66-452: Jayanti Devi Temple lies at Jayanti Majri village hillock, which is 15 km from Chandigarh in Mohali district of Punjab . Named after Jayanti , the goddess of victory. The Pandavas built a temple to Jayanti Devi around which came up the town of Jayantipuri. When the new Chandigarh project was conceived, Jayanti Majri was among the villages to be included in it because it lies at
132-613: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) characterised by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall, and great temperature variation (−1 to 45 °C or 30.2 to 113.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,110.7 millimetres or 43.73 inches. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the Western Disturbance originating over the Mediterranean Sea . The western disturbances bring rain predominantly from mid-December until
198-581: A union territory , is not entitled to a state-level election: thus State Assembly elections are not held and it is directly controlled by the central government . One seat for Chandigarh is allocated in the Lok Sabha elections held every five years. Manish Tewari ( INC ) is the Member of Parliament elected in 2024 from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency . The city is governed by
264-512: A civic administration or local government headed by Municipal Commissioner Anindita Mitra and Mayor Sarbjit Kaur. The city comprises 35 wards represented by 35 elected councillors , and also nominates 9 councillors. On 27 March 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced that the Chandigarh employees who were working under the Punjab service rules until 2022, would be working under
330-565: A couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail. The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh serves the Catholics of the city, with a co-cathedral in the city, which also governs most of the convent schools in Chandigarh. The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Chandigarh, as of year 2020. The table below shows the district nutrition profile of women in Chandigarh between
396-406: A miracle happened. Suddenly the doli turned very heavy. Neither the traditional kahars nor the king's men could move it. At this, the bride told her father about her dream. The king, then, bowing to the desire of the divine arranged for another doli, kept the idol in it and sent the goddess with his daughter. The pujari and his family followed the goddess. The king of Hathnaur, established a temple for
462-474: A population of 1,055,450, giving it a density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every 1,000 males. The child-sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%. 10.8% of
528-506: A simple genuflection is appropriate when It is elevated by the priest for blessing or immediately after transsubstantiation. Personnel in uniform — which in Germany includes student corporations — give the military salute when passing by or in the moment of elevation. The garbhagriha in Hindu temple architecture (a shrine inside a temple complex where the main deity is installed in
594-407: A traditional feature of Indian temples. This tank was earlier in use. It is a concrete construction and steps lead down to it from two sides. The other two sides are bound by the rocky wall of the hillock. There are a few shops along the steps selling nicknacks — coconut, red net chunnies, fancy jewellery, cassettes of devotional songs, toys, photos of the idol etc. The temple is at the highest point of
660-565: A vast area of flat, fertile land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar , while the remainder of its terrain is part of the Terai . Its surrounding cities are Mohali , New Chandigarh , Patiala , Zirakpur and Rupnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana. Chandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) north of Ambala , 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar , and 250 km (156 miles) north of Delhi . Chandigarh has
726-573: Is a city and union territory in northern India , serving as the shared capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana . Situated near the foothills of the Himalayas , it borders Haryana to the east and Punjab in the remaining directions. Chandigarh constitutes the bulk of the Chandigarh Capital Region or Greater Chandigarh, which also includes the adjacent satellite cities of Panchkula in Haryana and Mohali in Punjab. It
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#1732798602939792-538: Is a shop where a duo of father and son serves customers as if at home. The temple attracts visitors during a grand fair held here on Purnima day in February and a small fair in August. At that time approximately 1.5 lakh people visit the temple from far and near places. Devotees also visit it during Navratras , other auspicious days and on Sundays. Two committees run the management of the temple. One of them comprises
858-440: Is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations. Ashoka , cassia , mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem. The city is surrounded by forests that sustain many animal and plant species. Deer , sambars , barking deer , parrots, woodpeckers , and peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in
924-644: Is known for its green belts and other special tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence . The Rock Garden , is located near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded waste materials. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden (which is also Asia's largest rose garden) contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants and trees. Other gardens include
990-479: Is located 260 km (162 miles) north of New Delhi and 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar . Chandigarh is one of the earliest planned cities in post independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which built upon earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and
1056-572: Is often called a "Pensioner's Paradise". Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board has been set up by the Government of India . There are about 15 medium-to-large industries, including two in the public sector . In addition, Chandigarh has over 2,500 units registered under the small-scale sector. The city's important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys, and machinery. Other industries in
1122-590: Is the nodal department for this purpose and has published a detailed booklet about it. The trees in the city that are a hundred or more years old have been given heritage status . Sukhna Lake , a 3 km artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1, was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills . Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It
1188-404: Is the predominant religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.71% of the population. Sikhism is the second most followed religion in the city, followed by 13.11% of the people, followed by Islam at 4.87%. Minorities are Christians at 0.83%, Jains at 0.19%, Buddhists at 0.11%, those that didn't state a religion at 0.10%, and others are 0.02%. There are several places of worship located all over
1254-479: The Shivalik Range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km . It borders the states of Punjab and Haryana. The exact geographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.74°N 76.79°E / 30.74; 76.79 . It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft). The city, lying in the northern plains, includes
1320-733: The Tabernacle and later inside the Temple in Jerusalem , but the term also has some derivative use in application to imitations of the Tabernacle in church architecture. The plural form sancta sanctorum is also used, arguably as a synecdoche , referring to the holy relics contained in the sanctuary. The Vulgate translation of the Bible uses sancta sanctorum for the Holy of Holies . Hence
1386-644: The "Second Machine Age". Two of the six monuments planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly, and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial. Drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed. The capital city was officially shifted from Shimla to Chandigarh on 21 September 1953, though Chandigarh
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#17327986029391452-642: The 19th century. Some regional branches of the Catholic Church, e. g. Germans, are wont to refer to the Blessed Sacrament , when adored in the tabernacle or in exposition or procession (e.g. on Corpus Christi ), as the Holy of Holies. By custom, It is adored with genuflection; with a double genuflection, that is a short moment of kneeling on both knees, if in exposition; in the procession this ritual may be nonrigoristically alleviated, but at least
1518-645: The American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by a team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . Chandigarh's Capitol Complex —as part of a global ensemble of Corbusier's buildings—was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the 40th session of the World Heritage Conference in July 2016. Chandigarh has grown greatly since its initial construction, and has also driven
1584-609: The Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) board is yet to take the final decision. In 2021, the BJP-ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 1.5 to 2.5 times. This created a widespread discontent among the residents. In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. The problem was aggravated by an increase of 17% in parking rates by the Municipal Corporation. The increase in
1650-587: The Devi on a hillock in his estate. First, the girl, and later succeeding generations of the family, worshipped the deity for 200 years. At that time, a robber called Garibu or Garibdas extended his influence on this part of the region, including Mullanpur (now in Ropar). Gradually, Garibu captured the Hathnaur estate and started his reign. However, Garibu was a friend of the poor and a great devotee of Mata. He renovated
1716-775: The Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector 42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical garden and the Bougainvillea Garden. There is also the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh in Sector 10. As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had
1782-699: The Palace of Assembly, and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many Open Hand sculptures, standing 26 metres high. The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le Corbusier called
1848-705: The PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) having regional offices in Chandigarh. Sanctum sanctorum The Latin phrase sanctum sanctorum is a translation of the Hebrew term קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים (Qṓḏeš HaQŏḏāšîm), literally meaning Holy of Holies , which generally refers in Latin texts to the holiest place of the Ancient Israelites , inside
1914-604: The Spanish dictionary of the Real Academia Española admits sanctasanctórum (without the space and with an accent) as a derivative Spanish noun denoting both the Holy of Holies in the Temple in Jerusalem , any secluded and mysterious place, and something that a person holds in the highest esteem. The term is still often used by Indian writers for the garbhagriha or inner shrine chamber in Hindu temple architecture , after being introduced by British writers in
1980-643: The ages of 15 to 49 years, as of the year 2020. Article 239 of the Constitution of India provides for the administration of the Union Territories by the President through an administrator. Since 1984 the Governor of Punjab has served concurrently as the administrator of Chandigarh . Gulab Chand Kataria has been the administrator of the union territory since 27 July 2024. Chandigarh, as
2046-470: The base of the temple provides sweet water throughout the year. Jayanti Devi is considered to be a very sensitive and benevolent goddess who listens to the prayers of her devotees. The metalled road leading to the temple is lined with wheat or rice fields, keekar , peepal and mango groves. As far as the vision goes, one can see numerous hues of green, the characteristic feature of the fertile lands of Punjab, small and large ponds with clear water reflecting
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2112-479: The blue sky and tiny hamlets with agriculture-based life style. The undulating topography and hump-like hillocks give the place a mysterious character that is absent in the flat planes of Chandigarh. There is only a single bus service from Chandigarh to Jayanti Majri. That too is erratic. Though the Chandigarh Administration arranges for buses during the February fair, for the convenience of
2178-552: The central civil services rules from 1 April 2022. The move was criticised by political parties such as the AAP , the INC and the Akali Dal . Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election as of December 2021: The prime responsibilities of the civic body Municipal Corporation Chandigarh , are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in
2244-676: The city are food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals, and electrical appliances. The main occupation here is trade and business. However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , the availability of an IT Park, and more than a hundred government schools provide other job opportunities to people. Four major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ASSOCHAM India , Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI)
2310-540: The city describes itself. As part of the partition of India in 1947, the former Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts, the mostly Hindu and Sikh East Punjab in India, and the mostly Muslim West Punjab in Pakistan . The capital of undivided Punjab, Lahore , had become part of Pakistan after the partition. Instead of shifting the capital to an already existing and established city, Jawaharlal Nehru ,
2376-595: The city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal. The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases. In September 2020, the civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system. The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021,
2442-464: The city, with many in each sector, including the historic Mata Basanti Devi Mandir in Sector 24. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Shitala and specially visited by devotees during first Tuesday of Chaitra month after Holi . Chandi Mandir , Mata Mansa Devi Mandir and Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir are important Hindu temples located near Chandigarh. Nada Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity. Apart from this, there are
2508-705: The derivative usage to denote the Sancta Sanctorum chapel in the complex of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran , Rome. In Hinduism , a temple's innermost part where the Murti of the deity is kept forms the Garbhagriha , also referred to as a sanctum sanctorum. The Latin word sanctum is the neuter form of the adjective " holy ", and sanctorum its genitive plural. Thus the term sanctum sanctorum literally means "the holy [place/thing] of
2574-462: The development of Mohali and Panchkula; the "tri-city" metropolitan area has a combined population of over 1,611,770. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The union territory has one of the highest Human Development Index among Indian states and territories. In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics ranked it as the happiest city in India on the happiness index. In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh one of
2640-585: The end of April, which can be heavier sometimes with strong wind and hail if the weather turns colder (during March–April months), which usually proves disastrous to local crops. Cold winds usually tend to come from the Himalayas that lie to the north, which receive snowfall during wintertime. The city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures: Chandigarh has been ranked 27th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. Most of Chandigarh
2706-569: The few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture, cultural growth, and modernisation. The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh . Chandi refers to the Hindu goddess Chandi and Garh means fortress. The name is derived from Chandi Mandir , an ancient temple devoted to Chandi near the city in Panchkula District. The motif or sobriquet of "The City of Beauty"
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2772-528: The first Prime Minister of India, envisioned an altogether new and modern city to be built to serve as the capital of Punjab . Partap Singh Kairon , then the Chief Minister of East Punjab , and Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai , then the Chief Secretary of East Punjab, were instrumental in creating Chandigarh as the capital of the state. In 1949, the American planner and architect Albert Mayer
2838-414: The former state of Punjab was split in two . The western and northern mostly Punjabi -speaking portion became the present-day state of Punjab , while the eastern and southern Hindi- and Haryanvi -speaking areas became Haryana . Chandigarh ended up being located on the border of the two states, and both of them moved to incorporate the city into their respective territories. However, the city of Chandigarh
2904-615: The growth of the economy, especially in the Services sector. The government is a major employer in Chandigarh, with three governments having their base here, those being the Chandigarh Administration, the Punjab government, and the Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service, mainly armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh
2970-553: The hillock supported by massive pillars. This point gives a wide view of the lush green surroundings, the serpentine Jayanti Rao and the settlements beyond. Inside the sanctum sanctorum lies the stone idol of the goddess. In the niches outside there are Murtis of Lord Shiva , Lord Ganesha , Goddess Lakshmi , Goddess Bala Sundari and local deity Lokda Dev. There is a very famous fast food (veg) shop named Anika's Food Point offering and serving delicious eateries at very affordable price and maintaining qualitative professionalism. It
3036-506: The holy [places/things]", replicating in Latin the Hebrew construction for the superlative , with the intended meaning "the most holy [place/thing]". The Latin word sanctum may be used in English , following Latin, for "a holy place", or a sanctuary , as in the novel Jane Eyre (1848) which refers to "the sanctum of school room". Romance languages tend to use the form sancta sanctorum , treating it as masculine and singular. E.g.,
3102-402: The land's gentle grade promoted proper drainage. Mayer stopped his work on the city after his architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who utilised many elements of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him. Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court,
3168-454: The periphery of Chandigarh. The Punjab Soil and Water Conservation Department has constructed a small dam, Jayanti Dam, in this area, that supports a reservoir for rain water collection. The water is then used for irrigation of fields. The place can be developed as a beautiful tourist-cum-religious spot and visitors to Chandigarh can be guided to visit the temple. The oral tradition of the temple of Mata Jayanti Devi goes back about 550 years to
3234-455: The population is under 6 years of age. The population of Chandigarh formed 0.09 per cent of India in 2011. There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since the 1951–1961 period, the growth rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%, a likely cause being the rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities. The urban population constitutes 97.25% of
3300-548: The premises for a limited number of devotees. The committee has started work on the construction of a dharamshala for pilgrims who visit the temple from far-off places. The 11th generation of the pujari, who came originally from Kangra with the Murti , now performs the sacred duties of the temple. The residence of the Pujari is also within the premises. Chandigarh Chandigarh ( / ˌ tʃ ʌ n d ɪ ˈ ɡ ɑːr / )
3366-420: The priest's family and villagers of Jayanti Majri. It looks after construction work and expansion projects of the temple. The other committee consists of residents of Mullanpur . Both the committees hold Bhandara / Dhaam every Sunday and also during the fair. There is no government-aid to the temple and the only source of income is contribution by the devotees. At present, there is a provision of night stay at
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#17327986029393432-412: The state of rights over Chandigarh. [1] Present-day Chandigarh was also the site of a short-lived late 18th-century principality, with a small fort at Mani Majra . Many villages that predate the city are still inhabited within the modern blocks of some sectors, including Burail and Attawa , while several other such villages lie on the margins of the city. Chandigarh is located by the foothills of
3498-461: The temple and extended the premises to the present state. She is one of the seven sisters, the seven goddesses of the Kangra valley: Naina Devi , Jawalamukhi , Chintpurni , Mata Mansa Devi , Brajeshwari , Chamunda Devi and Jayanti Devi. As a sign of reverence to Mata Jayanti Devi, the villagers of Jayanti Majri restrict the construction of their houses to only a single storey. An ancient well at
3564-415: The third-largest deposit center and seventh-largest credit center nationwide as of June 2012. With an average household monthly income of ₹ 199,000 (US$ 2,400), Chandigarh is one of the richest towns in India. Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2014–15 is estimated at ₹290 billion ( short scale ) (US$ 4.3 billion) at current prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in
3630-518: The times of Lodi dynasty . At that time, a small estate called Hathnaur was situated at the north of present-day Chandigarh . The king of the estate had 22 brothers. One of the brother was married to the daughter of the King of Kangra . She was a great devotee of Mata Jayanti Devi, the mother goddess of the clan, since her childhood. Every morning she first used to worship the goddess and only after that she would perform other activities. When her marriage
3696-473: The top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations" ahead of cities like Beldon (Amritsar) . The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park, also known as the Chandigarh IT Park, is an special economic zone which has facilities for information technology. Technology Park, which has changed the economic scenario of the city and the vicinity by facilitating
3762-613: The total and the rural population makes up 2.75%, as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh, situated on its Western and South-Eastern border, and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh. Languages of Chandigarh (2011) English is the sole official language of Chandigarh. The majority of the population speaks Hindi (67.76%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.02%. Government schools use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks. The percentage of Punjabi speakers has fallen from 36% in 1981 to 22% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from 51% to 78%. Hinduism
3828-409: The village residents and for visitors, a regular bus service is needed, especially on Sundays and holidays. Temple has a large complex with park and Jayanti Archeological Museum . The entrance to the temple is through a huge gate at the base of the hillock. From here about 100 or so easy steps lead up to the temple premises. As one climbs up, the first thing one encounters is a very large water tank,
3894-469: The waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years 2016 to 2021 were unpopular among the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India , concerns were raised about whether sufficient relief measures had been taken by the local government. The sitting Councillors were accused of not being found to be approachable when the public needed support. In 2016, Chandigarh
3960-404: The winter season. The Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh provides a home to a large number of parrots. Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998. Many trees in Chandigarh are given the status of the natural heritage of the city. The Chandigarh government has identified a list of 31 trees as Heritage Trees. The Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration
4026-481: Was commissioned to design a new city to be called "Chandigarh". The government carved out Chandigarh from about fifty Puadhi -speaking villages in the then-state of East Punjab, India. Shimla was the temporary capital of the state until Chandigarh was completed. Albert Mayer developed a superblock -based city interspersed with green spaces, with an emphasis on cellular neighbourhoods and traffic segregation. His site plan took advantage of natural land characteristics;
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#17327986029394092-415: Was controlled directly by the central government and was to serve as the shared capital of the two states until a resolution could be reached. It has been noted by industrialists that large real-estate projects have stagnated since the creation of Chandigarh in Punjab and Haryana as an economic rival city would be perceived as a city that could be used as capital instead of Chandigarh and hence relinquishing
4158-526: Was derived from the City Beautiful movement , which was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s. Architect Albert Mayer , the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of City Beautiful concepts and declared, "We want to create a beautiful city..." The phrase was used as a logo in official publications in the 1970s and is now how
4224-413: Was fixed she was very anxious because it meant going far away from her deity and not being able to have darshan of the goddess. She prayed hard and conveyed her grief and remorse to the goddess. Mata Jayanti Devi was moved by the deep devotion of the girl. She appeared in her dreams and promised to accompany her wherever she went. When the marriage party started back from Hathnaur with the bride's doli ,
4290-407: Was formally inaugurated by India's first president, Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953. During excavations at the time of the building of the city, some Indus Valley artefacts were discovered, suggesting that the area that is today Chandigarh was home to some settlements of the Indus Valley civilisation . On 1 November 1966, after a long-drawn movement demanding the formation of a Punjabi state,
4356-405: Was the second cleanest city of India . In 2021, Chandigarh fell 66 positions in the list of cleanest cities in India. The garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site. The city's cleanliness was once a point for the city, and its decline became an important poll issue. Chandigarh has been rated as one of the "Wealthiest Towns" of India. The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as
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