received several letters from Pope Callixtus II ordering him to render homage to this archbishop as his metropolitan. In 1122 Thurstan suspended John, an action which

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