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58-511: John Donahue (c. 1806 – 1 September 1830), also spelled Donohoe , and known as Jack Donahue and Bold Jack Donahue , was an Irish-born bushranger in Australia between 1825 and 1830. He became part of the notorious "Wild Colonial Boys". Donahue was born in Dublin, Ireland c.1806. An orphan, he began pick-pocketing and, after later involvement in a burglary, was convicted of intent to commit

116-516: A Mr Clements, a settler on the Hunter River. He later become one of the "Wild Colonial Boys", a loose bonded gang of twelve to fifteen men. Donohue's cunning and guile soon had him on equal standing as the leaders of this gang of Underwood and MacNamara. These two had the reputation for wily pluck, daring and desperation. The gang would operate in groups of three or four in order to bail up settlers and plunder property from Bathurst to Yass and from

174-400: A brief gunfight MacNamara was shot, taking a bullet to the breast, and died. Dalton was taken to Sydney, tried and sentenced to death for robbery of John Ellison near Parramatta. Dalton was hanged on 28 June 1830. To streamline the leadership of the gang, Donohue shot and killed Underwood. It was said that Underwood was keeping a diary of the gangs exploits and Donohue wasn't impressed. Donahue

232-562: A bushranger was "an open villain who subsists by highway robbery, and will sooner be killed than taken alive". Over 2,000 bushrangers are estimated to have roamed the Australian countryside, beginning with the convict bolters and drawing to a close after Ned Kelly 's last stand at Glenrowan . Bushranging began soon after British settlement with the establishment of New South Wales as a penal colony in 1788. The majority of early bushrangers were convicts who had escaped prison, or from

290-612: A chord was "'I'll fight but not surrender 'til I die', cried the Wild Colonial Boy." The song “ Jim Jones at Botany Bay ” is an Australian folk song that mentions Donohue. Bushranger Bushrangers were armed robbers and outlaws who resided in the Australian bush between the 1780s and the early 20th century. The original use of the term dates back to the early years of the British colonisation of Australia, and applied to transported convicts who had escaped into

348-537: A close encounter with Donahue in New South Wales in the 1820s: "Another time, near the same place ('the junction of the Bringelly and Cowpasture roads') , the notorious Donahue nearly got me. I had dismounted from my horse to remove some shifting rails, being a short cut through the bush to Prospect Hill, the residence of a friend, Mr. Lawson. I remounted my horse double quick, and most unceremoniously left

406-488: A convict uprising, declared martial law in an effort to suppress Howe's influence. Most of the gang had either been captured or killed by 1818, the year Howe was clubbed to death by a soldier. Vandemonian bushranging peaked in the 1820s with hundreds of bolters at large, among the most notorious being Matthew Brady 's gang, cannibal serial killers Alexander Pearce and Thomas Jeffrey , and tracker-turned-resistance leader Musquito . Jackey Jackey (alias of William Westwood)

464-768: A corner on the Macintyre (1894) and Bailed Up (1895), both set in Inverell , the area where Captain Thunderbolt was once active. Although not the first Australian film with a bushranging theme, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906)—the world's first feature-length narrative film —is regarded as having set the template for the genre. On the back of the film's success, its producers released one of two 1907 film adaptations of Boldrewood's Robbery Under Arms (the other being Charles MacMahon's version ). Entering

522-659: A felony in 1823. After being detained aboard HMS Surprise , a convict hulk moored in Cork, in September 1824, he was transferred to the ship Ann and Amelia and transported with 200 other prisoners to Australia, arriving in Sydney in January 1825. Upon being shown his cell at Carter's barracks, Donahue remarked 'A home for life'. During his early imprisonment, he was twice sentenced to fifty lashes as punishment. Donahue escaped to

580-719: A group of armed locals in Bobin, NSW , and the death of his brother, Joe Governor, near Singleton, NSW a few days later. Jack Underwood (who had been caught shortly after the Breelong Massacre) was hanged in Dubbo Gaol on 14 January 1901, and Jimmy Governor was hanged in Darlinghurst Gaol on 18 January 1901. The final phase of bushranging was sustained by the so-called "boy bushrangers"—youths who sought to commit crimes, mostly armed robberies, modelled on

638-469: A half years, one of the longest careers of any bushranger. He sometimes operated alone; at other times, he led gangs, and was accompanied by his Aboriginal 'wife', Mary Ann Bugg , who is credited with helping extend his career. The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, improvements in rail transport and communications technology, such as telegraphy , made it more difficult for bushrangers to evade capture. In 1870, Captain Thunderbolt

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696-486: A number of bushrangers became folk heroes and symbols of rebellion against the authorities, admired for their bravery, rough chivalry and colourful personalities. However, in stark contrast to romantic portrayals in the arts and popular culture, bushrangers tended to lead lives that were "nasty, brutish and short", with some earning notoriety for their cruelty and bloodthirst. Australian attitudes toward bushrangers remain complex and ambivalent. The earliest documented use of

754-510: A self-made book of kangaroo skin and written in kangaroo blood. In it was a dream diary and plans for a settlement he intended to found in the bush. Sometime bushranger Francis MacNamara, also known as Frank the Poet , wrote some of the best-known poems of the convict era. Several convict bushrangers also wrote autobiographies, including Jackey Jackey, Martin Cash and Owen Suffolk . Jack Donahue

812-660: A shootout with the police. Ned Kelly, the only gang member to survive, was hanged at the Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880. In July 1900, the Governor brothers—a trio group consisting of an Aboriginal fencing contractor named Jimmy Governor and his associates, Joe Governor and Jack Underwood—perpetrated the Breelong Massacre, wounding one and killing five members of the Mawbey family. The massacre sparked

870-543: A ten-year sentence in HM Prison Pentridge . Within a year of his release in 1879, he and his gang held up the town of Wantabadgery in the Riverina . Two of the gang (including Moonlite's "soulmate" and alleged lover, James Nesbitt) and one trooper were killed when the police attacked. Scott was found guilty of murder and hanged along with one of his accomplices on 20 January 1880. Among the last bushrangers

928-652: A trooper in 1830. That same year, west of the Blue Mountains , convict Ralph Entwistle sparked a bushranging insurgency known as the Bathurst Rebellion . He and his gang raided farms, liberating assigned convicts by force in the process, and within a month, his personal army numbered 80 men. Following gun battles with vigilante posses, mounted policemen and soldiers of the 39th and 57th Regiment of Foot , he and nine of his men were captured and executed. Convict bushrangers were particularly prevalent in

986-634: Is considered a classic of Australian colonial literature. It also cited as an important influence on the American writer Owen Wister 's 1902 novel The Virginian , widely regarded as the first Western . Bushrangers were a favoured subject of colonial artists such as S. T. Gill , Frank P. Mahony and William Strutt . Tom Roberts , one of the leading figures of the Heidelberg School (also known as Australian Impressionism ), depicted bushrangers in some of his history paintings, including In

1044-489: Is related to the changes that this region of the head undergoes with the aging process, thus revealing the passage of time. Among these changes are thinning of the skin, the appearance of the first gray hairs, and a greater prominence of the superficial temporal artery , which becomes more visible as an individual ages. The name of the temporalis muscle looks like a form of the Latin word "tempus" meaning "time", but this

1102-674: The Parliament of New South Wales passed a bill, the Felons Apprehension Act 1865 , that effectively allowed anyone to shoot outlawed bushrangers on sight. By the time that the Clarke brothers were captured and hanged in 1867, organised gang bushranging in New South Wales had effectively ceased. Captain Thunderbolt (alias of Frederick Ward) robbed inns and mail-coaches across northern New South Wales for six and

1160-451: The 1860s, including the 1862 Escort Rock robbery , Australia's largest ever gold heist. The gang also engaged in many shootouts with the police, resulting in deaths on both sides. Other bushrangers active in New South Wales during this period, such as Dan Morgan , and the Clarke brothers and their associates, murdered multiple policemen. As bushranging continued to escalate in the 1860s,

1218-695: The Bushranger (1830), William Thomas Moncrieff 's Van Diemen's Land: An Operatic Drama (1831), The Bushrangers; or, Norwood Vale (1834) by Henry Melville , and The Bushrangers; or, The Tregedy of Donohoe (1835) by Charles Harpur . In the late 19th century, E. W. Hornung and Hume Nisbet created popular bushranger novels within the conventions of the European "noble bandit" tradition. First serialised in The Sydney Mail in 1882–83, Rolf Boldrewood 's bushranging novel Robbery Under Arms

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1276-427: The Governor brothers to engage in a crime spree across northern New South Wales, triggering one of the largest manhunts in Australian history, with 2,000 armed civilians and police covering 3,000 km of northern New South Wales in a search for the brothers. The Governor brothers were pursued by authorities for a total of three months, consequently being brought down on 27 October with the arrest of Jimmy Governor by

1334-515: The Hunter region to the Illawarra. In 1829, notices were distributed with a reward of £20 for Donohue's capture, describing him as '22 years of age, 5 feet 4 inches [163 cm] in height, brown freckled complexion, flaxen hair, blue eyes, and has a scar under the left nostril'. One year later, the reward increased to £200. In groups of three or four, they laid in wait for travellers on

1392-424: The beds. An act was passed authorising the justices to issue warrants for searching the houses of the settlers suspected. To make matters more lively, a proclamation was issued promising a reward, a free pardon, and a cheap trip to England to any convict, and acreage of land to any free person who would lodge Donohue, MacNamara, or Underwood in custody. Police caught up with two of the gang, MacNamara and Dalton. In

1450-477: The bush from the Quakers Hill farm with two men named George Kilroy and William Smith. They formed an outlaw gang known as "The Strippers," since they stripped wealthy landowners of their clothing, money and food. Servants on the farms sometimes provided them with information about their masters, and at times even provided them with food and shelter. Government surveyor Robert Hoddle wrote in his diary about

1508-417: The bush to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up " robbery under arms " as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the gold rush era of the mid-19th century, with many bushrangers roaming the goldfields and country districts of New South Wales and Victoria , and to a lesser extent Queensland . As the outbreak worsened in

1566-639: The bushranger genre, including The Bushranger (1928), Stingaree (1934) and Captain Fury (1939). Ned Kelly (1970) starred Mick Jagger in the title role. Dennis Hopper portrayed Dan Morgan in Mad Dog Morgan (1976). More recent bushranger films include Ned Kelly (2003), starring Heath Ledger , The Proposition (2005), written by Nick Cave , The Outlaw Michael Howe (2013), and The Legend of Ben Hall (2016). Temple (anatomy) Cladistics classify land vertebrates based on

1624-574: The colonial authorities, the Government tried to bring an end to any such collaboration by rewarding Aborigines for returning convicts to custody. Aboriginal trackers would play a significant role in the hunt for bushrangers. Colonel Godfrey Mundy described convict bushrangers as "desperate, hopeless, fearless; rendered so, perhaps, by the tyranny of a gaoler, of an overseer, or of a master to whom he has been assigned." Edward Smith Hall , editor of early Sydney newspaper The Monitor , agreed that

1682-486: The convict system was a breeding-ground for bushrangers due to its savagery, with starvation and acts of torture being rampant. "Liberty or Death!" was the cry of convict bushrangers, and in large numbers they roamed beyond Sydney, some hoping to reach China , which was commonly believed to be connected by an overland route. Some bolters seized boats and set sail for foreign lands, but most were hunted down and brought back to Australia. Others attempted to inspire an overhaul of

1740-401: The convict system, or simply sought revenge on their captors. This latter desire found expression in the convict ballad " Jim Jones at Botany Bay ", in which Jones, the narrator, plans to join bushranger Jack Donahue and "gun the floggers down". Donahue was the most notorious of the early New South Wales bushrangers, terrorising settlements outside Sydney from 1827 until he was fatally shot by

1798-441: The decline in penal transportations to Australia in the 1840s. It had ceased by the 1850s to all colonies except Western Australia , which accepted convicts between 1850 and 1868. The best-known convict bushranger of the colony was the prolific escapee Moondyne Joe . The Australian gold rushes of the 1850s and 1860s marked the next distinct phase of bushranging, as the discovery of gold gave bushrangers access to great wealth that

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1856-575: The early 20th century, most historians regard Kelly's capture and execution in 1880 as effectively representing the end of the bushranging era. Bushranging exerted a powerful influence in Australia, lasting for over a century and predominating in the eastern colonies. Its origins in a convict system bred a unique kind of desperado, most frequently with an Irish political background. Native-born bushrangers also expressed nascent Australian nationalist views and are recognised as "the first distinctively Australian characters to gain general recognition." As such,

1914-411: The exploits of their bushranging "heroes". The majority were captured alive without any fatalities. In Australia, bushrangers often attract public sympathy (cf. the concept of social bandits ). In Australian history and iconography bushrangers are held in some esteem in some quarters due to the harshness and anti-Catholicism of the colonial authorities whom they embarrassed, and the romanticism of

1972-619: The first "golden age" of Australian cinema (1910–12), director John Gavin released two fictionalised accounts of real-life bushrangers: Moonlite (1910) and Thunderbolt (1910). The genre's popularity with audiences led to a spike of production unprecedented in world cinema. Dan Morgan (1911) is notable for portraying its title character as an insane villain rather than a figure of romance. Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner, Captain Starlight, and numerous other bushrangers also received cinematic treatments at this time. Alarmed by what they saw as

2030-486: The glorification of outlawry, state governments imposed a ban on bushranger films in 1912, effectively removing "the entire folklore relating to bushrangers ... from the most popular form of cultural expression." It is seen as a major reason for the collapse of a booming Australian film industry. One of the few Australian films to escape the ban before it was lifted in the 1940s is the 1920 adaptation of Robbery Under Arms . Also during this lull appeared American takes on

2088-442: The highway or, knowing settlers to be away from home, they would attack and plunder their houses. They even attacked the toll house and carried off everything worth taking. Donohue's tact and ways of only robbing the better off procured him a host of friends among the poorer settlers. They gave the police false information about him and, when they were dogging him rather too hard, the settlers stowed him away in their back rooms or under

2146-451: The law, the government sent reinforcements and aboriginal trackers. It didn't take long for the posse to catch up with the bandits. A shoot-out occurred and Donohue managed to escape but one was killed and three were captured. These prisoners were hanged on 22 December 1828. Returning to more familiar territory, near Windsor, Donohue linked up with others to continue his life of crime. In March 1829, he, along with John Walmsle, shot and killed

2204-405: The lawlessness they represented. Some bushrangers, most notably Ned Kelly in his Jerilderie letter , and in his final raid on Glenrowan , explicitly represented themselves as political rebels. Attitudes to Kelly, by far the most well-known bushranger, exemplify the ambivalent views of Australians regarding bushranging. The impact of bushrangers upon the areas in which they roamed is evidenced in

2262-611: The mid-1860s, the concept of outlawry was introduced to curtail the careers of the Gardiner–Hall gang , Dan Morgan , and the Clarke gang , among others. These " Wild Colonial Boys ", mostly Australian-born sons of convicts, were roughly analogous to British highwaymen and outlaws of the American Old West , and their crimes typically included robbing small-town banks, bailing up coach services and plundering stations (pastoral estates). They also engaged in many shootouts with

2320-407: The names of many geographical features in Australia, including Brady's Lookout , Moondyne Cave , the township of Codrington , Mount Tennent , Thunderbolts Way and Ward's Mistake . The districts of North East Victoria are unofficially known as Kelly Country. Some bushrangers made a mark on Australian literature . While running from soldiers in 1818, Michael Howe dropped a knapsack containing

2378-554: The penal colony of Van Diemen's Land (now the state of Tasmania ), established in 1803. The island's most powerful bushranger, the self-styled "Lieutenant Governor of the Woods", Michael Howe , led a gang of up to one hundred members "in what amounted to a civil war" with the colonial government. His control over large swathes of the island prompted elite squatters from Hobart and Launceston to collude with him, and for six months in 1815, Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Davey , fearing

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2436-547: The police, resulting in deaths on both sides. The number of bushrangers declined in the 1870s due to better policing and improvements in rail transport and communication technology, such as telegraphy . The last major phase of bushranging occurred towards the end of the decade, epitomised by the Kelly gang in Victoria, led by Ned Kelly , Australia's best-known bushranger and outlaw. Although bushrangers appeared sporadically into

2494-437: The presence of an upper hole , a lower hole , both , or neither in the cover of dermal bone that formerly covered the temporalis muscle , whose origin is the temple and whose insertion is the jaw . The word "temple" as used in anatomy has a separate etymology from the other meaning of word temple , meaning "place of worship". Both come from Latin , but the word for the place of worship comes from templum , whereas

2552-533: The properties of landowners to whom they had been assigned as servants. These bushrangers, also known as "bolters", preferred the hazards of wild, unexplored bushland surrounding Sydney to the deprivation and brutality of convict life. The first notable bushranger, African convict John Caesar , robbed settlers for food, and had a brief, tempestuous alliance with Aboriginal resistance fighters during Pemulwuy's War . While other bushrangers would go on to fight alongside Indigenous Australians in frontier conflicts with

2610-411: The rails on the ground, and lost no time to be out of sight. He was accompanied by another bushranger." Toby Ryan later recalled how he had 'boiled the billy' with Donahue, when as a fifteen-year-old, he was out looking for cattle near Llandilo : "Donahue was the most insignificant looking creature imaginable, and it seemed strange that such as he was able to keep a country in terror for eight years. He

2668-485: The rise of the colonial-born sons of poor ex-convicts who were drawn to a more glamorous life than mining or farming. Much of the activity in the colony was in the Lachlan Valley , around Forbes , Yass and Cowra . The Gardiner–Hall gang , led by Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall and counting John Dunn , John Gilbert and Fred Lowry among its members, was responsible for some of the most daring robberies of

2726-486: The shape of Donohue's head, including the bullet-holes in his forehead, and were bought and smoked by the citizens of Sydney. In 1833, Donohue's life was recounted in the theatre play The Tragedy of Donohoe , by Charles Harpur , later published in 1853 as The Bushrangers . Harpur had been inspired to write his play after the April 1829 shooting of a settler on the Hunter River by two bushrangers. Harpur had been sixteen at

2784-403: The term appears in a February 1805 issue of The Sydney Gazette , which reports that a cart had been stopped between Sydney and Hawkesbury by three men "whose appearance sanctioned the suspicion of their being bush-rangers". John Bigge described bushranging in 1821 as "absconding in the woods and living upon plunder and the robbery of orchards." Charles Darwin likewise recorded in 1835 that

2842-452: The time and believed that Donohue was one of the bushrangers. Donohue was also immortalised in the ballad The Wild Colonial Boy . Authorities tried to ban the song, but failed. Instead it became a ballad of defiance, continuing to be sung by generations of Australians and becoming part of Australia's folklore. With time, the lyrics changed Donohue's name to Jack Doolan, Jack Dowling, Jack Doogan and even Jim Doolan. The ethos line that struck

2900-429: The word for the part of the head comes from Vulgar Latin * tempula , modified from tempora , plural form ("both temples") of tempus , a word that refers both to "time" and to this part of the head. Due to its shared spelling (but not shared source) with the word for time , the adjective for both is " temporal " (both "pertaining to time" and "pertaining to the anatomical temple"). This reference to time

2958-667: Was attired in a velveteen coat and vest, cabbage tree hat, moleskin trousers, and a blue nankeen shirt, with a heart worked on the breast in white cotton"." On 14 December 1827, Donohue and his gang were arrested for robbing bullock-drays on the Sydney to Windsor Road. On 1 March 1828, Judge John Stephen of the Supreme Court of Sydney sentenced them all to death. Between the court and the gaol, Donohue managed to escaped from custody. Kilroy and Smith were hanged on 24 March 1828. Evading capture, Donohue linked up with other criminals to rob isolated farms around Bathurst. In order to restore

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3016-584: Was fatally shot by a policeman, and with his death, the New South Wales bushranging epidemic that began in the early 1860s came to an end. The scholarly, but eccentric Captain Moonlite (alias of Andrew George Scott) worked as an Anglican lay reader before turning to bushranging. Imprisoned in Ballarat for an armed bank robbery on the Victorian goldfields, he escaped, but was soon recaptured and received

3074-496: Was portable and easily converted to cash. Their task was assisted by the isolated location of the goldfields and the decimation of the police force with many troopers abandoning their duties to join the gold rush. In Victoria, several major gold robberies occurred in 1852–53. Three bushrangers, including George Melville, were hanged in front of a large crowd for their role in the 1853 McIvor Escort Robbery near Castlemaine . Bushranging numbers also flourished in New South Wales with

3132-476: Was sent from New South Wales to Van Diemen's Land in 1842 after attempting to escape Cockatoo Island . In 1843, he escaped Port Arthur , and took up bushranging in Tasmania's mountains, but was recaptured and sent to Norfolk Island , where, as leader of the 1846 Cooking Pot Uprising , he murdered three constables, and was hanged along with sixteen of his men. The era of convict bushrangers gradually faded with

3190-485: Was sitting under a tree when he was surprised by two constables. Sentenced to death, he was hanged on 18 July 1831 in Sydney. In the late afternoon of 1 September 1830, Donohue was shot dead by John Muckleston, following a shootout between bushrangers and soldiers at Bringelly, New South Wales. Donohue was hit in the left temple and neck and died instantly. The Sydney Gazette , on behalf of "all respectable citizens", rejoiced at Donohue's death. Smoking pipes were made in

3248-439: Was the Kelly gang in Victoria, led by Ned Kelly , Australia's most famous bushranger. After murdering three policemen in a shootout in 1878, the gang was outlawed, and after raiding towns and robbing banks into 1879, earned the distinction of having the largest reward ever placed on the heads of bushrangers. In 1880, after failing to derail and ambush a police train, the gang, clad in bulletproof armour they had devised, engaged in

3306-579: Was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads , including "Bold Jack Donahue" and " The Wild Colonial Boy ". Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several bush ballads, including " Streets of Forbes ". Michael Howe inspired the earliest play set in Tasmania, Michael Howe, The Terror of Van Diemen's Land , which premiered at The Old Vic in London in 1821. Other early plays about bushrangers include David Burn 's The Bushrangers (1829), William Leman Rede 's Faith and Falsehood; or, The Fate of

3364-450: Was with William Webber and John Walmsley when a police party came across them on 30 September 1830. During a gun battle, Donahue was killed but Webber and Walmsley ran away into the scrub and managed to escape. Walmsley was captured by five policemen on 5 January 1831 near Mount Philo. He was sentenced to death but was given a pardon on giving evidence against persons who had aided him. Webber was captured without incident on 14 January 1831. He

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