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58-529: Jayapura (formerly Hollandia ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Papua . It is situated on the northern coast of New Guinea island and covers an area of 940.0 km (362.9 sq mi). The city borders the Pacific Ocean and Yos Sudarso Bay to the north, the country of Papua New Guinea to the east, Keerom Regency to the south, and Jayapura Regency to
116-677: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
174-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
232-403: A 3-guilder coin was thought to better fit in the series of denominations. This turned out to be a mistake (due to the high silver price ) and from 1840 onward 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -guilder coins were produced again. Production stopped in 2002 due to the introduction of the euro . 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -guilder coins continued to be called by their nicknames rijksdaalder , riks , and knaak until
290-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
348-629: A destination for residents from outside the city of Jayapura to find a job and also gain knowledge in several institutions in this city. Religion in Jayapura (2023) On 12 May 1949, the Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Hollandia was established in the city. In 1963, it was renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Kota Baru. In 1964, it was again renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Sukarnapura. It
406-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
464-469: A dual Dutch/Indonesian name: Hollandia / Kota Baru (New Town). When Indonesia took control over the city on 1 May 1963, it became solely Kota Baru . In 1964, the city was briefly renamed Sukarnopura , after then- President Sukarno , until the end of 1968, when it acquired its present name. Before its inclusion into the colonial government of the Dutch Indies , the location of present-day Jayapura
522-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
580-554: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
638-550: A village near the border with Papua New Guinea and continues beyond the border to Vanimo . The city has connection to other towns and cities such as Sarmi and Wamena via the Trans-Papua Highway . Bus terminals in Jayapura include Terminal Entrop and Terminal Mesran. Trans Jayapura bus rapid transit , operated by the city government via Pikoum cooperative, is operating within the city since 2019 with four corridors starting from both terminals. The government
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#1732772797200696-417: Is about 94,000 hectares (230,000 acres) in area, and is divided into five districts. Around 30% of the area is inhabited, with the remainder consisting of a rough terrain, swamps, and protected forest. Jayapura has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. The city comprises five districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and
754-562: Is currently planning to build a railway from Jayapura to Sarmi , a distance of some 400 km. Further plans could subsequently extend this to connect Jayapura with Manokwari and Sorong . The project is planned for completion by 2030. Jayapura is the home of the Persipura , a professional football club that has produced many famous Papuan-Indonesian footballers and have won the Liga Indonesia / Indonesia Super League four times in
812-571: Is now uninhabited and part of Indonesian territory. Hollandia was the capital of a district of the same name in the northeast of West New Guinea. The name Hollandia was used until 1962. The northern part of Netherlands New Guinea was occupied by Japanese forces in 1942. Allied forces drove out the Japanese after Operations Reckless and Persecution , the amphibious landings near Hollandia, from 21 April 1944. The area's Naval Base Hollandia , served as General Douglas MacArthur 's headquarters until
870-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
928-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
986-541: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
1044-523: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
1102-695: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
1160-697: The Netherlands Indies gulden was replaced by the Indonesian rupiah . The Netherlands United East India Company (VOC) issued the rijksdaalder in the Cape Colony in the 17th century. The Dutch monetary system overseas of a rijksdaalder – or rixdollar – of 48 stuiver was continued in the Cape Province by the British in the early nineteenth century. In Ceylon , the VOC issued coins during
1218-537: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
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#17327727972001276-523: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
1334-415: The de-Sukarnoization . Nowadays there are calls from some citizens, government officials and academicians, to rename the city to better reflect the locals like the naming of Youtefa Bridge . Some suggestions include Kota Tabi as the city is in the customary region of Tabi, Port Numbay , or just Numbay as "Port" is English and not a native word. The word "Numbay" comes from the river Numbay which flows to
1392-492: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
1450-661: The 17th century. Friesland , Gelderland , Holland , Kampen , Overijssel , Utrecht , West Friesland , Zeeland , and Zwolle minted armored half bust rijksdaalders until the end of the 17th century. 17th century rijksdaalder was set to be equal to from 48 to 50 stuivers (the Dutch equivalent of shillings) and circulated along with silver florins (28 stuivers), daalders (30 stuivers), leeuwendaalders (36 to 42 stuivers; 27.68 g, 0.743 fine), silver ducats (48 stuivers; 28.06 g, 0.868 fine), and ducatons (60 stuivers; 32.46 g, 0.938 fine) silver ducats and rijksdaalders were almost of
1508-452: The 18th century in denominations of 1 ⁄ 8 and 1 duit, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1, 2 and 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 stuiver and 1 rijksdaalder. The currency derived from the Dutch rijksdaalder, although again the Dutch rijksdaalder was worth 50 stuiver and the Ceylon version 48 stuiver . After the British took over Ceylon and the rixdollar was the currency of Ceylon until 1828. The rixdollar
1566-673: The 2005, 2008–09 , 2010–11 and the 2012–13 seasons. Persipura plays its home matches in the Mandala Stadium as well as Hollandia Rugby Club Jayapura. The main newspaper in Papua, Cenderawasih Pos , is published in Jayapura. Other notable local newspaper and online media such as Koran Jubi is also based in the city. Jayapura also served by several radio and television station, including public stations RRI Jayapura and TVRI Papua as well as privately owned Jaya TV . Most national television networks coverage could be received in
1624-455: The 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also lists the locations of the district headquarters, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 25 urban kelurahan and 14 rural kampung ), and its post codes. Note: (a) the original 2020 Census figures were quoted as 303,760; this was drastically revised to 398,478, but the figures for the individual five districts have not been revised. As
1682-538: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
1740-720: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
1798-427: The capital of Papua Province with all the development undertaken, Jayapura City has become a "magnet" for settlers from other regions of Indonesia. Ethnic Javanese, Makasar, Buginese, Torajanese, Manadonese, Bataks, Moluccans, Madurese and so on, among others ethnicities of the nation that helped increase the population drastically in at least one decade. In addition to the label "city of Education" then has made this city
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1856-597: The city. Capital city A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
1914-620: The city. It has the meaning "clear water" while "Tabi" means "sunrise" in the local Kayo Pulau language. During the Dutch colonial era the city was called Hollandia , based on the Holland region. In 1945, the Dutch made Hollandia the capital of then Netherlands New Guinea . After the territory was handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority , on 1 October 1962, the city went by
1972-646: The conquest of the Philippines in March 1945. Over twenty U.S. bases were established and half a million US personnel moved through the area. Jayapura was struck by the Aitape tsunami after the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake . The topography of Jayapura varies from valleys to hills, plateaus, and mountains up to 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. Jayapura overlooks the Yos Sudarso Bay . Jayapura
2030-541: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Dutch rijksdaalder The rijksdaalder ( Dutch pronunciation: [rɛiksˈdaːldər] ; "Imperial dollar")
2088-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
2146-639: The formation of GRDP. The sharp gap/disparity of income, and the high rate of poverty (28.44% at less than $ 3.10/day PPP ) and unemployment rate with low labor force participation rate (57.26%). Another weakness is the not yet optimal use of agriculture (in the broad sense) as one of the supporters of the regional economy that has a competitive advantage. Tourism developments, marked by the growing tourism industry and domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in Jayapura City, have provided opportunities for various sectors to flourish, especially income generation for
2204-545: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
2262-420: The indigenous people of Port Numbay in Jayapura city. With the development of trade and service activities supported by the increasing availability of trade and service facilities that lead to increased private investment in the trade and tourism services sector and other sectors. This condition also needs to be supported by the protection policy for the indigenous people of Port Numbay to be prioritized in taking
2320-561: The introduction of the euro. The Royal Dutch Mint still mints a silver ducat "rijksdaalder" to this day. These are mintage figures for the 2 1 ⁄ 2 -guilder denomination until introduction of the euro in 2002. It excludes the silver ducat which is still minted as a numismatic product even after 2002. The Dutch rijksdaalder or the local versions of the 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -guilder coin (or paper) were circulating in Dutch East India from 1602 until 1949. In this year
2378-501: The opportunity to compete healthily, especially in the field of trade, investment and tourism sector. The economic condition of the indigenous people of Port Numbay, particularly in the context of economic competition in the city of Jayapura, is still at a low level with the lack of capital and skills possessed and with increasingly depleted natural resources. With the skills and knowledge that still rely on subsistence economic activities such as sago concocting activities, catching fish in
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2436-466: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
2494-430: The river was called Kloofkamp, a name still in use as the name of an ancient district of Jayapura. Forty coconut trees were cut down for the establishment of the camp. They were bought from the owners at a cost of one rijksdaalder per palm. On 7 March 1910, the Dutch flag was raised and the settlement was named Hollandia . On the other side of the bay there was already a German camp, Germania-Huk (German Corner), which
2552-487: The sale of crops such as marine fish, long-term crops such as coconut, areca nut and others that more levels of economic competition with other ethnic Jayapura in the same merchandise, and with a larger scale. Jayapura is served by Sentani International Airport , located at Sentani town in Jayapura Regency some 40 kms west of the city, and near Lake Sentani . A highway connects the city eastwards to Skouw,
2610-476: The same size and quality. With the disappearance of the original armored half bust rijksdaalder design, silver ducats and later 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilders started to be called rijksdaalders. Unification of the Dutch monetary system in the beginning of the 18th century introduced guilder and set rijksdaalders and silver ducats at 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilders. Following decimalization (in 1816), 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -guilder coins were no longer produced because
2668-401: The sea, shifting cultivation to indigenous people of Port Numbay, it is enough left behind with other ethnic in Jayapura city that competes in trade and service which is economic modern with profit from the subsistence economy. However, by utilizing the customary rights area along the coast that became the coastal tourist attraction, some of the inhabitants of Port Numbay Original have competed in
2726-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
2784-598: The service sector even on a small scale and limited capital. This is done by indigenous villagers Kayu Batu on BaseG beach in North Jayapura, Hamadi beach in South Jayapura and on Holtekam beach, Skow Mabo and Skow in Muara Tami district. While competition in the field of trade is still limited to the natives of Port Numbay because it is still in small scale and is subsistence economy. Among other things,
2842-677: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
2900-468: The west. With a population of 398,478 according to the 2020 census , Jayapura is the most populous city in the entire island of New Guinea , surpassing Port Moresby , the national capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea. During the 2010-2020 decade it was also the fastest-growing city in Indonesia, with the population increasing by 55.23% between 2010 and 2020. The official estimate as at mid 2023
2958-490: Was 414,862 (comprising 220,024 males and 194,838 females). Jayapura is the fourth largest city by economy in Eastern Indonesia —after Makassar , Denpasar , and Manado —with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp 19.48 trillion. Jayapura has a very high Human Development Index (HDI) at 0.801. Jayapura is Sanskrit for "city of victory" (जय jaya : "victory"; पुर pura : "city") and was named by Suharto as part of
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#17327727972003016-729: Was a Dutch coin first issued by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in the late 16th century during the Dutch Revolt which featured an armored half bust of William the Silent . It was the Dutch counterpart of the Reichsthaler of the Holy Roman Empire (weighing 29.232 grams of 0.889 fine silver) but weighed slightly less, at 29.03 g (448 grains) of 0.885 fine silver, reduced to 0.875 fine by
3074-820: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
3132-632: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
3190-632: Was known as Numbay . Before the arrival of the Dutch there was an active trade in Numbay, centered on the Island of Metui Debi and the area where the former Gereja Pengharapan ("Church of the Favor of God") stood, in Sam Ratulangi Road, being most active between 1897 and 1905. The mode of the trade was through barter for spices , cassava , salted fish and bird-of-paradise . The society of Numbay
3248-501: Was led by an ondoafi (chief of the tribe). In the 1800s, Numbay maintained relations with the Ternate Sultanate . On 28 September 1909, a detachment of the Dutch navy under Captain F.J.P. Sachse came ashore at Humboldt Bay near the mouth of the Numbay river. Their task was the systematic exploration of northern New Guinea and the search for a natural border between the Dutch and German spheres on New Guinea. Their camp along
3306-531: Was promoted in 1966 as the Diocese of Sukarnapura, renamed in 1969 as the Diocese of Djajapura and since 1973 spelled as Diocese of Jayapura . The highest economic growth of Jayapura city compared to other districts/municipalities in the province of Papua has had implications for the increased income and purchasing power of the people. The economic growth is largely contributed from the tertiary sector, where trade and services and finance dominate its contribution to
3364-672: Was then replaced by the British pound at a rate of 1 rixdollar = 1 shilling 6 pence (£1 = 13 + 1 ⁄ 3 rixdollars). In Suriname the Surinamese Rijksdaalder circulated until 2004, when the Surinamese guilder was replaced by the Surinamese dollar . In the former Netherlands Antilles the rijksdaalder circulated until 2011. In that year the Netherlands Antillean guilder will be replaced by
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