ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
130-465: Mumbai ( / m ʊ m ˈ b aɪ / muum- BY ; ISO : Muṁbaī , Marathi: [ˈmumbəi] ), formerly known as Bombay ( / b ɒ m ˈ b eɪ / bom- BAY ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . Mumbai is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore ). Mumbai
260-471: A 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Older terms such as Bombayite are also used. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands : Isle of Bombay , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli , and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba ). It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along
390-672: A cult classic, one of the highest-grossing Marathi films of the era. Despite the success of these films, it was Shwaas that truly put Marathi cinema on the national map. Winning the Golden Lotus National Award and becoming India’s official entry for the Academy Awards , it marked a turning point and symbolized the industry’s potential for global recognition. It won the President's Medal for best film, beating Bollywood's prolific output with quality. Shwaas
520-421: A man's frustration with city life and his ability to hear women's thoughts. Saatchya Aat Gharat (2004) tackled the serious issue of sexual assault, and Dombivli Fast (2005) followed a middle-class man’s fight against corruption and injustice. Uttarayan (2004) told a touching story of elderly love, Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad (2006) revitalized the comedy genre, and Saade Maade Teen (2007) became
650-489: A memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected. The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by
780-804: A new direction to Marathi films. Noteworthy films such as Natarang (2010), Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho (2010), Kaksparsh (2012), Duniyadari (2013), Lai Bhaari (2014), Timepass (2014), Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (2015), and Natsamrat (2016) achieved both commercial success and critical acclaim. The latter became the first Marathi film to cross the ₹50 crore (approximately $ 7.8 million) mark during its theatrical run. During this decade, several films sparked controversies, including Zenda (2010), Lalbaug Parel (2010), Mee Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy (2010), Sanngto Aika (2014), Nude (2018), and Dashakriya (2017), which ignited discussions by touching upon sensitive issues like caste, religion, politics, and societal norms. The decade also marked
910-503: A one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper is around ₹30,000, while according to ResearchGate, 25% of Mumbai households have a monthly income of less than ₹12,500. The overall average salary in Mumbai is ₹45,000. This means that the vast majority of conventional housing is out of bounds for many Mumbai residents, leading many to rely on informal housing. Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km (233 sq mi), consisting of
1040-411: A pioneer and founder of Marathi cinema and Cinema of India . He brought the revolution of motion pictures to India with his first indigenously made film, Raja Harishchandra , released in 1913. Although the film had Marathi and English intertitles , it is considered a Marathi film by IFFI and NIFD, citing that while filming, Phalke had employed a full Marathi crew, including actors. Some claim that
1170-480: A station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed the islands in possession of the English Empire , as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. However, Salsette , Bassein , Mazagaon , Parel , Worli , Sion , Dharavi , and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666,
1300-496: A total wealth of around $ 960 billion, it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world. As of 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of Global cities . Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009. However, it
1430-791: A virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July. A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. Between June and September, the South-west monsoon rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded
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#17327658606591560-615: Is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which
1690-577: Is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai . The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 square kilometres (233.0 sq mi). Of this, the island city spans 67.79 square kilometres (26.17 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 square kilometres (140 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 square kilometres (169.00 sq mi) under the administration of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments,
1820-440: Is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government . Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by
1950-438: Is considered as one of the most successful year as many films were hit. The year highlighted a diverse range of genres, including the zombie comedy Zombivli , the historical action Pawankhind , the musical romantic Chandramukhi , the thriller Y , and the accidental drama Ananya . The year concluded with Ritesh Deshmukh 's blockbuster film Ved , which grossed ₹75 crore (approximately $ 9.0 million), making it one of
2080-431: Is considered the first production house in Indian cinema, as the pioneering feature film Raja Harishchandra was produced under its banner. Other notable films produced by the company include Satyavan Savitri (1914) and Lanka Dahan (1917). After the success of Lanka Dahan , several prominent figures, including Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Ratanji Tata , and actress Fatma Begum , approached Phalke with offers to convert
2210-659: Is described in the table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
2340-460: Is important to acknowledge that Mumbai faces important challenges regarding income inequality. Despite having the largest concentration of billionaires out of any city in Asia, Mumbai is one of the most unequal cities in the world. Like other Indian metropolitan cities, Mumbai is in desperate need of affordable housing infrastructure for its lower and lower-middle class citizens. The median rental cost of
2470-404: Is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. The mayor, who serves for a term of 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 years, is chosen through an indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner who
2600-682: Is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and
2730-459: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Marathi cinema Rice Bread Fish Sweets Snacks Institutions Awards Folk genres Devotional Classical genres Modern genres People Instruments DANCE THEATER Genres Organizations Marathi Cinema , also known as Marathi film industry ,
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#17327658606592860-541: Is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island , which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east and Vasai Creek to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek and Thane is north of Vasai Creek . Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district , which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra. The city district region
2990-701: Is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore). Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city . Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires out of any city in Asia . The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of Marathi language -speaking Koli people . For centuries,
3120-416: Is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry. Mumbai
3250-522: Is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Marathi language widely spoken in the state of Maharashtra . It is based in Mumbai . It is the oldest film industry of India and one of the leaders in filmmaking in the Indian film industry. Raja Harishchandra , directed by Dadasaheb Phalke and released in 1913, was the first Marathi-language film ever made, and
3380-400: Is well established, with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India. Dharavi , in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. As of 2024, Mumbai is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. With
3510-531: The Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra– Gujarat with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee , an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status. Following protests during
3640-607: The New York of India , is India's most populous city and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP. It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade , and ₹ 40 billion (equivalent to ₹ 130 billion or US$ 1.5 billion in 2023) in corporate taxes . Along with
3770-688: The English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay . Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai . The French traveller Louis Rousselet , who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs , which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from
3900-900: The Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. This is facilitated by the presence of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport , but the local economy has since then diversified to include finance , engineering , diamond-polishing, healthcare , and information technology. The key sectors contributing to
4030-937: The Government of India and the Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data. In December 2019, IIT Bombay , in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities. Mumbai has been ranked 24th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Mumbai, sometimes described as
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4160-522: The Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region . In August 1979, a sister township of New Mumbai was founded by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across the Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after
4290-569: The Hindi and Marathi film industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India. The name Mumbai ( Marathi : मुंबई ) originated from Mumbā or Mahā-Ambā —the name of the patron Hindu goddess ( kuladevata ) Mumbadevi of the native Koli community—and from ā'ī , meaning "mother" in the Marathi language , which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. According to certain accounts,
4420-649: The Maharashtra Film Company with the support of the Maharaja of Kolhapur. His first significant historical film, Sairandhri (1920), was well-received. Although the studio initially focused on silent films, it closed its doors in 1930 following the advent of sound. Members such as Vishnupant Damle , Sheikh Fattelal, and V. Shantaram had left in 1929 to establish Prabhat Film Company . By 1932, eight Marathi films had been released, three of which were by Prabhat Film Company, which went on to dominate
4550-486: The Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps , rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in
4680-725: The Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts, extends from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373. It is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai ), formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC). The BMC
4810-742: The Mumbai Port Trust , the Atomic Energy Commission and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions of Thane , Palghar and Raigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 square kilometres (1,681 sq mi). Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in
4940-619: The National Film Award for acting. Contemporary figures such as Nagraj Manjule , Ashutosh Gowariker , Makarand Deshpande , Atul Kulkarni , Mahesh Manjrekar , Ashok Saraf , Laxmikant Berde , Sadashiv Amrapurkar , Siddharth Jadhav , Shreyas Talpade , Shivaji Satam , Mrunal Thakur , Radhika Apte , Sai Tamhankar , Urmila Matondkar , Sonali Bendre , Amruta Khanvilkar , Renuka Shahane , Sharvari , Rohini Hattangadi and Reema Lagoo have achieved national recognition for their contributions to cinema. Phalke Films Company
5070-648: The Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535. The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay. They called
5200-733: The Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War . The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776) , and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all
5330-595: The demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya , the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, a series of 13 coordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Mumbai underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on
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5460-739: The seven islands of Bombay into a single amalgamated mass by way of a causeway called the Hornby Vellard , which was completed by 1784. In 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II , the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki . Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan Plateau came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into
5590-472: The seven islands of Bombay were under the control of successive indigenous rulers before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire , and subsequently to the East India Company in 1661, through the dowry of Catherine Braganza when she was married off to Charles II of England . Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between
5720-506: The 1980s and 1990s include Nana Patekar , Ajinkya Deo , Nitish Bharadwaj , Prashant Damle , Ramesh Bhatkar , Sachin Khedekar , Ranjana , Varsha Usgaonkar , Nivedita Joshi , Supriya Pilgaonkar , Ashwini Bhave , Priya Berde , Alka Kubal , Sonali Kulkarni , Neena Kulkarni , and Mrinal Kulkarni . In more recent times, actors like Upendra Limaye , Girish Kulkarni and Vikram Gokhale have garnered critical acclaim, with receiving
5850-685: The Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers. By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation . On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane). During the American Civil War (1861–1865),
5980-658: The Delhi Sultanate. The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate , which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli . Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali. From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between
6110-758: The English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala. In accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 , England leased these islands to the English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £ 10 per annum. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675. The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan , the Muslim Koli admiral of the Mughal Empire , in October 1672, Rickloffe van Goen ,
6240-630: The English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra. According to Slate magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule." Slate also said "The push to rename Bombay
6370-625: The Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673, and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673. In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency . Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India. Towards the end of the 17th century,
6500-717: The Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan. In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated. The Mughal Empire , founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun , Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign
6630-402: The Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the Mumbai Suburban District and Mumbai City to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In
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#17327658606596760-407: The International Infotech Park ( Navi Mumbai ) offer excellent facilities to IT companies. State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry
6890-433: The Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 °C (84 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). The record high is 42.2 °C (108 °F) set on 14 April 1952, and
7020-425: The Koli community, which hails from Kathiawar and Central Gujarat , is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ( Gujarat ), where her worship continues to this day. However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja ; these are sometimes still used. Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia recorded
7150-473: The Mumbai film industry, Marathi cinema notably outshone other Indian film industries, including Bollywood, in box office collections and critical appreciation during the first quarter of 2010. The landmark film Sairat (2016), a romantic drama directed by Nagraj Manjule and starring Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar , emerged as a game-changer, becoming the biggest weekend opener for a Marathi film and breaking records previously held by Natsamrat . Sairat
7280-428: The Pendharkar brothers and Master Vinayak . Shahu Maharaj aimed to establish Kolhapur as the "Hollywood of Marathi Cinema." However, the studio produced only three films and closed after the failure of Phalke's Gangavataran (1937). In the early 1940s, Shantaram founded his own production house, Rajkamal Kalamandir , which later produced notable films such as Lokshahir Ram Joshi (1947) and Pinjra (1972), both
7410-432: The Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi , and that she still ... possesses a temple". By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani , Gujarati , Kannada and Sindhi , and as Bambai in Hindi . The Government of India officially changed
7540-600: The Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu : Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi . The form Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690) and Bon Bahia . After
7670-623: The advent of sound in the 1930s, a shift toward more naturalistic acting emerged in Marathi cinema, although traces of the theatrical style remained. V. Shantaram , a prominent actor-director of the era, introduced a more refined approach to acting. Renowned actors of this time included Shanta Apte , Durga Khote , Lalita Pawar , Meenakshi Shirodkar , Shobhna Samarth , Chandrakant Mandare , Shahu Modak , Master Vinayak , and Baburao Pendharkar . Following India's independence, Marathi filmmakers began to focus on mythology and pressing social issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and
7800-417: The city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea . In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and
7930-402: The city like the Bombay Castle , Castella de Aguada (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and Madh Fort . The English were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the English to acquire
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#17327658606598060-399: The city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in
8190-528: The city was incorporated into Bombay State . In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital. Mumbai is the financial , commercial, and entertainment capital of South Asia . Mumbai is often compared to New York , and the city is home to the Bombay Stock Exchange , situated on Dalal Street . It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP, and accounting for 25% of
8320-454: The city's commuter trains . In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels. The three coordinated bomb explosions in July 2011 that occurred at the Opera house , Zaveri Bazaar and Dadar were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries. Mumbai
8450-463: The city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and ITES , textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. Nariman Point and Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres. Despite competition from Bangalore , Hyderabad and Pune , Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) and
8580-413: The city: Vihar , Lower Vaitarna , Upper Vaitarna , Tulsi , Tansa and Powai . Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park , within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River , Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while
8710-484: The coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the South Asian Stone Age . Perhaps at the beginning of the Common Era , or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community. In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire , during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha . The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated from basalt rock in
8840-408: The coastal region known as the Konkan . It sits on Salsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the Thane district . Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west. Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft); the city has an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft). Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly, and
8970-418: The company into a limited company, but he declined. However, Phalke eventually accepted a partnership with Waman Apte, Laxman Phatak, Mayashankar Bhatt, Madhavji Jesingh, and Gokuldas Damodar, leading to the company's conversion into "Hindustan Cinema Films Company." The first film produced under this new venture was Shri Krishna Janma . In 1917, Baburao Mistry , popularly known as Baburao Painter, founded
9100-511: The control of successive indigenous dynasties : Satavahanas , Western Satraps , Abhira , Vakataka , Kalachuris , Konkan Mauryas , Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas , before being ruled by the Shilaharas from 810 to 1260. Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 and 525), Elephanta Caves (between the sixth to seventh century), Walkeshwar Temple (10th century), and Banganga Tank (12th century). King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in
9230-419: The corporation or the standing committee. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there
9360-407: The eponymous novel by Sane Guruji . Marathi cinema was in its full bloom by this time with the advent of greats like V. Shantaram, Master Vinayak , Bhalji Pendharkar and Acharya Atre , followed by Raja Paranjpe , Dinkar D. Patil , G. D. Madgulkar , Sudhir Phadke and Raja Thakur . The 1960s saw the emergence of directors such as V. Shantaram and Anant Mane , who made Marathi films based on
9490-509: The evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps. Air pollution is a major issue in Mumbai. According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5. The Central Pollution Control Board for
9620-492: The family drama Manini (1961), the historical fiction Mohityanchi Manjula (1963) by Bhalji Pendharkar and the drama Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava (1968), which took six years to make, was a big success upon release, while the comedy Pandu Havaldar (1975) brought Ashok Saraf into recognition. By the early 1970s, Dada Kondke captured audiences with his distinct style of ribald humor, often incorporating sexual innuendo . His first film in this genre, Songadya (1971),
9750-403: The films based on Tamasha genre. During this period, many producers ventured into filmmaking under their own banners, with notable examples including Anant Mane ’s Chetana Pictures and Dada Kondke ’s Sadicha Chitra, the latter featuring Kondke himself in leading roles. However, despite the number of films being produced during this era, few production houses managed to establish a lasting name in
9880-504: The first Hollywood sound film, The Jazz Singer (1927), which is the first sound film made in the world. Bhalji Pendharkar 's Shyam Sundar was the first talkie to be made in Pune and apparently the first Indian film with a continuious run of more than 25 weeks at West End (present Naaz Talkies, Mumbai). As cinema grew in the Union of India, major production houses rose, and one of them
10010-583: The first century CE, and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times. The city then was known as Heptanesia ( Ancient Greek : A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE. The Mahakali Caves in Andheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE. Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under
10140-479: The first ever Marathi movie was Shree Pundalik of Dadasaheb Torne ; it was released on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay . But this claim is disputed; it is not considered the first Marathi or Indian movie because it was not a movie in the true sense; it was a recording of a then popular theater play; the cameraman who filmed that movie, Jonson, was a British national; it was processed in London ; and
10270-426: The first time a Marathi film documented Dashavatara , an early form of folk theatre, in its original style. As theaters reopened, the industry shifted its focus toward innovative storytelling and a variety of genres. The ensemble film Jhimma became the first to release in theaters post-pandemic, achieving significant success by running for 50 days, ultimately grossing over ₹14.07 crore. The following year 2022,
10400-564: The folk art form Tamasha . Mane’s Sawaal Majha Aika! (1964), marked his third Best Feature Film Award win and featured many popular songs. Shantaram's Pinjra (1972) was a major hit, becoming one of the biggest commercial successes of its time, and ran for an impressive 134 weeks in Pune . It was also the first Marathi film to be made in color. Directors like Datta Dharmadhikari and Rajdutt later gained popularity for their traditional family dramas. Noteworthy films from this period include
10530-570: The highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,480 ft) at Salsette in the Powai – Kanheri ranges. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district , and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 square kilometres (39.80 sq mi). Apart from the Bhatsa Dam , there are six major lakes that supply water to
10660-563: The highest-grossing Marathi films of all time. Additionally, Pondicherry became the first Marathi film to be entirely shot on smartphone, while Har Har Mahadev made history as the first Marathi film to be released in Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada languages. Throughout the decade, the industry continued to produce biographical, comedy, drama, and historical films, but woman-centric films reached new heights. Notably, Kedar Shinde 's Baipan Bhaari Deva , centered around six elderly sisters, became
10790-565: The industry with 18 films in the following decade—more than any other studio in the pre-independence era. Prabhat’s first major hit was Shantaram's Amrit Manthan (1934). In 1933, Prabhat Film Company undertook the ambitious project of making Sairandhri the first color film in Indian cinema, processing it at UFA Studios in Germany , but the results were unsatisfactory. After Prabhat shifted its operations to Pune, Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur helped found Kolhapur Cinestone in collaboration with
10920-557: The industry. In the mid-1980s, Mahesh Kothare founded his production house, Jenma Films, under which he produced and directed more than ten successful films, later founding its spin-off, Kothare Vision, in 2008. Around the same time, Shantaram’s son also ventured into production, establishing V. Shantaram Productions, further extending the family’s legacy in Marathi cinema. Under this banner, he delivered superhit films like Balache Baap Brahmachari and Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi , which became classics in Marathi film history. This era also marked
11050-466: The islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90. The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739. By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With
11180-594: The islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim . The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese Franciscans and Jesuits built several churches in the city, prominent being the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534), St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579), St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580), and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632). The Portuguese also built several fortifications around
11310-569: The late 1950s, Jayshree Gadkar became one of the most influential actresses of the 1960s after her memorable performance in Sangtye Aika . In recognition of Marathi cinema, the Maharashtra government launched the annual Maharashtra State Film Awards , with Prapanch being the first film to win the Best Film award. Anant Mane is also credited for sustaining Marathi cinema with his groundbreaking work on Tamasha films. The 1970s saw
11440-432: The latter becoming one of the highest-grossing Marathi films of its time, earning ₹3 crores. He also directed the supernatural revenge drama Bhutacha Bhau (1989), feel good movie Aayatya Gharat Gharoba (1991), Aamchya Sarkhe Aamhich (1990) , and around the same time Kothare made hit films Dhoom Dhadaka (1985) , Dhadakebaaz (1990), De Danadan (1987), and horror-thriller Zapatlela (1993), which
11570-484: The movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960. Gujarati -speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat. Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi -speaking areas of Bombay State , eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar , five districts from Hyderabad State , and numerous princely states enclosed between them. As
11700-429: The name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his Lendas da Índia ( Legends of India ). While some Anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an alleged Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim , meaning "good little bay", such suggestions lack any scientific basis. Portuguese linguist José Pedro Machado attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up
11830-404: The nation's industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India ( Mumbai Port Trust , Dharamtar Port and JNPT ), and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy . The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations . The city is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes and
11960-650: The negative also remained in the United Kingdom . Kolhapur was a centre of film production in the twentieth century. Maharashtra Film Company 's Sairandhri (1920), starring Balasaheb Pawar , Kamala Devi and Zunzarrao Pawar, was the first Indian film to cast women artists. Notably, Sairandhri became the first Indian film to face censorship by the British Government. Because of his special interest in sets, costume design and painting, he chose episodes from Maratha history for interpreting in
12090-426: The new medium and specialized in the historical genre. Baburao Painter made many silent movies till 1930, including Surekha Haran (1921), for which he brought the best camera of the time, manufactured by Bell & Howell , and Savkari Pash (Indian Shylock) in 1925, a social film based on a short story by Narayan Hari Apte . Baburao was not particularly keen on the talkies, for he believed that they would destroy
12220-409: The pandemic. The pandemic forced the industry to adapt rapidly, embracing digital platforms for film releases, which allowed filmmakers to reach audiences. Films like Well Done Baby (2021) and The Disciple (2021) were released straight on streaming platforms. Additionally, Picasso , directed by Abhijeet Mohan Warang, was the first Marathi film to have a direct digital release. It also marked
12350-721: The past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the 2005 Mumbai floods are characterised by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of US$ 1.2 billion. In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the Maharashtra government adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of Mithi River , and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for
12480-456: The powerful lobby at the national level, unlike South Indian cinema , because the state encouraged Hindi cinema for profit mainly; the regional film industrial advantage being soaked up by Bollywood. In the mid-2000s, Marathi cinema explored a range of compelling themes through films that resonated with audiences. Not Only Mrs. Raut (2003) highlighted women's struggles against exploitation, while Aga Bai Arrecha! (2004) humorously depicted
12610-519: The record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) set on 27 January 1962. Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated. Mumbai is prone to monsoon floods, exacerbated by climate change which affects heavy rains and high tide in
12740-570: The region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim ). The Pathare Prabhus , among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev. The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat , who were appointed by
12870-661: The rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991 , the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s. Estimates of the 2016 economy of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region have ranged from $ 368 billion to $ 400 billion ( PPP metro GDP ) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen & Toubro , State Bank of India (SBI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Tata Group , Godrej and Reliance ), and five of
13000-763: The rise of Dada Kondke , who became a leading figure by producing and directing hit films like Songadya , Ekta Jeev Sadashiv , Andhala Marto Dola , Pandu Havaldar , Tumcha Aamcha Jamala , Ram Ram Gangaram , Bot Lavin Titha Gudgulya , Aali Angavar , and Hyoch Navra Pahije . He holds a Guinness World Record for delivering nine silver jubilee hits at the box office. This decade also introduced notable actors such as Smita Patil , Usha Chavan , Usha Naik , Asha Kale , Anjana Mumtaz , Nilu Phule , Kashinath Ghanekar , Shriram Lagoo , Ravindra Mahajani , and Vikram Gokhale . The 1980s were dominated by Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde , who were regarded as
13130-426: The rise of biographical films such as Mee Sindhutai Sapkal (2010), Balgandharva (2011), Dr. Prakash Baba Amte (2014), Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush (2015), Ekk Albela (2016), Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar (2018), and Anandi Gopal (2019). Moreover, the adult comedy genre gained prominence with films like No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey (2012), Takatak (2019), and Boyz (2017). The superhero genre
13260-663: The rise of two influential female producers, Uma Bhende and Smita Talwalkar , who made their mark with their production houses, Shri Prasad Chitra and Asmita Chitra, respectively, contributing significantly to the industry's growth. Nowadays, Marathi movies have been listed at many international film festivals, which provides a platform for such movies and the filmmakers to know big in the world film industry. All Lights Film Services provided platform for Marathi films such as Pinky – Ek Sathyakatha, Kapus Kondyachi Goshta , Hou De Jarasa Ushir, Sopanchi Aye Bahina Bhai, Touring Talkies, Langar to almost all leading international festivals across
13390-673: The scope of the industry. By this time, Marathi cinema largely gravitated towards either Tamasha-based films or traditional family dramas, alongside Kondke's signature comedies. The mid-1980s saw two comedy heroes raised to stardom, Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde , become popular superstars. In the mid '80s Mahesh Kothare and Sachin Pilgaonkar made many box-office hit films. Kothare used to make action - comedy - thriller genre movies, while Pilgaonkar used to make mainly comedy movies. Pilgaonkar made hit classics such as buddy films Gammat Jammat (1987), Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1988),
13520-495: The sea. According to the World Bank , unplanned drainage system and informal settlement is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai. Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its geographic location , Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in
13650-472: The second Marathi film, after Shwaas , to receive this honour. Road movie De Dhakka (2008), satire film Nishani Dava Anghatha (2009) based on failure of government of India's adult education program, political satire Gallit Gondhal Dillit Mujra (2009), film raising state's farmar's issue, rampant corruption in government officials, satire Jau Tithe Khau (2007), Kaydyach Bola (2005) and
13780-485: The second highest-grossing Marathi film of all time, grossing over ₹92 crore and making history as the first female-centric movie to achieve such success. In the early days of Marathi cinema, theater experience was essential for actors. Dadasaheb Phalke , regarded as the father of Indian cinema, laid the foundation with his pioneering film Raja Harishchandra in 1913. During this period, acting styles in Marathi films were heavily influenced by stage performances. With
13910-422: The seven islands from the Arabian Sea . Along with the construction of major roads and railways , the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea . Mumbai in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement . Upon India's independence in 1947
14040-418: The significant success of Maherchi Sadi (1991), starring Alka Kubal , which grossed a record ₹12 crores and became a landmark in Marathi cinema, the industry experienced a wave of family drama films. This surge saw filmmakers exploring relatable themes centered around family dynamics, societal values, and emotional narratives, further solidifying the family drama genre's popularity in Marathi cinema. While
14170-488: The social drama Jogwa (2009) made impacts on the audience's mind during this period. Since the beginning of the new decade in 2010, Marathi cinema has witnessed a remarkable resurgence with the release of several contemporary artistic films, including Vihir (2009), Deool (2011), Mala Aai Vhhaychy! (2011), Fandry (2013), Ek Hazarachi Note (2014), Elizabeth Ekadashi (2014), Ventilator (2016), and Mulshi Pattern (2018), which have collectively given
14300-441: The struggles of rural populations. The 1950s and 1960s are often considered the golden era of Marathi cinema, with filmmakers like V. Shantaram , Bhalji Pendharkar , Anant Mane , Raja Paranjape , and Raja Thakur creating impactful works. Notable actors of this period included Sulochana Latkar , Sandhya , Hansa Wadkar , Usha Kiran , Chandrakant Gokhale , Raja Gosavi , Suryakant Mandhare , and Ramesh Deo . Rising to fame in
14430-576: The suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either swamped , washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over
14560-415: The superstars of Marathi cinema. Ashok Saraf featured in over 300 films, portraying a variety of leading roles, while Sachin gained widespread recognition for his film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi , which became the first Marathi movie to gross 30 million at the box office. Mahesh Kothare is also credited for introducing the first cinemascope film, Dhadakebaaz , in 1990. Other notable personalities from
14690-587: The textile industry was adversely affected. While the city was the capital of the Bombay Presidency , the Indian independence movement fostered the Quit India Movement in 1942 and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946. After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State . The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined
14820-442: The theatre of Maharashtra earned recognition at the national level, the cinema failed to make a mark. A major reason was the proximity to the production centre of Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ), which encroached on the identity of Marathi cinema. Other reasons include the shortage of cinema halls for distribution due to poor marketing, a lack of money magnets, a vibrant theatre scene, and the emergence of private television. It also lacked
14950-399: The transformative nature of contemporary Marathi cinema, stating, "The kind of Marathi cinema that is being made today is very fresh and different. This is thanks to directors and writers getting exposed to world cinema via television and film festivals. They are coming up with new storylines and innovative concepts." With the outstanding contributions from various producers and directors within
15080-407: The turn of the millennium, there have been films based on social subjects and biographical dramas. Although the industry is much smaller than Bollywood (which is also based in Mumbai), Marathi cinema is tax free at the privilege of the government of Maharashtra, and is experiencing growth in recent years. Marathi cinema is the oldest film industry in India. Dadasaheb Phalke is widely considered
15210-510: The vicinity. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region , which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected. Mumbai has an extreme tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw ) under the Köppen climate classification , although the central and northern suburbs have a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has
15340-407: The visual culture so painfully evolved over the years. Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), directed by V. Shantaram was the first talkie of Maharashtra and also the first double version talkie of Indian cinema ; prior to it, all the movies were silent films with Marathi and English intertitles. It was released one year after the first sound film of the nation, Alam Ara (1931), and five years after
15470-524: The widespread 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike , in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike. Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment . Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 Hindustan Petroleum commissioned Mumbai Refinery at Trombay and BPCL Refinery . The Jawaharlal Nehru Port , which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo,
15600-468: Was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005 . The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City, and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs. The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annual precipitation is 2,213 mm (87 in). In
15730-676: Was again a company owned wholly by Maharashtrians , the Prabhat Film Company . Prabhat's Sant Tukaram (1936) was the first Indian work to win the Best Film Award at the Venice Film Festival in 1937. In 1954, at the very first edition of the National Awards, Shyamchi Aai won the first President's Gold Medal for Cinema. It was directed by Acharya P. K. Atre , and it was an adaptation of
15860-428: Was also India's first full-length feature film . The claim is disputed and some claim that Dadasaheb Torne 's Shree Pundalik (1912) was the first film made in Maharashtra. The first Marathi talkie film was Ayodhyecha Raja , released in 1932, one year after Alam Ara , the first Hindi talkie. All Marathi films until then were silent films with intertitles . Pinjara (1972), directed by V Shantaram ,
15990-1147: Was an unofficial remake of Hollywood cult classic slasher film Child's Play (1988). He introduced technological advancements, such as the fact that he was the first director who filmed his movie in CinemaScope , used chroma key technique and did wire-flying in Dhadakebaaz, used puppetry in Zapatlela, he filmed Zapatlela's sequel in 3D format , probably this film was the first ever sequel film made in Marathi cinema, and ventured into film genres such as horror comedy , thriller, and fantacy . Both Kothare and Pilgaonkar acted and directed their respective films; latter even sang many songs for his movies. Other directors also made entertaining movies during this period, including Bin Kamacha Navra (1984), Amhi Doghe Raja Rani (1986), Kalat Nakalat (1989), Chaukat Raja (1991), Ek Hota Vidushak (1992) and Sawat Mazi Ladki (1993) . Following
16120-619: Was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Mumbai Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban , though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration. The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following
16250-472: Was first colour film in Marathi cinema. Kolhapur was a centre for film production during the 20th century, though currently, a majority of films are made in Mumbai. During Marathi cinema's infancy between the 1910s and 1930s, which only had silent films, the majority of films were made on Hindu mythological subjects. Later during the 1970s, films were made on rural stories. Between the 1980s and 1990s, comedy and thriller films started to flourish. Since
16380-752: Was introduced with Baji , the first film of its kind in Marathi cinema. In the late 2010s, historical films began to gain attraction, particularly through the works of director Digpal Lanjekar , who created a series titled Shri Shivraj Ashtak , focusing on the Maratha Empire . Deool , directed by Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni , made history by becoming the third Marathi film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, following Shyaamchi Aai and Shwaas . Its sequel, Deool Band (2015), also garnered significant attention from audiences. Acclaimed director Dr. Jabbar Patel emphasized
16510-426: Was loosely inspired by Tamasha and featured a seductive heroine, a bumbling yet innocent hero, and dialogue filled with innuendo and sexual puns. Kondke's films, blending humor with social and political satire, became cult classics. Around the same time, Jabbar Patel's Samna (1974) marked a pivotal shift in Marathi cinema, offering a profound critique of systemic corruption and social inequities, further broadening
16640-405: Was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region." While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions, mention of the city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial. A resident of Mumbai is called Mumbaikar ( pronounced [ˈmumbəikəɾ] ) in Marathi , in which the suffix -kar means
16770-665: Was the first Marathi film to gross over ₹100 crore (approximately $ 16 million) worldwide, solidifying its status as a cultural phenomenon. The decade saw directors such as Nagraj Manjule , Ravi Jadhav , Satish Rajwade , Aditya Sarpotdar and Sanjay Jadhav making significant contributions to the industry. The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the Marathi film industry, as it did on cinema worldwide. With theaters closing and production halting, many films scheduled for release were postponed, leading to significant financial losses for filmmakers and production houses. Approximately 110 Marathi language films remained unreleased due to
16900-549: Was the second Marathi film to win the President's Medal after Shyamchi Aai (1950). In 2009, Harishchandrachi Factory (with a budget of Rs. 6 crore) told the struggle of Dadasaheb Phalke in making Raja Harishchandra (1913), directed by theatre-veteran Paresh Mokashi . It was selected as India's official entry to the Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category, making it
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