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59-583: John Doe (male) and Jane Doe (female) are multiple-use placeholder names that are used in the British and US-American legal system and aside generally in the United Kingdom and the United States when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of law enforcement in the United States , such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity

118-557: A news conference that Caledonia Jane Doe had been identified after 35 years. Dyson said the family decided to keep Alexander buried in Dansville, New York, planning to hold a service there for her. "I'm truly glad for the closure," [Dyson] said. "But it hurts to know she died that way. It's terrible, nobody should have to be shot and dragged out into the woods." The Dougherty Funeral Home in Livonia, New York , said it paid to have

177-474: A control sample of pollen grains taken directly from the rural New York site where the body had been found in 1979. Oak grows widely all over the U.S., and spruce and birch grow in New York, among many places in the country. But no oak, spruce, or birch pollen grains were found in the control sample, and neither spruce nor birch trees were found growing near the body dump site. The spruce and birch pollen on

236-613: A decapitated body and were not able to find the killer. The body was named Peaches (murder victim) and also Jane Doe 3. The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in Kansas City, Missouri , was referred to as Precious Doe . In 2009, the New York Times reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a pseudonym . He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff. Another man named John Doe

295-649: A region with abundant October–November sunshine, as sun tanning beds were uncommon in the 1970s and Upstate New York was not considered warm or sunny enough for such tanning during that period. There were freckles on the back of her shoulders and acne on her face and chest. Alexander's teeth were in natural condition, with no restorations or fillings. It did not appear as if she had ever received dental care. Some of her permanent first and second molars suffered from severe dental caries (cavities and decay). Consistent with her young appearance, none of her permanent third molars ( wisdom teeth ) had erupted. Her blood type

354-492: A severe hemorrhage caused by two gunshot wounds , one to the head over the right eye and one to the back. The wound to the head indicated she had apparently not turned or flinched, a common phenomenon of a headshot, and the entry wound suggested complete surprise. With her pockets turned inside out to indicate that any identification she carried had been removed, the investigators later named her "Caledonia Jane Doe" or "Cali Doe" as they worked to identify her. The autopsy by

413-465: A successful DNA extraction from her remains in 2005 and a palynological analysis of Alexander's clothing, they concluded that she had spent time in Florida, southern California , Arizona , or northern Mexico prior to her death. Later analysis of isotopes in her bones would lend further support to this conclusion. In addition, a portrait was made of Alexander based on a facial reconstruction, in

472-469: A turbulent household. Dyson had a different father from Alexander, and, after about age 11, she lived with her paternal grandmother. According to Dyson, Alexander's biological father was not part of the younger girl's life; she grew up with their mother, Barbara Jenkins, and a stepfather. Their mother had become addicted to prescription medication and was emotionally volatile, erupting into temper tantrums. "She did prescription drugs," Dyson said of Jenkins. "She

531-874: A uniting collective pseudonym . Examples include Carolyn Keene for the Nancy Drew series and other mystery stories, and Franklin W. Dixon for the Hardy Boys series. References in other realms of culture go back much further. Some examples are Buddha (which is both a proper noun and a condition that may be achieved by anyone), Poor Konrad (the collective name adopted by all Swabian peasants during their rebellion against taxes in 1514), Captain Ludd , Robin Hood and Captain Swing . Murder of Tammy Alexander Tammy Jo Alexander (November 2, 1963 – November 9, 1979)

590-405: Is unknown or cannot be confirmed . These names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical " everyman " in other contexts, like John Q. Public or "Joe Public". There are many variants to the above names, including John (or Richard ) /Jane Roe , John/Jane Smith , John/Jane Bloggs , and Johnie/Janie Doe or just Baby Doe for children. A. N. Other is also a placeholder name, mainly used in

649-540: The Monroe County medical examiner 's office, asked for and received permission to send her clothing to the palynology laboratory at Texas A&M University . Among the types of pollen found on the clothing by the Texas A&;M researchers were grains from Casuarina (Australian pine, or "she oak"), Quercus (oak), Picea (spruce), and Betula (birch). The clothing pollen grains were compared to

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708-530: The San Diego area. The tree cannot survive the autumn and winter seasons in the temperate climate of western New York, where the body was found. Thus, investigators knew that Alexander and her clothing had acquired the Casuarina pollen grains at a location other than the dump site. Researchers believed the southern California and San Diego region to be the best geographical pollen print match location for

767-512: The legal terminology of Ancient Rome , the names " Numerius Negidius " and " Aulus Agerius " were used in relation to hypothetical defendants and plaintiffs . The names "John Doe" (or "John Do") and "Richard Roe" (along with "John Roe") were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England's King Edward III (1327–1377). Though

826-537: The École Normale Supérieure to exemplify the collective effort that goes into mathematics. The name Alan Smithee has been in use in Hollywood since 1968 by directors who wish to disavow creative credit for a film where control has been taken away from them. Other multiple identities in use in the artistic world include Luther Blissett , Sandy Larson, Monty Cantsin , Geoffrey Cohen , and Karen Eliot . These multiple-use names were developed and popularized in

885-567: The "Jane Doe" headstone removed and replaced with one reading "Tammy Jo Alexander". A public ceremony took place on June 10, 2015, when the new headstone, displaying the victim's name and lifespan, was revealed. Approximately one hundred family and community members attended. Dyson and other members of the Alexander family thanked the police and Livingston community for their caring for Alexander and continued efforts to find her killer. Dyson has since urged family members of missing people to enter

944-408: The 1970s and 1980s in artistic subcultures like Mail Art and its offshoot Neoism , which coined the multiple-use name concept of the "open pop star." The avant-garde pre-texts include the pseudonym Rrose Sélavy jointly used by Dada artist Marcel Duchamp and the surrealist poet Robert Desnos . In publishing, a long-running book series may be written by numerous authors but published under

1003-456: The FBI had reported that none of the three matched the sample from Alexander's clothing, and continued to receive and investigate new leads in the case. By 2020, it was announced that the male DNA found on Alexander’s clothing was now being tested against national databases in search of a familial link to the killer. In the decades she remained unidentified, the case received national attention. It

1062-630: The Hernando County Sheriff's Office) to tell them of the strong resemblance between the two images. Police arranged to take a DNA sample from Dyson. In January 2015, the Monroe County medical examiner's office found that MtDNA from the unidentified body matched that of Dyson, confirming that the victim was her half-sister. A week later on January 26, 2015, the Livingston County sheriff, Thomas Dougherty, announced at

1121-497: The U.S., Canada, Europe, and Mexico, the slug has not been matched to a specific gun. The FBI posted billboards throughout the country about Alexander's murder in an attempt to gain new information from the public. By the end of February 2015, the Livingston County Sheriff's Department said they had received many more tips since Alexander's identification, enough to develop a scenario of events that led up to

1180-645: The UK in 1852: As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by the Real Property Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and

1239-587: The UK) mixed action of ejectment , the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe". This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe": Two giants live in Britain's land, John Doe and Richard Roe, Who always travel hand in hand, John Doe and Richard Roe. Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan To smell the purse of an Englishman, And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can, John Doe and Richard Roe ... This particular use became obsolete in

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1298-531: The United Kingdom — which is gender neutral — along side Joe / Jo Bloggs and the now occasional use of the "John" and "Jane Doe" names. In other English-speaking countries , unique placeholder names, numbers or codenames have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom , where usage of "John Doe" originated during the Middle Ages . However,

1357-475: The age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a judicial bypass exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion. "Mary Moe" is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. "Mary Moe cases". Sometimes "Mary Doe" may be used for the individuals. Parallels in other countries include: Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure ... are silent on

1416-421: The age of 56. Her obituary had listed Alexander as deceased, which the family had assumed to be the case by that time. Until the identification, Dyson believed that her half-sister had made a new life somewhere away from her mother and stepfather. She had hoped that it included a happy household, with a husband and children. "I thought she just wanted to go away and start all over," Dyson said. Alexander's body

1475-558: The case seriously. In August 2014, the Hernando County sheriff's office told them no missing persons report had been filed for her, and promptly filed one. Carl Koppelman , a California artist, came across the "missing person" report on Alexander as a moderator of the Websleuths online community, where volunteers try to solve cold cases including those of unidentified bodies. In 2010, four years earlier, he had sketched

1534-415: The case. Alexander was seen with a white male between five feet eight and five feet nine inches tall. He was seen driving a tan station wagon and wore black wire-rimmed glasses. The man was stated to be a " person of interest " in the case, and police continue to seek his identity. The waitress at the diner, who served the pair on the night of Alexander's death, explained the male companion had paid for

1593-530: The dental O / O isotopic oxygen ratio indicated that she may have spent her early years in the south/southwest region of the United States. Alexander was wearing a red nylon-lined men's windbreaker jacket with black stripes down the arms, marked inside with the label "Auto Sports Products, Inc.", a boy's multicolored plaid button-up shirt with collar, tan corduroy pants ( size 7 ), blue knee socks, white bra ( size 32C ), and blue panties. She wore brown ripple-soled shoes. The red Auto Sports Products jacket

1652-551: The forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75." Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs v Meier and others (2009). In the UK, usage of "John Doe" survives mainly in the form of John Doe injunction or John Doe order (see above). 8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction

1711-402: The girl had left sometime between 1977 and 1979. An ex-boyfriend verified he had last seen her in the spring of 1979. Dyson and Nowell became concerned that Alexander had fallen victim to a crime after leaving home. Dyson said that her mother did report Alexander as missing , but she has since believed that, since Alexander had a history of running away and returning, police may not have taken

1770-636: The girl's arrival in Caledonia. A trucker from Tennessee reported what police said was a "significant" lead after he had heard a radio broadcast detailing the case. In March 2015, the department said that Alexander had ties to a former "prison ministry" in Young Harris, Georgia , which specialized in working with individuals "on probation or parole ." By early 2016, the police had identified three male persons of interest who had known Alexander, and took male DNA from her clothing. By November 2016,

1829-618: The grains concluded, again, that they could have originated only from California, Arizona , or Florida. Alexander was formally identified on January 26, 2015, more than 35 years after her discovery. Laurel Nowell, a close friend in high school from Florida, had started trying to reach Alexander in the 2010s by social media . She eventually reached Alexander's half-sister, Pamela Dyson, of Panama City , who knew that she had often run away from home, but Dyson had not lived with her younger half-sister after about age 11. She learned that no one in her family knew anything of Alexander's whereabouts since

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1888-487: The grains from the clothing. Based on the pollen evidence and the girl's visible tan lines, forensic researchers suggested that she may have been living in the southwestern United States near San Diego, then traveled (perhaps by hitchhiking) through the Sierra Nevada mountains, where spruce and birch grow, passing through Reno, Nevada , and eventually across the country to upstate New York. A 2012 reexamination of

1947-407: The hopes that someone would recognize her image, and it was uploaded to an online public database in 2010. Identification was achieved based on a combination of factors; in 2014, a renewed search for Alexander by her half-sister and a close high school friend resulted in the filing of a new missing persons report with police in Hernando County, Florida , as she had not been seen or heard from since

2006-406: The investigative agency. Sheriff Dougherty has said the investigation would now focus on finding out who killed Alexander. "We've always said one of the biggest parts of solving this case is knowing the victim," he told the media. "This case is burning hot ... We're going to be working it harder than ever." Former sheriff York later said that more than 10,000 leads had already been investigated in

2065-511: The late 1970s. Carl Koppelman , the artist of the reconstructed photo, notified the Livingston County Sheriff's Office about a potential match between the two pictures, and in 2015 a follow-up mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis confirmed a match with Alexander's half-sister based on the DNA results from 2005. Alexander's case was well-publicized in the time she was unidentified, and Livingston County police continued to process thousands of leads from

2124-503: The legal term John Doe injunction or John Doe order has survived in English law and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names, such as " Joe Bloggs " or "John Smith", have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an every-man in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe. Well-known legal cases named after placeholders include: Under

2183-443: The matter ... Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) reads, '... In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties ...' The rule contains no guidance as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential. Prior to ... 1969, only one Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as

2242-431: The meal. In 1984, serial killer Henry Lee Lucas confessed to the murder of the unidentified girl, without identifying her. Investigators could not find sufficient evidence to support his confession. At one time, a now-retired sheriff speculated Christopher Wilder , known for a span of murdering women in the 1980s, may have been responsible. This theory was rooted in his interest in vehicle racing, and Alexander's jacket

2301-407: The medical examiner indicated that Alexander had first been shot in the head while next to the road bordering the cornfield, at or near a blood spot found on the ground. She was dragged into the cornfield, where she was shot again in the back and left for dead. Heavy rains on the night of Alexander's death washed away a large portion of potential forensic evidence , such as physical and DNA traces of

2360-470: The perpetrator on her body and clothes. In the 1980s, John York, who had been one of the first Livingston County deputy sheriffs on the scene in 1979, was elected sheriff . He served in the job until 2013, and ensured that the Cali Doe investigation remained active. Before she was identified, Alexander was estimated to have died between the ages of 13 and 19 (born sometime between 1958 and 1967). She

2419-583: The portrait of "Caledonia Jane Doe" and posted it in the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs). In September 2014, he saw the new listing for Alexander and quickly realized that they were the same person. He emailed the Livingston County Sheriff's Office (with copies sent to the NamUs regional administrator, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), and

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2478-695: The public. The investigation stalled in 1980, leading county officials to arrange for her burial as "Unidentified Girl" at Greenmount Cemetery in Dansville, New York . In 1984, serial killer Henry Lee Lucas confessed to the crime, but his statement was not considered credible. The perpetrator remains unidentified. Tammy Jo Alexander was born in Atlanta , Georgia, on November 2, 1963, and attended high school in Brooksville, Florida . Pamela Dyson, Alexander's half-sister, believes that Alexander left to escape

2537-402: The rationale behind the choices of Doe and Roe is unknown, there are many suggested folk etymologies . Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were "John Noakes" (or "Nokes") and "John-a-Stiles" (or "John Stiles"). The Oxford English Dictionary states that John Doe is "the name given to the fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in

2596-487: The sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and 22 January 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided Roe and Doe , there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs. Multiple-use name One of the first modern multiple-use names was that of Nicolas Bourbaki , which first appeared in 1935. It was used by a group of French mathematicians associated with

2655-443: The subjects into NamUs, saying that this database was critical in achieving her sister's identification. The Livingston County Sheriff's Office released three audio clips of Alexander's voice on November 2, 2020, which would have been the victim's 57th birthday. She was believed to have created the recordings during July 1979 on a cassette tape, which she sent to her boyfriend, who had kept it in his possession until he provided it to

2714-447: The third and fourth participants in an action. "Mary Major" has been used in some federal cases in the US . "James Doe" and "Judy Doe" are among other common variants. Less often, other surnames ending in -oe have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings, e.g. , In Massachusetts , "Mary Moe" is used to refer to pregnant women under

2773-716: The unidentified body came from species common in mountainous areas of California. Australian pine is an invasive genus of tree that grows in a limited number of locations in North America: south Florida; south Texas ; parts of Mexico; the campuses of the University of Arizona and Arizona State University ; and three regions in California: the North Bay of San Francisco , the San Luis Obispo area, and

2832-539: The words, "He who holds the Key can open my heart", the other shaped like a key meant to fit the cutout in the heart. The keychains were sold at vending machines along the New York State Thruway , leading investigators to conclude that she and her killer had traveled that route. In 2006, forensic palynology was conducted on the clothing worn by the victim. Paul Chambers, a recently hired investigator in

2891-556: Was suicidal . I think she had issues back then that they didn't diagnose." Jenkins had worked as a waitress at a truck stop, and was joined by Alexander when she was a teenager. Alexander had a history of running away during this period. Her friend Laurel Nowell said that they had sometimes hitchhiked together with truckers, once traveling all the way to California together. When they got there, Nowell called her parents, and they paid for airline tickets for both girls so they could return to Florida. Jenkins died on January 17, 1998, at

2950-564: Was A−. Several hours before her death, Alexander had eaten sweet corn, potatoes, and boiled canned ham. This was possibly from a diner in nearby Lima , where a waitress had seen her eating with an adult man. At the time of exhumation, several of the victim's teeth were sent for mineralogical and forensic isotope analysis. The composition of her teeth could be linked to the composition and mineral content of regional drinking water supplies around North America, allowing investigators to determine where she may have been raised. Early results on

3009-448: Was aged 16 when murdered, though her age was not clear to investigators at the time. Most potential forensic evidence was washed away by heavy rain on the night she died, but they knew she had come to the Caledonia area from a distant, warmer locale because she had tan lines on her upper body. Advances in technology allowed investigators to make use of improving forensic techniques to evaluate trace evidence they had collected and, following

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3068-446: Was also estimated to be 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) and 120 pounds (54 kg). Alexander was described as having brown eyes and wavy, light brown shoulder-length hair that had been lightened in the front about four months prior to her death and was growing out, and her toenails were painted with coral-colored polish. Alexander had visible tan lines from a halter top or bikini , indicating that she may have come from

3127-665: Was an American teenage girl who was found murdered in the village of Caledonia, New York , on November 10, 1979. She had been fatally shot twice and left in a field just off U.S. Route 20 near the Genesee River after running away from her home in Brooksville, Florida , earlier that year. For more than three decades, she remained unidentified under the names Caledonia Jane Doe or Cali Doe until January 26, 2015, when police in Livingston County, New York , announced her identity 35 years after her death. Alexander

3186-563: Was discovered on the morning of November 10, 1979, by a farmer in Caledonia, New York , 23 miles (37 km) southwest of the city of Rochester . The farmer saw red clothing in one of his corn fields near the Genesee River and went to investigate, believing that he had spotted a trespassing hunter. Instead, he found the body of a young woman and notified police soon after. Alexander was fully clothed and showed no signs of sexual assault . Investigators initially ruled that she had died from

3245-541: Was featured on such television shows as America's Most Wanted . In August of 2024, the podcast Method & Madness produced an episode on the case with the assistance of the Livingston County Sheriff's Department. After her discovery, two news organizations in Rochester, New York, partnered to produce a multi-part podcast in May 2016 detailing Alexander's murder and the ongoing investigation called Finding Tammy Jo . It

3304-501: Was of the same brand of merchandise he was known to purchase. Wilder was killed in a police shootout in 1984 before an interview regarding the Alexander case could take place. Police speculate that the murder weapon the killer used was a .38-caliber handgun. Investigators located a spent slug in the dirt underneath the unidentified girl's body, which they compared forensically to hundreds of other bullets fired from confiscated weapons. Despite investigators' efforts to trace weapons from

3363-424: Was often suspected of being an incognito celebrity. In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as "Doe #2" or "Doe II". Operation Delego (2009), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered "John Does", as well as other people known by the surnames "Doe", "Roe", "Hoe" and "Poe". "John Stiles", "Richard Miles" have been used for

3422-422: Was produced as a one-time promotional item and could not be traced after distribution. She also wore a silver necklace with three small turquoise stones. The necklace had a homemade appearance and resembled replica Native American jewelry made in the southwestern United States . Attached to her pants' front belt loops were two metal keychains, one shaped like a heart with a key-shaped cutout and inscribed with

3481-647: Was used since 1852 in the United Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media. Unlike the United States, the name "John Doe" does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example: X & Y v Persons Unknown [2007] HRLR 4. Well-known cases of unidentified decedents include " Caledonia Jane Doe " (1979), " Princess Doe " (1982) and " Walker County Jane Doe " (1980), all of whom have been identified. In 1997, New York City police discovered

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