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100-490: During most of its existence it was one of the two main film studios in Yugoslav cinema (along with Avala Film of Belgrade) and was one of the few film companies which played a major role in the post-World War II history of Croatian cinema , along with Croatia Film and Zagreb Film (which is mainly known for animated films). In the 1990s the company experienced a sharp downturn amid the breakup of Yugoslavia and most of

200-518: A 1937 vacation to Fire Island , though they spent little time together on the trip. The Perkins family hired a French nanny , Jeanne, to look after their son, leading to Perkins' fluency in French, which proved useful years later. Between his father's absences, Perkins was surrounded by women, the most influential of which was his mother. "I became abnormally close to my mother," Perkins recalled to People in 1983, "and whenever my father came home I

300-656: A Best Actor Bravo Otto nomination and his second career Bambi Award nomination. He won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor and a David di Donatello Award for Best Actor for the role. After appearing in European films featuring Sophia Loren, Orson Welles , Melina Mercouri , and Brigitte Bardot , Perkins returned to the U.S. in 1968, with a role in Pretty Poison , co-starring Tuesday Weld , his first American film in eight years. In

400-451: A Greek tragedy where Alexis (Perkins) falls in love with Phaedra (Mercouri), who is also his stepmother. When asked about Perkins, Mercouri fondly said, "Ah, Tony. He is attractive to women. He is dangerous to women. When you touch him, he goes away a little. He is an [eel]. Raf Vallone [who played Perkins's father and Mercouri's husband in the film] is a good-looking man, but Perkins   ... Ah, I'd pick Perkins any time." Perkins's role in

500-536: A Play , although the rehearsals were tumultuous. Van Fleet developed a reputation for her standoffish behavior and temper tantrums, leading to contention on the set. This was not made better by the fact that Tab Hunter, among others, came to see the show during tryouts. This manifested in a restrained performance from Perkins, something Hunter picked up on: Backstage, Tony asked what I thought of his performance, and I told him straight: "You're afraid to give vent to what you're truly feeling," I said. "You're only showing

600-501: A boyish, earnest quality, reminiscent of the young James Stewart , which Alfred Hitchcock exploited and subverted when the actor starred as Norman Bates in the film Psycho (1960). Hitchcock later said that he'd had Perkins cast since seeing him in Friendly Persuasion . The motion picture was about Marion Crane ( Janet Leigh ), a young woman who steals $ 40,000 from her employer and flees by car, stopping by chance at

700-477: A cheating businessman ( Yves Montand ). It was originally entitled Time on Her Hands , although Perkins suggested the English title Goodbye Again after one of his father's plays. Again, Perkins found himself subjected to the romantic attention of his female costar, although he customarily declined. Despite any off-screen tension this might have caused, Perkins's role in the film was greatly praised and earned him

800-590: A family of Quakers during the American Civil War, and he was scouting an actor to play the oldest of the Birdwell children, Josh. When Millar saw Perkins in Sympathy , he gave him a page of script and let him do an audition. As Millar recalled: "About half a hour later, [Perkins] had the part. [William Wyler] was thrilled with the reading, he saw everything instantly. It was really one of the best, if not

900-794: A father began to weigh on him. "As Tony grew older and saw other boys with their fathers," his mother remembered, "he badly missed his own father. And the only identification he could have with his father was through theater   ... I began to realize that he was acquiring an unusual interest in [performing]   ... A friend was running a summer stock company, and I approached him to ask whether Tony might play some small parts", launching Perkins's adolescent summer stock career. At Perkins's first summer stock company, Brattleboro Summer Theater in Vermont , he played some minor parts in Junior Miss , Kiss and Tell , and George Washington Slept Here , and ran

1000-493: A feeling of vitality remained. "We all thought this was an important picture we were making." Perkins's next film was also a Western, this time named The Tin Star (1957) with Henry Fonda . Originally, despite his burgeoning popularity, Perkins was not wanted for the project: "The producers, Bill Perlberg and George Seaton , told someone who told someone who told someone who told me that they wouldn't have me in their picture for

1100-425: A fellow student had beaten one of them. However, due to Perkins's connections with the theater professor, he was spared. That only led to high levels of tension between him and the rest of the student body, who knew of Perkins's sexuality. As a result, Perkins transferred to the elite Columbia University . While still attending Rollins College, Perkins went to California over summer vacation, hoping to make it into

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1200-527: A future at Harvard University , and Perkins, whose grades were too low to qualify, was the only student persuaded to attend Rollins College in Florida, after a representative toured the school. However, that did not keep him from returning to Delaware that summer, where he once again worked at the Robin Hood which had become one of the most prosperous and important summer stock programs in the country. It

1300-581: A hand in two Oscar-winning films - Alan J. Pakula 's 1982 drama Sophie's Choice (starring Meryl Streep ) and the German film The Tin Drum (directed by Volker Schlöndorff , winner of the 1979 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ) were both in part filmed in Zagreb. Another notable film co-produced by Jadran Film was Orson Welles ' 1962 screen adaptation of Franz Kafka 's novel The Trial which

1400-483: A horror icon and earned him a Bambi Award nomination for Best Actor, as well as a nomination and win for the International Board of Motion Picture Reviewers Award for Best Actor. Because his work with Hitchcock led to his being typecast , Perkins bought himself out of his contract with Paramount and moved to France, where he made his European film debut with Goodbye Again (1961). The film earned him

1500-414: A male companion dress up in women's clothing to escape a restaurant undetected. As if to ensure he would not turn the project down, Perkins was given a salary of $ 75,000 for 10 weeks' work while MacLaine only got $ 25,000 for the same number of days. Although Perkins protested MacLaine's smaller salary, no changes were made in her payment. The Matchmaker was a non-musical film adaptation (later turned into

1600-438: A mental institution. The set of the film was hostile and riddled with homophobia, something that put Perkins on edge so much that the cast and crew feared he was actually having a mental breakdown while filming the scene. Although he wasn't nominated for any Oscars, his performance was widely praised by critics. The Hollywood Reporter proclaimed of the film: "Every recent young star has been compared to James Dean . From now on

1700-405: A million dollars," Perkins admitted during filming. However, he auditioned for them as soon as he heard the news. In the film, Perkins played yet another pacifist, this time a sheriff named Ben Owens. After encountering an experienced bounty hunter, Morgan Hickman (Fonda), Ben has to prove himself worthy of his title in an ironic reflection of Perkins's troubles with Paramount. Perkins and Fonda took

1800-407: A motel run by Norman Bates [Perkins], where she is murdered in her room's shower, seemingly by Norman's mother. The film culminates with the revelation that Bates's mother has been dead for ten years and that Bates has been dressing up and even assuming her personality. This leads him to murder all young girls he's attracted to, including Marion, under the "Mother" personality. During filming, Perkins

1900-583: A mother who, unlike her restless children, attempts to cling to her dissipating rice farm in southeast Asia. He also starred in Desire Under the Elms (1958) for Paramount with Sophia Loren and was her first American screen kiss. As Loren remembered in her 2014 memoir, "Perkins [was] as neurotic and handsome as we all remember him in [a later film] Psycho . A gentle, polite, somewhat sullen young man, he didn't know how to hide his restlessness. Between us there

2000-465: A musical when he exerted the freedom of his studio contract in 1957, and returned to Broadway in Look Homeward, Angel . The play was an autobiographical, coming-of-age story about its writer, Thomas Wolfe , and he took on the role of Eugene Gant, with his mother being played by Jo Van Fleet . The play enjoyed a successful run, and in 1958, he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in

2100-412: A previous costar of Perkins's, was cast as his love interest but was replaced last-minute by Elaine Aiken in her film debut. Reportedly, the film set was riddled with tensions, most of which arose from Palance's ultra-masculinity and Perkins's lack thereof. This was only heightened when filming was put behind schedule by an abrupt weather crisis that prevented outdoor production for a number of days. Still,

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2200-469: A reprieve to sing "Green Mansions," the title song of the film, which briefly entered the charts before almost immediately falling off. Speaking about the movie later in life, Perkins said, "[Hepburn] was wonderful to work with, like a real person, almost a sister   ... [The film] was good but unusual." Perkins's next film, On the Beach (1959), however, did little to promote his teen idol status, and

2300-424: A role that he performed again just a few years later in the screen adaptation. Perkins did not experience similar camaraderie at Rollins College that fall. Known as a Christian all-American school, Rollins College was nestled in the heart of Florida, and Perkins had arrived just after Congress had named homosexuals and Communists enemies of equal danger. There were a few exceptions: Fred Rogers , who graduated from

2400-504: A seven-year semi-exclusive contract, which gave him room to return to Broadway whenever he wanted. He was their last matinee idol and was called the "fifteen million dollar gamble." Perkins's first film for the studio was a 1957 biopic about Boston Red Sox baseball player Jimmy Piersall titled Fear Strikes Out . It followed his father's pressure to become a legendary baseball player and how it led to his highly publicized mental breakdown, as well as detailing his efforts to get better in

2500-486: A star, and you can't be seen around town with this guy. You've got to get a girl, you've got to stop seeing him.' Tony replied, 'But I love him!'—which left the studio head speechless—and walked out". Hunter remembered a similar scenario: "Warner Brothers never said a word about my sexuality, and that's just the way I wanted it. However, Paramount did have something to say about my relationship with Tony, and they told him they didn't want him to see me anymore   ... Despite

2600-492: A string of leading roles on screen. Once he had finished three films for the studio, they had already invested $ 15 million in him before any of the motion pictures were even released. This began the infamous tension between Perkins and Paramount. Another reason for tension came from Perkins's side; he believed Paramount was ruining his career. Although he was given the option to do Broadway performances, his fame primarily stemmed from his performances on screen, where Paramount

2700-587: A teen idol one step further and cast him as Audrey Hepburn 's love interest in Green Mansions (1959), one of Hepburn's few flops. It was based on an explorer who stumbles upon both a girl who lives in the woods and the Native Americans nearby who want to kill her. The film was originally intended to be a vehicle for Elizabeth Taylor when the project was initially announced in 1953, but these plans were soon abandoned. In 1958, Mel Ferrer picked

2800-648: A television film broadcast a month after his death in September 1992 from AIDS-related causes. Anthony Perkins was born April 4, 1932, in Manhattan , the son of actor Osgood Perkins (1892–1937) and his wife, Janet Esselstyn (née Rane; 1894–1979). His paternal great-grandfather was the wood engraver Andrew Varick Stout Anthony . Perkins was also a descendant of Mayflower passengers John Howland , Myles Standish and William Brewster , as well as colonist Roger Conant . Through an entirely paternal line , he

2900-513: Is all about. I spend about an hour and a half a day dribbling, passing, shooting baskets, and going after rebounds   ... It's a good game. Like chess in a way." Also unlike Fear Strikes Out , the set of Tall Story was hospitable to him from what he could see. Because Perkins had worked with her father, he and Fonda had a connection, but not many could foresee the chemistry they would have both on- and off-screen. As Fonda later recounted to Patricia Bosworth : "Tony [Perkins] told me 'Forget about

3000-652: Is rich. Cornelius slowly falls in love with Irene while deceiving her. Morse had been a part of the original Broadway cast of the show, and he bonded with Perkins over the shared background. (Perkins later disclosed that Morse was bisexual, implying that they became confidants of sorts.) Perkins, however, disliked MacLaine intensely despite defending her from studio bosses, and was put on edge by her intense drive and numerous pranks. "I've never been allowed that precious moment of seeing what Tony Perkins really is," MacLaine later reported. "I don't know what's an act and what isn't an act." Paramount decided to take Perkins's status as

3100-607: The Academy Award nominated The Battle of Neretva , and Richard Burton in Sutjeska . Also, many foreign films were shot on locations in Yugoslavia including domestic crews, such as Force 10 from Navarone starring Harrison Ford , Robert Shaw and Franco Nero , Armour of God starring Jackie Chan , as well as Escape from Sobibor starring Alan Arkin , Joanna Pacuła and Rutger Hauer . Pula Film Festival

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3200-561: The Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor . Perkins returned briefly to America to appear in a short-lived Broadway play, Harold (1962), but he returned to Europe shortly thereafter. He was then cast in Phaedra (1962), shot in Greece with Melina Mercouri and directed by Jules Dassin , undoubtedly inspired by Mercouri's recent success in Never on Sunday . It was a modern retelling of

3300-623: The Dubrava neighborhood of Zagreb was soon separated into an independent company named Dubrava Film (which was later re-incorporated into Jadran Film in 1962). Jadran Film's most successful period came during the directorship of Sulejman Kapić , whose long-time assistant was producer Branko Lustig . Between the 1960s and 1990s Jadran Film was one of the biggest and well-known film studios in Central Europe, and some 124 Yugoslav feature films and 145 international co-productions were filmed at

3400-664: The Golden Globe Award for Best New Actor of the Year and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The film led to Perkins's seven-year, semi-exclusive contract with Paramount Pictures , where he was their last matinee idol . In 1957, Perkins went on to appear in Fear Strikes Out . Paramount was keen to heterosexualize Perkins's image, leading to a string of romantic roles alongside Audrey Hepburn , Sophia Loren , and Shirley MacLaine . He

3500-841: The Winnetou book series set in the Wild West were one of the most well-known productions made at Jadran Film. The series, consisting of 11 films shot between 1962 and 1968 on locations in the Paklenica river canyon and at Grobnik near Rijeka , were very popular in Germany at the time and are considered predecessors of the Spaghetti Western genre. Episodes of several 1980s American TV series were also filmed in Zagreb by Jadran Film crews, including Winds of War , The Dirty Dozen and War and Remembrance . Jadran Film also had

3600-653: The best, readings I've ever seen." Perkins was soon after shipped out to Hollywood, where he began shooting alongside Dorothy McGuire and Gary Cooper , his screen mother and father. Perkins, a native New Yorker, did not know how to drive yet and regularly hitchhiked out from his hotel room at the Chateau Marmont to the set each day, something that became infamous and was often talked about in fan magazines. His boyfriend, Tab Hunter , later taught him how to drive. Perkins's inexperience radiated almost childish naïveté, something that endeared him to Gary Cooper. "Coop

3700-677: The Golden Arena for Best Film, the main award at the Pula Film Festival . The festival served as the Yugoslav national film awards (i.e. the local equivalent of the Academy Award ) since its establishment in 1955 until 1990. Due to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the festival was re-branded as the Croatian film awards in 1992. A total of 11 Jadran Film films won the award in Yugoslav competition, and another two won

3800-590: The Orient Express (1974), and Mahogany (1975). In the 1970s, Perkins decided to undergo conversion therapy . He married Berry Berenson in 1973. He reprised his role as Norman Bates in Psycho II (1983), Psycho III (1986), and Psycho IV: The Beginning (1990). The third installment in the anthology earned him a Best Actor Saturn Award nomination. His last film was In the Deep Woods ,

3900-428: The acting community, who were gay, and they couldn't come out. He saw what an emotional toll it took on them. I know my father adored Tony Perkins. My father felt he was a hell of an actor." Whatever the reason, this did not alter Perkins's performance. After rushes of the film were shared, the advance praise of his performance became so strong that Paramount Pictures took an interest in him. They soon signed him under

4000-406: The award since 1992. Cinema of Yugoslavia The Cinema of Yugoslavia refers to the film industry and cinematic output of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which existed from 1945 until it disintegrated into several independent nations in the early 1990s. Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic, socialist state, and its cinema reflected the diversity of its population, as well as

4100-465: The back of his head!" "They called me in and I stood right in front of the camera, almost obliterating poor Margaret O'Brien's face and causing a director to say 'Please move a little to the left.' When he said this, I turned around and said, 'Who, me ?' and I was in the test." It was later that summer that Perkins learned he had been cast as Fred Whitmarsh in the film, now renamed The Actress (1953), alongside Jean Simmons and Spencer Tracy . He

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4200-747: The backstage area into an obstacle course, seeing if Perkins could get back to the curtain in time. Reportedly, he never missed his entrances. On the day of his final performance, they went through with the prank as planned, watching Perkins leap over objects and dodge barriers. Once he made it through, he was greeted with a sign that said "We love you, Tony!" Perkins was teamed up again with Van Fleet in This Angry Age (1958), also known as The Sea Wall , for Columbia, replacing James Dean . (Van Fleet had played Dean's mother in East of Eden , something many people believed influenced casting.) The story followed

4300-447: The bottom of his class. He soon made a deal with his mother that if he got good grades, she would allow him to return to Boston the next year for schooling. That year, Perkins ranked in the top third of his class. His headmaster commented: "Tony Perkins is considerably more mature than the rest of his contemporaries, and is impatient with many of their schoolboy interests." Perkins was allowed to transfer. As he matured, Perkins's lack of

4400-492: The box office, where he earned $ 25 a week and an Equity card . Keeping her word, the following year, his mother sent him to Buckingham Browne & Nichols School , an all-boys school located in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Smaller class sizes caused Perkins to stand out, earning him a reputation as the class magician and pianist. He was renowned for his lisping Roddy McDowall impression , which he often performed in

4500-410: The canteen's activities, and the job gave the pair money to live on. On days when she was busy, Perkins was sent to stay with his grandmother. Due to his mother's neglect, Perkins began to rebel at the overcrowded public school he was attending, and was labelled a "gifted drifter". To quell his rebellious habits, his mother shipped him to Brooks School , forty minutes outside of Boston. The placement

4600-512: The college the following year, let Perkins use his piano, something he greatly appreciated. Perkins appeared in numerous stage productions at the school and moved around fraternities constantly, something that got on the nerves of his mother. It was at Rollins that Perkins reportedly first started experimenting with his sexuality with other men. Shortly after Perkins's arrival, a large group of homosexual students, many of whom were Perkins's friends, were expelled from Rollins and even arrested, after

4700-467: The company fell into disrepair as maintenance work effectively ceased. In addition, the privatization of the once state-owned company also contributed to Jadran Film's problems. The huge plot of land in Dubrava in the eastern part of Zagreb which was once used to build film sets was sold in the 1990s and turned into a shopping mall . The circumstances of the deal were described by the media as shady. In

4800-535: The company's property was either sold or fell into disrepair in the ensuing privatization . The company still continues to produce films, although Jadran Film's once voluminous output has since dwindled to only a handful of films produced every year, mainly Croatian and regional co-productions. Jadran Film was founded in 1946 and produced their first film the following year, Nikola Popović 's 1947 Yugoslav feature This People Must Live ( Serbo-Croatian : Živjeće ovaj narod ). The film set owned by Jadran Film located in

4900-404: The ensuing Croatian War of Independence , Jadran Film lost most of the advantages it offered, and foreign film productions began to shift towards other post-communist countries which could offer experienced film technicians and comparatively cheaper locations to Western productions. Jadran Film experienced a downfall, the number of employees shrank from 300 to 80 and film equipment and sets owned by

5000-507: The film up for MGM, and Hepburn (his wife) was cast as the mystical Rima to secure funding. Perkins, who was still stinging after losing the role in Some Like It Hot , was cast soon after. It was the only film in which Ferrer directed his wife. Perhaps still remembering the Some Like It Hot incident, Paramount used the film to promote Perkins's masculinity, showing him shirtless and fighting apparently stronger men. He did receive

5100-494: The film's wake, he starred in commercially and critically successful films including Catch-22 (1970)--a performance which garnered him a National Society of Film Critics Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor , an honor shared with his co-starring turn in WUSA , also released in 1970, and opposite Paul Newman --1972's Play It as It Lays and The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (opposite Newman once again), Murder on

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5200-534: The first boy he ever developed a crush on. The following year, Perkins joined the varsity tennis team and the glee club at his school, and was made co-literary editor of the school newspaper , The Spectator , to which he contributed occasional articles. Around this time, once again singled out as "the other", Perkins began to question his sexuality. Around the time Perkins's sexuality began to burgeon, many of his fellow students were thinking about college. Many Browne & Nicholas alumni were looking forward to

5300-436: The five years that Perkins was under contract with the studio. A later collaborator of Perkins's remembered to Charles Winecoff in 1996, "Tony said one thing that always endeared him to me   ... that when he was a rising young star at Paramount, he was seeing a great deal of [Tab Hunter], they went around town together, and finally the big studio head called him in and said, 'You cannot do this anymore. We're going to make you

5400-585: The halls between classes. In 1948, Perkins returned to summer stock with a different company. His mother had found a job as a manager for the Robin Hood Theatre in Arden , Delaware, where Perkins once again ran the box office and earned stage experience. His most memorable performance was in Sarah Simple , in which he played a near-sighted twin. It was here that Perkins met Charles Williamson,

5500-440: The hit Broadway musical Hello, Dolly! ) of Thornton Wilder 's stage play , in which Dolly Gallagher Levi (Booth) attempts to set up rich businessman Horace Vandergelder ( Paul Ford ) with a younger woman, Irene Malloy (MacLaine). Vandergelder's employees, Cornelius Hackl (Perkins) and Barnaby Tucker ( Robert Morse ), tired of their poor wages and constant work, escape to New York City and meet Irene, who's led to believe Cornelius

5600-478: The hope that he wasn't really dead. Because I'd see him on film, it was as if he were still alive. He became a mythic being to me, to be dreaded and appeased." After his father's death, Perkins was once again surrounded entirely by women. A consistent female companion in Perkins's life was burgeoning playwright Michaela O'Harra, whom his mother had taken a liking to. Perkins's childhood friend, John Kerr , recalled

5700-589: The hours-long drive out to set together in the same car, during which they became closely acquainted and shared stories of their private lives. Some cast members speculate that Perkins confided in Fonda about his sexuality during these drives. The film grossed over $ 1 million in the box office and was one of the biggest films of 1957. It is now considered a classic of the Western genre. Friendly Persuasion opened globally to huge critical and commercial success. The film

5800-462: The issue, Cooper spoke about Perkins in a fatherly manner: "I think he'd do well to spend a summer on a ranch," he commented about his younger costar. "It would toughen him up and he'd learn a lot from another kind of people." Cooper's daughter, Maria Cooper Janis, asserted that, although her father certainly admired Perkins, it could have also been for other reasons: "He had friends in Hollywood, in

5900-455: The late 1990s and well into the 2000s, Jadran Film continued to disintegrate, and it effectively lost the ability to support large co-productions which were once the staple of their film-making business. However, the company survived and continued to produce films, although their output had dwindled to only a handful of Croatian films every year with limited international appeal. Below is the complete list of films produced by Jadran Film which won

6000-446: The lead of Tea and Sympathy in 1954, where he was directed by the legendary Elia Kazan , who had been a friend of his father's. In the play, he took on the role of Tom Lee, a college student who is labelled as a "sissy" and fixed with the love of the right woman, in an almost autobiographical role. Perkins said years later, "It was the best part ever written for a young guy. I felt so involved with that particular play. In many ways, I

6100-517: The lights, just forget about the lights.' And I did. And he taught me fascinating things, like the audience's eyes always move to the right side of the screen so you should always try to get on the right side of the set." Fonda also solely credits Perkins for helping her learn how to play before the camera when acting. In a repeat of On the Beach , Fonda developed a crush on Perkins, who later recalled an occasion when she sat in his dressing room, completely naked, powdering her body. Unlike others, Fonda

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6200-526: The movies. Having heard that MGM was making a screen adaptation of Years Ago , he lingered on the lot, hoping a casting director would spot him and offer him a screen test. As Perkins later recalled: "I hung around the casting gate all summer, running errands and picking up sandwiches for the guards. One day they were testing Margaret O'Brien and they needed the back of someone's head. They didn't know who to use. Then someone piped up and said, 'How about that kid that's always hanging around here? We could use

6300-696: The name Tony Perkins. His single "Moon-Light Swim" was a moderate hit in the United States, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1957. 1958's "The Prettiest Girl in School" was also popular in Australia but a flop in the United States. Many people believed he was inspired to pursue musical endeavors after the abrupt success of then-partner Tab Hunter , who had scored a number one hit on his debut record, " Young Love ." To Hunter, Perkins

6400-501: The opposition we did continue seeing each other." According to all accounts, Perkins, until 1959, withstood Balaban's threats of expulsion and even protected his homosexuality from his studio boss. It was not until between filming Tall Story and Psycho that the studio executives succeeded in separating Perkins and Hunter, which many believe was a major factor in Perkins buying himself out of his Paramount contract early, just as Hunter had done at Warner Brothers. Perkins in youth had

6500-742: The political and cultural shifts that occurred during its existence. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had an internationally acclaimed film industry. Yugoslavia submitted many films to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , six of which were nominated. Film companies included Jadran Film from Zagreb , SR Croatia ; Avala Film from Belgrade , SR Serbia ; Sutjeska film and Studio film from Sarajevo , SR Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Zeta film from Budva , SR Montenegro ; Vardar film and Makedonija film from Skopje , SR Macedonia , Triglav Film from Ljubljana , SR Slovenia and others. The dominant movement in Yugoslav cinema of

6600-508: The post war era was Socialist Realism . Which typically dealt with themes such as modernity, and the importance of building the new socialist republic. This was a movement popular in most eastern bloc countries. As the early Yugoslavian state moved away from the Soviet bloc, and received a more open door into western capitalist societies. The cinema started to change to reflect this more liberal approach to socialism. The Yugoslav Black wave which

6700-442: The relationship between O'Harra and Perkins's mother: "My mother said–I don't know if she used the word lesbian   ... but that was just [what it felt like] to me: 'Oh, they're having a lesbian relationship.' You know, something like that." Although her sexuality has been disputed, it is widely agreed that Perkins's mother was not heterosexual. It was also during that time that Perkins's mother began to sexually abuse him. "She

6800-476: The role in the film adaptation . Joan Fickett, who played Perkins's love interest in the play, commented, "He was that boy. I'd seen John Kerr do it before, but Tony had a quality that was fantastic for the part–-all the rawness and the hurt and the confusion, he just had. I found his performance tremendously poignant." The play's success and Perkins's astounding performance renewed Hollywood's interest in him. According to posthumous biographer Charles Winecoff, it

6900-637: The role of Shell Oil Junior and Frank Sinatra was considered for the role of his companion who both dress up in drag to board an all-women train car. Paramount, despite the appeal of a big star like Monroe, balked at the idea of having their already sexually-ambiguous heartthrob wear drag for an entire film and forbade Perkins from accepting the role. It ultimately went to Tony Curtis instead. However, studio executives begged Perkins to return from Broadway to star in The Matchmaker (1958) alongside Shirley MacLaine and Shirley Booth , during which he and

7000-437: The side of yourself you want other people to see."   ... When I saw Look Homeward, Angel the second time, in late January, Tony had stripped away all preconceived ideas and was mesmerizing. Not all was bad on set, though. Perkins, who had a dressing room far from the stage, often had to race between scenes to retrieve something so as not to miss his cue, something his costars used in practical jokes. Many times, they turned

7100-438: The standard is Tony Perkins." After this critical success, Perkins starred in the first of two Westerns, The Lonely Man (1957), with Jack Palance . Perkins played Riley Wade, whose father, Jacob (Palance), abruptly returns to his life after having abandoned his mother years before. Jacob battles Riley's hatred for him throughout the film, desperate to reconnect with his estranged son after years of separation. Kim Stanley ,

7200-536: The studio during those three decades. The first international productions filmed at the studio were Italian-produced Biblical B movies in the late 1950s, most notably the 1960 release David and Goliath which starred Orson Welles as King Saul and Ivica Pajer as David . Jadran Film benefited from these early co-productions as Italian producers helped the company establish a number of auxiliary departments which provided stunts, horses, set construction and extras for large-scale historical films which were popular at

7300-479: The things that makes 'Never Will I Marry' so brilliant [on the recording] is the crack of his voice when he reaches the tenth." The show's director, George Roy Hill , also called Perkins "remarkably good. It didn't have the timbre of a real Broadway voice, but it didn't have the hard edge. 'Never Will I Marry' was a wonderful example of that." Additionally, the song was popularized due to its renditions by Judy Garland , Barbra Streisand , and Linda Ronstadt . Perkins

7400-470: The time, so Jadran Film studios soon began to be used routinely for filming scenes depicting Ancient Rome , Viking villages, Jerusalem or Wild West . Another advantage which Jadran Film had been that local hotels were considerably cheaper compared to elsewhere in Europe, so Zagreb became a preferred choice for foreign productions employing large film crews. The Yugoslav-German-produced screen adaptations of

7500-417: Was Tom Lee." Although homophobically written and resolved, the play was the only explicit work to hit Broadway depicting homosexuality and garnered a large gay following, therefore establishing Perkins in the gay-dominated theater world. It was through this audience that the production became a success, and many people thought Perkins was substantially better than his predecessor, John Kerr, who went on to play

7600-404: Was a certain complicity. He helped me with my English, and I tried to make him laugh." Although Loren was proud to have scored the role, the unanimous decision upon its release was that Perkins's performance was not strong. Between the filming of Desire and his next movie, Perkins received an offer to appear in what became the 1959 comedy Some Like It Hot with Marilyn Monroe . He was given

7700-680: Was a founding member of the International Federation of Film Archives and was the national film library of the former Yugoslavia , founded in 1949 in Belgrade. Co-production : Anthony Perkins Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor. Born in Manhattan , Perkins began his career as a teenager in summer stock programs , although he acted in films before his time on Broadway . His first film, The Actress , co-starring Spencer Tracy and Jean Simmons and directed by George Cukor ,

7800-506: Was a notable film festival . Partisan film is a subgenre of war films , made in Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In the broadest sense, main characteristics of partisan films are that they are set in Yugoslavia during World War II and have partisans as main protagonists, while antagonists are Axis forces and their collaborators. Outside Yugoslavia, Partisan films were especially popular in China. The Yugoslav Film Archive

7900-601: Was able to land an occasional serious role, such as in the Broadway production Look Homeward, Angel , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award , and the 1959 film On the Beach with Gregory Peck , Fred Astaire , and Ava Gardner . Although he was cast once again as a romantic lead in Jane Fonda 's film debut, Tall Story , he was shortly thereafter cast as Norman Bates in Psycho (1960), which established him as

8000-422: Was actually understanding of his homosexuality and became good friends with whoever he was seeing at the time. Behind the scenes, however, there was more turmoil: Fonda recalled "Both Joshua Logan [the film's director] and I were in love with Tony Perkins, and so that caused a problem." After being signed in 1955, Perkins became Paramount's last matinee idol, and he was promoted relentlessly as that image through

8100-450: Was also directed by George Cukor , who was a friend and collaborator of his late father. In the film, he played a fumbling Harvard student who chases the interest of Ruth Gordon Jones (Simmons), who wants to perform onstage despite her family's disapproval. The film was a commercial disappointment, although it scored an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design . Perkins was first noticed when he replaced John Kerr on Broadway in

8200-690: Was also involved in the 1960 Broadway musical Greenwillow , written by Frank Loesser . The show is about the magical town of Greenwillow, where the men are meant to wander and women (if they can keep their husbands) are supposed to settle down and have children. Despite his call to isolation, Gideon Briggs (Perkins) wants to marry his sweetheart, Dorie (Ellen McCown). Loesser caught on to Perkins's homosexuality fast and, disliking him for it, decided to upstage him, writing his main solo, "Never Will I Marry", as something reminiscent of an opera ballad. However, close friend Stephen Sondheim praised his performance of "Never Will I Marry": "[Perkins was] wonderful. One of

8300-525: Was also nominated for another Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Psycho was made on a slim budget, with Perkins and Leigh accepting low salaries for their roles and recycling the crew from Alfred Hitchcock Presents . The film was nonetheless a critical and commercial success, and gained Perkins international fame as he won the Best Actor Award from the International Board of Motion Picture Reviewers. The role, with its multiple sequels,

8400-547: Was an overall disappointment, prompting Perkins to return to theatre. He made his Broadway debut in the Elia Kazan -directed Tea and Sympathy (1953) , in which he played Tom Lee, a " sissy " who is "cured" by the right woman. He was praised for the role, and after it closed, he turned to Hollywood once more, starring in Friendly Persuasion (1956) with Gary Cooper and Dorothy McGuire , which earned him

8500-468: Was best remembered for being Jane Fonda 's film debut, and he had to play a college basketball champion. As a man who had never been talented in sports, he had to be trained to play basketball for his performance, but, unlike his lessons on the set of Fear Strikes Out , these ones stuck. Perkins recounted to reporters: "I've been working out at the Warner Brothers gym, discovering what basketball

8600-458: Was constantly touching me and caressing me. Not realizing what effect she was having, she would touch me all over, even stroking the inside of my thighs right up to my crotch." The behavior continued into his adulthood. In 1942, when Perkins was ten, the family moved to Boston . Due to her connections in the theatre industry, his mother was able to gain a position at the nearby American Theatre Wing 's Boston Stage Door Canteen. She managed much of

8700-546: Was descended from John Perkins, who had arrived in Boston from England in 1630 as part of the Puritan migration to New England . Throughout his early years, Perkins did not see much of his father, who was busy in a variety of roles, the most prominent of which was his supporting role in the original motion picture adaptation of Scarface , released the year Perkins was born. Perkins's only fond memories of his father came from

8800-401: Was disastrous: Perkins's childhood habit of stuttering returned, and he shied away from any athletic pursuits. His mother, however, forced him into playing baseball. It was the first time in his life that Perkins was singled out, and the resulting pressure led to long absences from school during his second year after suffering back-to-back cases of scarlet fever . Subsequently, Perkins sank to

8900-754: Was during the production of Tea and Sympathy that Perkins was drafted, despite the recent conclusion of the Korean War. Without consulting anybody, he decided to tell the Selective Service he was a "practicing homosexual," which was an eligible way to be deemed unfit for service. Reportedly, this had disastrous results, leaving Perkins traumatized. Just as his run in Tea and Sympathy was coming to an end, director William Wyler sent out his assistant, Stuart Millar, to search out talent on Broadway for his upcoming film Friendly Persuasion . It centered around

9000-462: Was his last serious film before his legendary Psycho performance later that year. He played a doomed father living in Australia after a nuclear war wipes humanity off all other continents. He supported legendary actors such as Gregory Peck , Ava Gardner , and Fred Astaire in his first dramatic role. All filming took place on location in Melbourne over the course of three months, and a soundstage

9100-611: Was jealous. It was the Oedipal thing in a pronounced form, I loved him but I also wanted him to be dead so I could have her all to myself." On September 21, 1937, Osgood Perkins died of a heart attack, just after the successful opening night of his newest play, Susan and God . His father's death caused Perkins to feel intense guilt. "I was horrified," he said years later. "I assumed that my wanting him to be dead had actually killed him. I prayed and prayed for my father to come back. I remember long nights of crying in bed. For years I nursed

9200-439: Was largely praised by critics, who took a liking to Perkins. The film earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best New Actor of the Year and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . In a 1958 cover story, Newsweek hailed Perkins as "possibly the most gifted dramatic actor in this country under 30." Perkins released three pop music albums and several singles in 1957 and 1958 on Epic and RCA Victor under

9300-438: Was made out of a warehouse for the crew's use. Unlike other films, Perkins got on well with his fellow cast members and even helped Astaire prepare for his serious scenes. Years later, in an infamous interview with People , Perkins listed Gardner as the first of many female stars who tried to put the make on him, but due to his sexuality, he very cautiously declined. Perkins's next roles were less serious. Tall Story (1960)

9400-461: Was often heard joking "that his tremulous voice could make any happy love song sound sad." However, Perkins was not very committed to the music career, although he steadily produced full-length albums and a few EP's until as late as the mid-1960s. Despite being a life member of the Actors Studio and therefore open to many different acting business ventures, Perkins did not choose to act in

9500-792: Was pushing him into leading-man roles. Perkins, however, wanted only to be a serious actor, not a teen idol. Their preoccupation with keeping Perkins's masculinity intact also led to his losing quite a few coveted roles, such as Shell Oil Junior in Some Like it Hot and Tony in West Side Story . Paramount president Barney Balaban strongly disliked Perkins due to his homosexuality. They constantly had arguments, mostly revolving around his sexuality and his ongoing relationship with fellow actor Tab Hunter , which Balaban believed Perkins flaunted too much. He constantly pressured Perkins into breaking up with Hunter and going into conversion therapy for

9600-473: Was shot on location in Zagreb and starred Anthony Perkins , Jeanne Moreau and Romy Schneider . Then, in 1983, British Producer Fuad Kavur brought to Jadran Memed, My Hawk , because the filming of it had been banned in Turkey where the original novel takes place. Memed My Hawk starred Peter Ustinov who also directed the film. In the early 1990s, amid the fall of communism , breakup of Yugoslavia , and

9700-1071: Was started by young filmmakers in 1960’s reflected this change by taking elements of socialist realism, American and Italian cinema. To create films that more openly criticized the problems of liberalization. These films usually turned a lens onto the bigger issues of ethnicity, gender and class in Yugoslav society and were often seen as pessimistic by critics. Prominent male actors included Danilo Stojković , Ljuba Tadić , Bekim Fehmiu , Fabijan Šovagović , Mustafa Nadarević , Bata Živojinović , Boris Dvornik , Ljubiša Samardžić , Dragan Nikolić and Rade Šerbedžija , while Milena Dravić , Neda Arnerić , Mira Furlan and Ena Begović were notable actresses . Acclaimed film directors included: Emir Kusturica , Dušan Makavejev , Goran Marković , Lordan Zafranović , Goran Paskaljević , Živojin Pavlović and Hajrudin Krvavac . Many Yugoslav films featured eminent foreign actors such as Orson Welles and Yul Brynner in

9800-519: Was there that he grew reacquainted with old friend Charles Williamson, going out to lunch and swimming with him during breaks. It was at that time that Perkins developed a crush on Williamson, who recalled: "He never expressed his homosexuality during the summer of 1950. He did not act on it at all. At the time, I was very much in the closet and repressed. We both shared that." It was also around that time that Perkins played Fred Whitmarsh in Years Ago ,

9900-466: Was to follow him for the remainder of his career. After buying himself out of his Paramount contract, Perkins moved to France and began making European films, the first of which was Goodbye Again (1961) with Ingrid Bergman , shot in Paris. Paula Tessier (Bergman) tries to resist the charms of Philip Van der Besh (Perkins), who is the son of one of her clients, while stuck in an unfulfilling affair with

10000-480: Was warm and gracious and kindly," Peter Mark Richman , who worked on the film, said. "He liked [Perkins and me] a lot, and Tony loved to hear him talk." The feeling was mutual between Perkins, Cooper, and even the director. Perkins was regularly praised by Wyler for his performance and Cooper began publicly endorsing Perkins's abilities. This led to Perkins and Cooper sharing the cover of the July 1956 issue of Life . In

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