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73-474: Although the Chinese guan is usually translated simply as "pass", its more specific meaning is a "frontier pass" to distinguish it from an ordinary pass through the mountains. Yumen guan 玉門關 and Yang guan 陽關 are derived from: yu 玉 = 'jade' + men 門 = 'gate', 'door'; and yang 陽 = 'sunny side', 'south side of a hill', 'north side of a river,' and guan 關 = ‘frontier-passes’. It is not to be confused with

146-568: A milkmaid named Sarah Nelmes with which he infected an eight-year-old boy named James Phipps , and two months later he inoculated the boy with smallpox, and smallpox did not develop. In 1798, Jenner published An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ which created widespread interest. He distinguished 'true' and 'spurious' cowpox (which did not give the desired effect) and developed an "arm-to-arm" method of propagating

219-566: A 90% decrease in exposure rates. Vaccination adoption is reduced among some populations, such as those with low incomes, people with limited access to health care, and members of certain racial and ethnic minorities. Distrust of health-care providers, language barriers, and misleading or false information also contribute to lower adoption, as does anti-vaccine activism . Most government and private health insurance plans cover recommended vaccines at no charge when received by providers in their networks. The federal Vaccines for Children Program and

292-476: A backwater. There were two catalysts for Yumen's rapid revival in the 1930s and 40s. The construction of a modern highway over the old caravan route from Yumen to Ürümqi (capital of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang ) and continuing on-wards to Kazakhstan . The railway of Yumen is the linking point of the railway line between Lanzhou (capital of Gansu ) and Ürümqi . After

365-672: A disease if there is no animal reserve. Other vaccines, including those for COVID-19 , help to (temporarily) lower the chance of severe disease for individuals, without necessarily reducing the probability of becoming infected. Just like any medication or procedure, no vaccine can be 100% safe or effective for everyone because each person's body can react differently. While minor side effects , such as soreness or low grade fever, are relatively common, serious side effects are very rare and occur in about 1 out of every 100,000 vaccinations and typically involve allergic reactions that can cause hives or difficulty breathing. However, vaccines are

438-452: A disease in spite of being vaccinated against it. Primary vaccine failure occurs when an organism's immune system does not produce antibodies when first vaccinated. Vaccines can fail when several series are given and fail to produce an immune response. The term "vaccine failure" does not necessarily imply that the vaccine is defective. Most vaccine failures are simply due to individual variations in immune response. The term " inoculation "

511-536: A higher level of adverse events than alternative vaccines resulting in legal action. In a response to the narcolepsy reports following immunization with Pandemrix, the CDC carried out a population-based study and found the FDA-approved 2009 H1N1 flu shots were not associated with an increased risk for the neurological disorder. The ingredients of vaccines can vary greatly from one to the next and no two vaccines are

584-481: A list of vaccines and their possible side effects. The risk of side effects varies between vaccines. In 1976 in the United States, a mass swine flu vaccination programme was discontinued after 362 cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome among 45 million vaccinated people. William Foege of the CDC estimated that the incidence of Guillain-Barré was four times higher in vaccinated people than in those not receiving

657-628: A method of "nasal insufflation " administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils. Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China. Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received by the Royal Society in London in 1700; one by Martin Lister who received a report by an employee of

730-426: A patient has contracted a disease to help increase future protection. However, some vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease. Vaccines given after exposure to smallpox are reported to offer some protection from disease or may reduce the severity of disease. The first rabies immunization was given by Louis Pasteur to a child after he was bitten by a rabid dog. Since its discovery,

803-490: A severe outbreak of smallpox in 1851 and 1852. It provided that the poor law authorities would continue to dispense vaccination to all free of charge, but that records were to be kept on vaccinated children by the network of births registrars. It was accepted at the time, that voluntary vaccination had not reduced smallpox mortality, but the Vaccination Act 1853 was so badly implemented that it had little impact on

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876-513: A small risk of contracting smallpox that the U.S. Public Health Service recommended for routine smallpox vaccination to be ended. By 1974 the WHO smallpox vaccination program had confined smallpox to parts of Pakistan , India, Bangladesh , Ethiopia and Somalia . In 1977 the WHO recorded the last case of smallpox infection acquired outside a laboratory in Somalia. In 1980 the WHO officially declared

949-419: A sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination

1022-610: A vaccination campaign. In the same year a law was passed in Sweden to require the vaccination of children against smallpox by the age of two. Prussia briefly introduced compulsory vaccination in 1810 and again in the 1920s, but decided against a compulsory vaccination law in 1829. A law on compulsory smallpox vaccination was introduced in the Province of Hanover in the 1820s. In 1826, in Kragujevac , future prince Mihailo of Serbia

1095-417: Is a small increase in the chance of having a local reaction to a vaccine with an aluminium salt (redness, soreness, and swelling), there is no increased risk of any serious reactions. Certain vaccines once contained a compound called thiomersal or thimerosal, which is an organic compound containing mercury . Organomercury is commonly found in two forms. The methylmercury cation (with one carbon atom)

1168-473: Is also linked by pipeline to a refinery at Lanzhou . Other than oil drilling and refining , Yumen also has thermal and wind power-generating facilities . Manufacturing includes machinery , building materials , chemical fertilizers and process agricultural products. China appears to be constructing 120 missile silos near Yumen. Yumen has a cold desert climate ( Köppen BWk ), with an annual total precipitation of 67 millimetres (2.64 in),

1241-501: Is effective in poverty diseases and promises benefits in pandemic waves, e.g. in COVID-19 , when vaccine supply is limited. Allegations of vaccine injuries in recent decades have appeared in litigation in the U.S. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though most public health officials have said that the claims of injuries were unfounded. In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, which

1314-404: Is found in mercury-contaminated fish and is the form that people might ingest in mercury-polluted areas ( Minamata disease ), whereas the ethylmercury cation (with two carbon atoms) is present in thimerosal, linked to thiosalicylate . Although both are organomercury compounds, they do not have the same chemical properties and interact with the human body differently. Ethylmercury is cleared from

1387-409: Is insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of requiring vaccinations as a condition for specified jobs as a means of reducing incidence of specific diseases among particularly vulnerable populations; that there is sufficient evidence supporting the effectiveness of requiring vaccinations as a condition for attending child care facilities and schools; and that there is strong evidence supporting

1460-724: Is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year. A WHO-funded study by The Lancet estimates that, during the 50-year period starting in 1974, vaccination prevented 154 million deaths, including 146 million among children under age 5. However, some diseases have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates attributable partly to vaccine hesitancy . The first disease people tried to prevent by inoculation

1533-408: Is often used interchangeably with "vaccination." However, while related, the terms are not synonymous. Vaccination is treatment of an individual with an attenuated (i.e. less virulent) pathogen or other immunogen , whereas inoculation, also called variolation in the context of smallpox prophylaxis, is treatment with unattenuated variola virus taken from a pustule or scab of a smallpox patient into

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1606-588: The East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers . In France, Voltaire reports that the Chinese have practiced variolation "these hundred years". In 1796, Edward Jenner , a doctor in Berkeley in Gloucestershire , England, tested a common theory that a person who had contracted cowpox would be immune from smallpox. To test the theory, he took cowpox vesicles from

1679-677: The Northern Wei dynasty (386–534/535) and was soon after renamed back to Yumen in 581. Under the Tang dynasty (618–907), Yumen's county seat was located at Chijinzhen which is east of the present Yumen City. The city was then under Tibetan control around 770 CE for some 70 years. After the Tang dynasty, Yumen became a part of the Western Xia (1038–1227). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644),

1752-710: The Scottish physician Helenus Scott vaccinated dozens of children in Bombay against smallpox using Jenner's cowpox vaccine. In the same year Scott penned a letter to the editor in the Bombay Courier , declaring that "We have it now in our power to communicate the benefits of this important discovery to every part of India, perhaps to China and the whole eastern world". Subsequently, vaccination became firmly established in British India . A vaccination campaign

1825-592: The Silk Road and is best known for its oil production. The city's name is often confused with the Yumen Guan or Jade Gate which is the frontier-pass of ancient times, the entrance to the old Silk Roads , which was situated not far to the west of Dunhuang . Although both Yumen City and Yumen Gate are within Jiuquan, the latter is some 400 kilometres (250 mi) to the west from the former. In 2014, areas of

1898-478: The Social Security Act are among the major sources of financial support for vaccination of those in lower-income groups. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) publishes uniform national vaccine recommendations and immunization schedules, although state and local governments, as well as nongovernmental organizations, may have their own policies. Before the first vaccinations, in

1971-406: The intestines . Live attenuated polio, rotavirus, some typhoid, and some cholera vaccines are given orally to produce immunity in the bowel. While vaccination provides a lasting effect, it usually takes several weeks to develop. This differs from passive immunity (the transfer of antibodies , such as in breastfeeding), which has immediate effect. A vaccine failure is when an organism contracts

2044-406: The 20th century in the U.S. Vaccines are a way of artificially activating the immune system to protect against infectious disease . The activation occurs through priming the immune system with an immunogen . Stimulating immune responses with an infectious agent is known as immunization . Vaccination includes various ways of administering immunogens. Most vaccines are administered before

2117-429: The 20th century. Vaccination and immunization have a similar meaning in everyday language. This is distinct from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens. Vaccination efforts have been met with some reluctance on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, and religious grounds, although no major religions oppose vaccination, and some consider it an obligation due to the potential to save lives. In

2190-407: The U.S. after World War II . In 1959, the WHO called for the eradication of smallpox worldwide, as smallpox was still endemic in 33 countries. In the 1960s six to eight children died each year in the U.S. from vaccination-related complications. According to the WHO there were in 1966 about 100 million cases of smallpox worldwide, causing an estimated two million deaths. In the 1970s there was such

2263-679: The US federal government, including the CDC and FDA, and independent agencies are constantly re-evaluating vaccine practices. As with all medications, vaccine use is determined by public health research, surveillance, and reporting to governments and the public. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year, and up to 1.5 million children die each year due to diseases that could have been prevented by vaccination . They estimate that 29% of deaths of children under five-years-old in 2013 were vaccine preventable. In other developing parts of

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2336-413: The US government believed could be a threat to public health , so laws were passed to shield manufacturers from liabilities stemming from vaccine injury claims. The safety and side effects of multiple vaccines have been tested to uphold the viability of vaccines as a barrier against disease. The influenza vaccine was tested in controlled trials and proven to have negligible side effects equal to that of

2409-513: The United States, people may receive compensation for alleged injuries under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program . Early success brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists vaccination as one of the ten great public health achievements of

2482-443: The area came under Tibetan control again and was only reestablished later on in the early Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In 1939, the first oilfield in China was established at Yumen. Yumen City is divided to 1 subdistrict, 10 towns, 2 ethnic townships and 5 others. The overland route to Western Asia from China flourished until the end of the Tang dynasty . Furthermore, due to increased use of sea transportation , Yumen became

2555-480: The body faster than methylmercury and is less likely to cause toxic effects. Thimerosal was used as a preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in vials that contain more than one dose of a vaccine. This helps reduce the risk of potential infections or serious illness that could occur from contamination of a vaccine vial. Although there was a small increase in risk of injection site redness and swelling with vaccines containing thimerosal, there

2628-510: The city Yumen (玉門, literally Jade Gate ) in Gansu, China. Although both are within the same Jiuquan " prefecture-level city " (a multi-county administrative unit) of Gansu province, Yumen Pass is located some 400 km to the west of its namesake city. Yumen Pass was one of the most famous passes leading to the north and west from Chinese territory. During the Early Han, "a defensive line

2701-478: The city receives 3,214 hours of bright sunshine annually. Vaccinations This is an accepted version of this page Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity , they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease . When

2774-406: The city were sealed off after a resident died of the bubonic plague . Districts of the city which house up to 100,000 were turned into quarantine zones . The city allocated 1 million yuan to be used for emergency vaccinations . The site of Yumen was brought under Chinese control around the end of the 2nd century BCE . Yumen was known as 'Huiji' in the 5th century when the area was reclaimed by

2847-551: The clinical trials, safety tests, purity tests, and manufacturing methods and establish that the manufacturer itself is up to government standards in many other areas. After regulatory approval, the regulators continue to monitor the manufacturing protocols, batch purity, and the manufacturing facility itself. Additionally, vaccines also undergo phase IV trials, which monitor the safety and efficacy of vaccines in tens of thousands of people, or more, across many years. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has compiled

2920-611: The components used in vaccinations or strongly held objections. In countries with limited financial resources, limited vaccination coverage results in greater morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. More affluent countries are able to subsidize vaccinations for at-risk groups, resulting in more comprehensive and effective coverage. In Australia, for example, the Government subsidizes vaccinations for seniors and indigenous Australians. Public Health Law Research, an independent US based organization, reported in 2009 that there

2993-412: The concept through his work in microbiology. The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows ( Latin : vacca 'cow'). Smallpox was a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20–60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children. When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300–500 million people in

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3066-531: The discovery of oil in the Jiuquan basin, to the north of the Qilian Mountains the city's economy was given another major push. The first oil was drilled at Laojunmiao near Yumen in 1939 where an appreciable production was achieved in 1941. Only until 1949 did large-scale development begin, and prospecting in 1950 revealed much larger reserves than had been speculated. Yumen has its own refinery but

3139-400: The effectiveness of standing orders, which allow healthcare workers without prescription authority to administer vaccine as a public health intervention. Fractional dose vaccination reduces the dose of a vaccine to allow more individuals to be vaccinated with a given vaccine stock, trading societal benefit for individual protection. Based on the nonlinearity properties of many vaccines, it

3212-492: The eradication of polio was only possible if the supply of drinking water and sanitation facilities were improved in slums . The deployment of a combined DPT vaccine against diphtheria , pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus in the 1950s was considered a major advancement for public health. But in the course of vaccination campaigns that spanned decades, DPT vaccines became associated with large number of cases with side effects. Despite improved DPT vaccines coming onto

3285-738: The extent to which children missed out on vaccinations from 2020 onwards due to the COVID-19 pandemic . By summer 2023, the organisation described vaccination programs as getting "back on track". To eliminate the risk of outbreaks of some diseases, at various times governments and other institutions have employed policies requiring vaccination for all people. For example, an 1853 law required universal vaccination against smallpox in England and Wales, with fines levied on people who did not comply. Common contemporary U.S. vaccination policies require that children receive recommended vaccinations before entering public school. Beginning with early vaccination in

3358-405: The following compounds: aluminium hydroxide , aluminium phosphate , and aluminium potassium sulfate . For a given element, the ion form has different properties from the elemental form. Although it is possible to have aluminium toxicity , aluminium salts have been used effectively and safely since the 1930s when they were first used with the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Although there

3431-534: The introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963. WHO figures demonstrate that in many countries a decline in measles vaccination leads to a resurgence in measles cases. Measles are so contagious that public health experts believe a vaccination rate of 100% is needed to control the disease. Despite decades of mass vaccination polio remains a threat in India, Nigeria , Somalia , Niger , Afghanistan , Bangladesh and Indonesia . By 2006 global health experts concluded that

3504-620: The majority of which occurs in summer. Winters are long and cold, with a 24-hour average temperature of −9.8 °C (14.4 °F) in January, while summers are very warm, with a July average of 21.7 °C (71.1 °F); the annual mean is 7.13 °C (44.8 °F). The diurnal temperature variation reaches or exceeds 15 °C (27 °F) for much of the year. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 67% in March to 80% in October,

3577-488: The market in the 1990s DPT vaccines became the focus of anti-vaccination campaigns in wealthy nations. As immunization rates fell outbreaks of pertussis increased in many countries. In 2000, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization was established to strengthen routine vaccinations and introduce new and underused vaccines in countries with a per capita GDP of under US$ 1000. UNICEF has reported on

3650-535: The nineteenth century, these policies were resisted by a variety of groups, collectively called antivaccinationists , who object on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, religious , and other grounds. Common objections are that vaccinations do not work, that compulsory vaccination constitutes excessive government intervention in personal matters, or that the proposed vaccinations are not sufficiently safe. Many modern vaccination policies allow exemptions for people who have compromised immune systems, allergies to

3723-678: The northwest of Dunhuang which was, until the 6th century, the final outpost of Chinese territory for caravans on their long caravan journeys to India, Parthia , and the Roman Empire . The remains of these two important Han-dynasty gates are about 68 kilometres (42 mi) apart, at either end of the Dunhuang extension of the Great Wall. Until the Tang dynasty , when the gates fell into disuse, all caravans travelling through Dunhuang were required to pass through one of these gates, then

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3796-452: The number of children vaccinated in England and Wales . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld compulsory vaccination laws in the 1905 landmark case Jacobson v. Massachusetts , ruling that laws could require vaccination to protect the public from dangerous communicable diseases. However, in practice the U.S. had the lowest rate of vaccination among industrialized nations in the early 20th century. Compulsory vaccination laws began to be enforced in

3869-538: The number of children who did not receive a single dose of the vaccine increased from 13.9 million in 2022 to 14.5 million in 2023. More than half of unvaccinated children live in the 31 countries with fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable settings.” Vaccines have led to major decreases in the prevalence of infectious diseases in the United States. In 2007, studies regarding the effectiveness of vaccines on mortality or morbidity rates of those exposed to various diseases found almost 100% decreases in death rates, and about

3942-544: The primary goal of assessing the vaccine's safety. Phase II trials expand the testing to include 50 to several hundred people. During this stage, the vaccine's safety continues to be evaluated and researchers also gather data on the effectiveness and the ideal dose of the vaccine. Vaccines determined to be safe and efficacious then advance to phase III trials, which focuses on the efficacy of the vaccine in hundreds to thousands of volunteers. This phase can take several years to complete and researchers use this opportunity to compare

4015-489: The public health safety authority (FDA in the United States) to start a three-phase series of human testing, advancing to higher phases only if they are deemed safe and effective at the previous phase. The people in these trials participate voluntarily and are required to prove they understand the purpose of the study and the potential risks. During phase I trials, a vaccine is tested in a group of about 20 people with

4088-451: The rabies vaccine has been proven effective in preventing rabies in humans when administered several times over 14 days along with rabies immune globulin and wound care. Other examples include experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. Such immunizations aim to trigger an immune response more rapidly and with less harm than natural infection. Most vaccines are given by injection as they are not absorbed reliably through

4161-405: The ruins of a high beacon tower. Yumen City Yumen ( simplified Chinese : 玉门 ; traditional Chinese : 玉門 ; pinyin : Yùmén , literally, "Jade Gate,") is a city in western Gansu province, China. It is a county-level city with a population of 106,812 (2002 est.), and is part of Jiuquan " prefecture-level city " (a multi-county administrative unit). It is located on

4234-625: The safest they ever have been in history and each vaccine undergoes rigorous clinical trials to ensure their safety and efficacy before approval by authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Prior to human testing, vaccines are tested on cell cultures and the results modelled to assess how they will interact with the immune system. During the next round of testing, researchers study vaccines in animals, including mice , rabbits , guinea pigs , and monkeys . Vaccines that pass each of these stages of testing are then approved by

4307-404: The same. The CDC has compiled a list of vaccines and their ingredients that is readily accessible on their website. Aluminium is an adjuvant ingredient in some vaccines. An adjuvant is a type of ingredient that is used to help the body's immune system create a stronger immune response after receiving the vaccination. Aluminium is in a salt form (the ionic version of an element) and is used in

4380-456: The sense of using cowpox to inoculate people against smallpox , people have been inoculated in China and elsewhere, before being copied in the west , by using smallpox, called variolation . The earliest hints of the practice of variolation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century. The Chinese also practiced the oldest documented use of variolation, which comes from Wan Quan 's (1499–1582) Douzhen Xinfa (痘疹心法) of 1549. They implemented

4453-510: The sixth century, as caravans favoured the northern route via Hami , the pass was abandoned. In 1907, Sir Aurel Stein found bamboo slips naming the site as Yumenguan, and in 1944 Chinese archaeologists discovered relics that confirmed this. With its 10-metre-high (32 foot) mud walls pierced by four gateways, the square enclosure covered more than 600 square metres (718 square yards) in the midst of unbounded desolation. Yanguan lies 75 kilometres (47 mi) southwest of Dunhuang but consists of only

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4526-487: The superficial layers of the skin, commonly the upper arm. Variolation was often done 'arm-to-arm' or, less effectively, 'scab-to-arm', and often caused the patient to become infected with smallpox, which in some cases resulted in severe disease. Vaccinations began in the late 18th century with the work of Edward Jenner and the smallpox vaccine. Some vaccines, like the smallpox vaccine, prevent infection. Their use results in sterilizing immunity and can help eradicate

4599-509: The swine flu vaccine. Dengvaxia , the only approved vaccine for Dengue fever , was found to increase the risk of hospitalization for Dengue fever by 1.58 times in children of 9 years or younger, resulting in the suspension of a mass vaccination program in the Philippines in 2017. Pandemrix – a vaccine for the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 given to around 31 million people – was found to have

4672-454: The vaccinated volunteers to those who have not been vaccinated to highlight any true reactions to the vaccine that occur. If a vaccine passes all of the phases of testing, the manufacturer can then apply for license of the vaccine through the relevant regulatory authorities such as the FDA in US. Before regulatory authorities approve use in the general public, they extensively review the results of

4745-472: The vaccine from the vaccinated individual's pustule . Early attempts at confirmation were confounded by contamination with smallpox, but despite controversy within the medical profession and religious opposition to the use of animal material, by 1801 his report was translated into six languages and over 100,000 people were vaccinated. The term vaccination was coined in 1800 by the surgeon Richard Dunning in his text Some observations on vaccination . In 1802,

4818-483: The westernmost passes of China. Yumenguan lies about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Dunhuang. It was originally called the 'Square City', but because the great jade caravans from Khotan entered through its portals, it became known as the Jade Gate Pass. In the third and fourth centuries turmoil swept through Central Asia, disrupting overland trade, and the sea route via India began to supplant it. By

4891-441: The world free of smallpox. In 1974 the WHO adopted the goal of universal vaccination by 1990 to protect children against six preventable infectious diseases: measles , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , whooping cough , tetanus , and tuberculosis . In the 1980s only 20 to 40% of children in developing countries were vaccinated against these six diseases. In wealthy nations the number of measles cases had dropped dramatically after

4964-540: The world, they are faced with the challenge of having a decreased availability of resources and vaccinations. Countries such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa cannot afford to provide the full range of childhood vaccinations. In 2024, a WHO/UNICEF report found “the number of children who received three doses of the vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) in 2023 – a key marker for global immunization coverage – stalled at 84% (108 million). However,

5037-513: Was established from Jiuquan ('Wine Springs') in the Gansu Corridor west to the Jade Gate Pass at its end." Travellers to 'The Western Regions' (西域, Xiyu) left China through the famous Yumenguan 玉門關, or 'Jade Gate Frontier-post,' named for the many jade caravans that passed through it. The original Jade Gate was erected by Emperor Wudi ( Emperor Wu of Han ) soon after 121 BCE and its ruins may still be seen about 80 kilometres (50 mi) to

5110-459: Was most likely smallpox, with the first recorded use of variolation occurring in the 16th century in China. It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced. Although at least six people had used the same principles years earlier, the smallpox vaccine was invented in 1796 by English physician Edward Jenner . He was the first to publish evidence that it was effective and to provide advice on its production. Louis Pasteur furthered

5183-842: Was no increased risk of serious harm or autism . Even though evidence supports the safety and efficacy of thimerosal in vaccines, thimerosal was removed from childhood vaccines in the United States in 2001 as a precaution. CDC Immunization Safety Office initiatives Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System ( VAERS ) |Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research ( CBER ) |Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) Vaccine Safety Datalink ( VSD ) |Health Resources and Service Administration ( HRSA ) |Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Vaccine Program Office ( NVPO ) The administration protocols, efficacy, and adverse events of vaccines are monitored by organizations of

5256-696: Was started in the new British colony of Ceylon in 1803. By 1807 the British had vaccinated more than a million Indians and Sri Lankans against smallpox. Also in 1803 the Spanish Balmis Expedition launched the first transcontinental effort to vaccinate people against smallpox. Following a smallpox epidemic in 1816 the Kingdom of Nepal ordered smallpox vaccine and requested the English veterinarian William Moorcroft to help in launching

5329-568: Was the first person to be vaccinated against smallpox in the principality of Serbia. Following a smallpox epidemic in 1837 that caused 40,000 deaths, the British government initiated a concentrated vaccination policy , starting with the Vaccination Act of 1840, which provided for universal vaccination and prohibited variolation . The Vaccination Act 1853 introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination in England and Wales. The law followed

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