69-699: Jag Mandir is a palace built on an island in the Lake Pichola . It is also called the "Lake Garden Palace". The palace is located in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan . Its construction is credited to three Maharanas of the Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar kingdom . The construction of the palace was started in 1551 by Maharana Amar Singh, continued by Maharana Karan Singh (1620–1628) and finally completed by Maharana Jagat Singh I (1628–1652). It
138-475: A polymerisation process. About 80 years later it was realized that heating of styrol starts a chain reaction that produces macromolecules , following the thesis of German organic chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965). This eventually led to the substance receiving its present name, polystyrene. The company I. G. Farben began manufacturing polystyrene in Ludwigshafen , about 1931, hoping it would be
207-462: A "blowing agent", a material that enables the beads to be expanded. Pentane is commonly used as the blowing agent. The beads are added to a continuously agitated reactor with the blowing agent, among other additives, and the blowing agent seeps into pores within each bead. The beads are then expanded using steam. EPS is used for food containers , molded sheets for building insulation , and packing material either as solid blocks formed to accommodate
276-563: A US patent for polystyrene foam as an insulation product in 1935 (USA patent number 2,023,204). PS foams also exhibit good damping properties, therefore it is used widely in packaging. The trademark Styrofoam by Dow Chemical Company is informally used (mainly US & Canada) for all foamed polystyrene products, although strictly it should only be used for "extruded closed-cell" polystyrene foams made by Dow Chemicals. Foams are also used for non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as ornamental pillars ). Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
345-466: A chain of polystyrene, giving a molar mass of 100,000–400,000 g/mol. Each carbon of the backbone has tetrahedral geometry , and those carbons that have a phenyl group (benzene ring) attached are stereogenic . If the backbone were to be laid as a flat elongated zig-zag chain, each phenyl group would be tilted forward or backward compared to the plane of the chain. The relative stereochemical relationship of consecutive phenyl groups determines
414-468: A grey/black color which distinguishes it from standard EPS. Several EPS producers have produced a variety of these increased thermal resistance EPS usage for this product in the UK and EU. Water vapor diffusion resistance ( μ ) of EPS is around 30–70. ICC-ES ( International Code Council Evaluation Service) requires EPS boards used in building construction meet ASTM C578 requirements. One of these requirements
483-672: A metallocene catalyst for the polymerisation reaction. Polystyrene is relatively chemically inert. While it is waterproof and resistant to breakdown by many acids and bases, it is easily attacked by many organic solvents (e.g. it dissolves quickly when exposed to acetone ), chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Because of its resilience and inertness, it is used for fabricating many objects of commerce. Like other organic compounds, polystyrene burns to give carbon dioxide and water vapor , in addition to other thermal degradation by-products. Polystyrene, being an aromatic hydrocarbon , typically combusts incompletely as indicated by
552-515: A minimum of 4.32 metres (14.2 ft) to a maximum of 8.5 metres (28 ft). In the heart of the Lake, a palace called the Lake Palace was built, which is now converted into a heritage palace hotel. This palace built in marble in 1746 by Maharana Jagat Singh II, 62nd successor to the royal dynasty of Mewar , spreads across the 1.6 hectares (4.0 acres) island and is claimed to be as impressive as
621-722: A smoke-developed index of less than 450. ICC-ES requires the use of a 15-minute thermal barrier when EPS boards are used inside of a building. According to the EPS-IA ICF organization, the typical density of EPS used for insulated concrete forms ( expanded polystyrene concrete ) is 1.35 to 1.80 pounds per cubic foot (21.6 to 28.8 kg/m ). This is either Type II or Type IX EPS according to ASTM C578. EPS blocks or boards used in building construction are commonly cut using hot wires. Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) consists of closed cells. It offers improved surface roughness, higher stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity. The density range
690-566: A split via a channel system of gates and runners. EPS is colloquially called "styrofoam" in the Anglosphere , an genericization of Dow Chemical's brand of extruded polystyrene . Sheets of EPS are commonly packaged as rigid panels (common in Europe is a size of 100 cm x 50 cm, usually depending on an intended type of connection and glue techniques, it is, in fact, 99.5 cm x 49.5 cm or 98 cm x 48 cm; less common
759-496: A sprayed-on coating is necessary to prevent saturation. Oriented polystyrene (OPS) is produced by stretching extruded PS film, improving visibility through the material by reducing haziness and increasing stiffness. This is often used in packaging where the manufacturer would like the consumer to see the enclosed product. Some benefits to OPS are that it is less expensive to produce than other clear plastics such as polypropylene (PP), (PET), and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and it
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#1732802574085828-466: A study carried out by the "Centre of Advanced Study in Geology", Punjab University , the water quality of the lake has a high sodium and Bicarbonate content, which is attributed to the continental weathering due to anthropogenic pressure (tourist influx), intense development activities in the basin area and untreated effluent from municipal and domestic sewage into the Lake. The semi arid conditions of
897-513: A suitable replacement for die-cast zinc in many applications. Success was achieved when they developed a reactor vessel that extruded polystyrene through a heated tube and cutter, producing polystyrene in pellet form. Ray McIntire (1918–1996), a chemical engineer of Dow Chemical, rediscovered a process first patented in early 1930s by Swedish inventor Carl Munters . According to the Science History Institute, "Dow bought
966-497: Is 120 x 60 cm; size 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) or 2 by 8 ft (0.61 by 2.44 m) in the United States). Common thicknesses are from 10 mm to 500 mm. Many customizations, additives, and thin additional external layers on one or both sides are often added to help with various properties. An example of this is lamination with cement board to form a structural insulated panel . Thermal conductivity
1035-697: Is 6 hours by road and a 3.5 hours drive from Ahmedabad to Udaipur. Rajasthan Tourism operates a regular bus service from Delhi. It also falls on the East-West Corridor which starts from Porbandar and ends at Silchar and intersects the Golden Quadrilateral and a part of this is the stretch from Udaipur to Chittor . 24 km from the lake is the Dabok Airport which connects to Delhi and Bombay . Udaipur Railway Station and Maharana Pratap Bus Stand are both 3 km away from
1104-481: Is a distinct compound). By 1845 Jamaican-born chemist John Buddle Blyth and German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that the same transformation of styrol took place in the absence of oxygen. They called the product "meta styrol"; analysis showed that it was chemically identical to Simon's Styroloxyd. In 1866 Marcellin Berthelot correctly identified the formation of meta styrol/Styroloxyd from styrol as
1173-524: Is a rigid and tough, closed-cell foam with a normal density range of 11 to 32 kg/m . It is usually white and made of pre-expanded polystyrene beads. The manufacturing process for EPS conventionally begins with the creation of small polystyrene beads. Styrene monomers (and potentially other additives) are suspended in water, where they undergo free-radical addition polymerization. The polystyrene beads formed by this mechanism may have an average diameter of around 200 μm. The beads are then permeated with
1242-449: Is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene . Polystyrene can be solid or foamed . General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. It is a poor barrier to air and water vapor and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics , with the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year. Polystyrene
1311-450: Is about 28–34 kg/m . Extruded polystyrene material is also used in crafts and model building, in particular architectural models. Because of the extrusion manufacturing process, XPS does not require facers to maintain its thermal or physical property performance. Thus, it makes a more uniform substitute for corrugated cardboard . Thermal conductivity varies between 0.029 and 0.039 W/(m·K) depending on bearing strength/density and
1380-625: Is approachable by road from Udaipur City. Local buses, Tongas, auto-rickshaws and taxis provide the needed transport. The lake is adjacent to the Bagore Ki Haveli museum, making it a good landmark. Udaipur, in turn, is well connected through the Golden Quadrilateral road network, and it lies equidistant, at 650 kilometres, from Delhi and Mumbai on the National Highway (NH) 8. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan
1449-437: Is commonly injection molded , vacuum formed , or extruded, while expanded polystyrene is either extruded or molded in a special process. Polystyrene copolymers are also produced; these contain one or more other monomers in addition to styrene. In recent years the expanded polystyrene composites with cellulose and starch have also been produced. Polystyrene is used in some polymer-bonded explosives (PBX). Polystyrene (PS)
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#17328025740851518-489: Is exploited for extrusion (as in Styrofoam ) and also for molding and vacuum forming , since it can be cast into molds with fine detail. The temperatures behavior can be controlled by photocrosslinking. Under ASTM standards, polystyrene is regarded as not biodegradable . It is accumulating as a form of litter in the outside environment , particularly along shores and waterways, especially in its foam form, and in
1587-468: Is generally considered to be non-biodegradable. However, certain organisms are able to degrade it, albeit very slowly. In 2015, researchers discovered that mealworms , the larvae form of the darkling beetle Tenebrio molitor , could digest and subsist healthily on a diet of EPS. About 100 mealworms could consume between 34 and 39 milligrams of this white foam in a day. The droppings of mealworm were found to be safe for use as soil for crops. In 2016, it
1656-410: Is initiated with free radicals . Ziegler–Natta polymerization can produce an ordered syndiotactic polystyrene with the phenyl groups positioned on alternating sides of the hydrocarbon backbone. This form is highly crystalline with a T m (melting point) of 270 °C (518 °F). Syndiotactic polystyrene resin is currently produced under the trade name XAREC by Idemitsu corporation, who use
1725-560: Is measured according to EN 12667. Typical values range from 0.032 to 0.038 W/(m⋅K) depending on the density of the EPS board. The value of 0.038 W/(m⋅K) was obtained at 15 kg/m while the value of 0.032 W/(m⋅K) was obtained at 40 kg/m according to the datasheet of K-710 from StyroChem Finland. Adding fillers (graphites, aluminum, or carbons) has recently allowed the thermal conductivity of EPS to reach around 0.030–0.034 W/(m⋅K) (as low as 0.029 W/(m⋅K)) and as such has
1794-467: Is named as "Jagat Mandir" in honour of the last named Maharana Jagat Singh. The royal family used the palace as a summer resort and pleasure palace for holding parties. The palace served as a refuge to asylum seekers for one occasion. Jag Mandir is situated in one of the two natural islands in the Pichola lake (named after the village Picholi nearby), on its southern end. The lake was initially created in
1863-548: Is naturally transparent , but can be colored with colorants. Uses include protective packaging (such as packing peanuts and optical disc jewel cases ), containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, disposable cutlery , in the making of models, and as an alternative material for phonograph records . As a thermoplastic polymer, polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition temperature . It becomes rigid again when cooled. This temperature behaviour
1932-412: Is not produced commercially. [REDACTED] The only commercially important form of polystyrene is atactic , in which the phenyl groups are randomly distributed on both sides of the polymer chain. This random positioning prevents the chains from aligning with sufficient regularity to achieve any crystallinity . The plastic has a glass transition temperature T g of ~90 °C. Polymerization
2001-732: Is often done to introduce polar groups. Much of modern biomedical research relies on the use of such products; they, therefore, play a critical role in pharmaceutical research. Thin sheets of polystyrene are used in polystyrene film capacitors as it forms a very stable dielectric , but has largely fallen out of use in favor of polyester . Polystyrene foams are 95–98% air. Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials, such as in insulating concrete forms and structural insulated panel building systems. Grey polystyrene foam, incorporating graphite , has superior insulation properties. Carl Munters and John Gudbrand Tandberg of Sweden received
2070-483: Is polluted and needs remedial measures to be implemented to rectify the situation. Studies conducted by Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Udaipur Lake Conservation Society) – JSS - a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) set up in 1992 for Ecological, Limnological and Hydrological Conservation of Udaipur Lake System, has found growth of water hyacinth , the lake bottom is also covered with a thick mat of submerged vegetation, presence of floating micro algae which are detrimental to
2139-616: Is surrounded by a roomy circular apartment built in white and black marble with murals and paintings considered an uncommon feature in Rajput architecture. On the western wing of the palace, this type of design has been repeated in three other pavilions. Jag Mandir is the main palace, which incorporates the Gul Mahal. The towers of the palace at the corners are octagonal in shape and are topped with cupolas . A labyrinth of reception halls, residential suites, and internal courts were built inside
Jag Mandir Palace - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-404: Is that the limiting oxygen index of EPS as measured by ASTM D2863 be greater than 24 volume %. Typical EPS has an oxygen index of around 18 volume %; thus, a flame retardant is added to styrene or polystyrene during the formation of EPS. The boards containing a flame retardant when tested in a tunnel using test method UL 723 or ASTM E84 will have a flame spread index of less than 25 and
2277-723: Is used for producing disposable plastic cutlery and dinnerware , CD "jewel" cases , smoke detector housings, license plate frames, plastic model assembly kits, and many other objects where a rigid, economical plastic is desired. Production methods include thermoforming ( vacuum forming ) and injection molding . Polystyrene Petri dishes and other laboratory containers such as test tubes and microplates play an important role in biomedical research and science. For these uses, articles are almost always made by injection molding, and often sterilized post-molding, either by irradiation or by treatment with ethylene oxide . Post-mold surface modification, usually with oxygen -rich plasmas ,
2346-454: The Badipol region on the shore of the Lake. The lake's surroundings and the several islands within the lake have been developed over the centuries, with palaces, marble temples, family mansions, bathing ghats or chabutaras (a raised platform, normally within a courtyard); some of the famous ones are the Lake Palace (now converted into a heritage hotel) in the middle of the lake also called
2415-521: The Taj Mahal . At the southern end, a dam was built across the major tributary to facilitate the Banjara tribesman to ford the stream with animals carrying grains. After 1560, Maharana Udai Sing II strengthened the dam (to a height of 15.24 m) when he established the city of Udaipur around the picturesque Lake. Machchala Magra hill, to the south of the city palace complex, is part of the old city wall and
2484-401: The sooty flame. The process of depolymerizing polystyrene into its monomer , styrene , is called pyrolysis . This involves using high heat and pressure to break down the chemical bonds between each styrene compound. Pyrolysis usually goes up to 430 °C. The high energy cost of doing this has made commercial recycling of polystyrene back into styrene monomer difficult. Polystyrene
2553-428: The tacticity , which affects various physical properties of the material. In polystyrene, tacticity describes the extent to which the phenyl group is uniformly aligned (arranged at one side) in the polymer chain. Tacticity has a strong effect on the properties of the plastic. Standard polystyrene is atactic. The diastereomer where all of the phenyl groups are on the same side is called isotactic polystyrene, which
2622-552: The 15th century by a local banjara tribal chieftain for carrying grain across the streams. During the reign of Maharana Udai Singh II, in 1560, the lake was substantially enlarged by constructing dams across two streams. At that time, the Maharana also built the Jag Mandir and the Lake Palace (Jag Niwas Hotel) on islands in the midst of the lake. Udaipur city with its City Palace and other monuments and temples were built on
2691-403: The Lake. Pichola Lake was built by Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs , in 1362 AD. It is a hearsay that lake got its name from nearby village Picholi, during the reign of Maharana Lakha. Later, Maharana Udai Singh, impressed by the charm of this lake with the backdrop of green hills, founded the city of Udaipur on the banks of the lake and also enlarged the Lake by constructing a stone masonry dam in
2760-602: The Pacific Ocean. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon , an apothecary from Berlin. From storax , the resin of the Oriental sweetgum tree Liquidambar orientalis , he distilled an oily substance, that he named styrol, now called styrene . Several days later, Simon found that it had thickened into a jelly, now known to have been a polymer , that he dubbed styrol oxide ("Styroloxyd") because he presumed that it had resulted from oxidation ( styrene oxide
2829-816: The Pichola Palace (pictured) or Jag Nivas located on the Jag Island, the Jag Mandir, the Mohan Mandir (in the northeast corner of the lake built by Jagat Singh between 1628 and 1652), the City Palace of Udaipur (Bansi Ghat) from where boats ply to all other parts of the Lake, the Arsi Vilas Island, which is a sanctuary for birds and the Sitamata Game Sanctuary on the western shore of the Lake. At several locations where
Jag Mandir Palace - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-639: The Twelve Stones". The Jag Mandir is approached only by boat from the Bansi Ghat jetty next to the Lake Palace in Udaipur. The 1983 James Bond film, Octopussy featured the Jag Mandir as one of its main locations. Lake Pichola Lake Pichola , situated in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan , is an artificial fresh water lake, created in the year 1362, named after
2967-482: The area, saline and alkaline soils/groundwater conditions and weathering of the silicate rock exposed in the drainage basin are assessed as the reasons for the supply of major ions . The report infers that The increase in phosphate loading and consequent depletion of silica suggests biological consumption of the latter. The observed chemical data of the Pichola Lake was used to predict the mineral assemblages in
3036-416: The average value is ~0.035 W/(m·K). Water vapor diffusion resistance (μ) of XPS is around 80–250. Commonly extruded polystyrene foam materials include: Although it is a closed-cell foam, both expanded and extruded polystyrene are not entirely waterproof or vapor proof. In expanded polystyrene there are interstitial gaps between the expanded closed-cell pellets that form an open network of channels between
3105-694: The bonded pellets, and this network of gaps can become filled with liquid water. If the water freezes into ice, it expands and can cause polystyrene pellets to break off from the foam. Extruded polystyrene is also permeable by water molecules and can not be considered a vapor barrier. Water-logging commonly occurs over a long period in polystyrene foams that are constantly exposed to high humidity or are continuously immersed in water, such as in hot tub covers, in floating docks, as supplemental flotation under boat seats, and for below-grade exterior building insulation constantly exposed to groundwater. Typically an exterior vapor barrier such as impermeable plastic sheeting or
3174-553: The carbonate and aluminosilicate system. It demonstrates that calcite and dolomite are the possible minerals that are in equilibrium with the lake water system and that the lake water chemistry is in the range of stability of kaolinite The average of the pollution parameters recorded at random intervals during 2005-2006 as reported by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board in 2006 are: The assessment of quality status determined that water
3243-430: The gut of superworms that contain encoded enzymes associated with the degradation of polystyrene and the breakdown product styrene. The bacterium Pseudomonas putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA . This may someday be of use in the effective disposing of polystyrene foam. It is worthy to note the polystyrene must undergo pyrolysis to turn into styrene oil. Polystyrene
3312-530: The initiative of Maharana Bhupal Singh, the Mewar kingdom merged with the Indian union in 1949 along with other princely states of Rajasthan. The impressive series of structures in the three-storied Jag Mandir Palace include: Details of these structures and of the garden are elaborated below. Gul Mahal was the first structure built in 1551, during the reign of Maharana Amar Singh, which was further developed during
3381-471: The item being protected or as loose-fill "peanuts" cushioning fragile items inside boxes. EPS also has been widely used in automotive and road safety applications such as motorcycle helmets and road barriers on automobile race tracks . A significant portion of all EPS products are manufactured through injection molding. Mold tools tend to be manufactured from steels (which can be hardened and plated), and aluminum alloys. The molds are controlled through
3450-617: The lake narrows, ornamental arch bridges have been built to span the waterway between the banks. The Sisarma stream, a tributary of the Kotra River , drains a catchment of 55 km from the Aravalli Mountains and contributes to the flows in the lake. The average annual rainfall in the lake basin is 635 millimetres (25.0 in). The lake has a surface area of about 696 ha. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide, and has depth varying from
3519-538: The lake. There are four islands on the lake: Three of the numerous lakes found in the vicinity of Udaipur which connect with the Pichola lake and the Swaroop Sagar Lake connected by an arched bridge built by Maharana Swaroop Singh (1842-1861) which in turn connects to the Fateh Sagar Lake , the crystal watered lake in the midst of tree lined hills and the smaller Arsi Vilas. Lake Pichola
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#17328025740853588-465: The main façade. The massive marble slabs affixed to the interior walls were inlaid with coloured rubies , onyx , jasper , cornelian and jade . This type of decoration is reported to have been replicated by the Mughals in their Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah at Agra , in 1626. The palace is also said to have housed a throne carved from a single block of serpentine , which has not been traced. The Mahal
3657-459: The mainland near City Palace in Udaipur. The cruise is through the Pichola Lake. The pavilion is decorated with large elephants carved in stone, four on each side of the entry steps. They face the Lake Palace. The trunks of these elephants were damaged and replaced with polystyrene . The pavilion marks the perimeter of the island in the scenic backdrop of the Aravalli hills . The flower garden in
3726-467: The molecules consist of thousands of atoms, the cumulative attractive force between the molecules is large. When heated (or deformed at a rapid rate, due to a combination of viscoelastic and thermal insulation properties), the chains can take on a higher degree of confirmation and slide past each other. This intermolecular weakness (versus the high intramolecular strength due to the hydrocarbon backbone) confers flexibility and elasticity. The ability of
3795-443: The nearby Picholi village. It is one of the several contiguous lakes, and developed over the last few centuries in and around the famous Udaipur city. The lakes around Udaipur were primarily created by building dams to meet the drinking water and irrigation needs of the city and its neighbourhood. Two islands, Jag Niwas and Jag Mandir are located within Pichola Lake, and have been developed with several palaces to provide views of
3864-417: The palace complex is set up in the large Garden Courtyard. It has yew bushes, jasmine , frangipani trees, bougainvillea , palm trees , nasturtiums , verbena and moss rose . The courtyard itself is covered with black and white tiles. Fountains and water pools, crisscrossed by walkways with low marble handrails, bedeck the garden surroundings. The present Maharana hosts lavish parties here and also rents
3933-518: The palace, all in Rajput and Mughal architectural styles. The Zenana (residence of royal ladies chambers) adjoins the palace. The Kunwar Pada ka Mahal (the Palace of the Crown Prince) is located at the western end. The pavilion at the entry to the palace is an impressive white colonnade of cusped arches. The landing jetty is also located for docking of boats arriving from the jetty of Bansi Ghat on
4002-596: The periphery of the lake. The real threat, which almost decimated Mewar kingdom for many years, came from the marauding Marathas . The hope of survival revived when in 1817, the British came to their rescue with the "Treaty of Paramountcy" promising restoration of all the hereditary territories and protecting the state from any future invasions. Thereafter, peace and prosperity ensued in Mewar Kingdom. The pride and glory of Sisodia Rajputs were fully restored. During
4071-408: The place for private parties. Darikhana is on the northern side of the palace, which is an open-sided terrace built with marble columns. This place is now run as a restaurant by the present Maharana. Bara Patharon ka Mahal is located at the eastern wing of the main palace. Mahal is so named because twelve solid marble slabs have been used in its construction. Hence, it is also known as the "Palace of
4140-434: The polymerization, the carbon-carbon π bond of the vinyl group is broken and a new carbon-carbon σ bond is formed, attaching to the carbon of another styrene monomer to the chain. Since only one kind of monomer is used in its preparation, it is a homopolymer. The newly formed σ bond is stronger than the π bond that was broken, thus it is difficult to depolymerize polystyrene. About a few thousand monomers typically comprise
4209-528: The public health, and also harbor varieties of harmful organisms. This degree of pollution makes chlorination and treatment by other chemicals ineffective to render the water potable . Some of the issues identified as causes for deterioration of the Lake environment are: Steps undertaken to restore the lakes by the NGOs, such as JSS and concerned government organizations are: Polystyrene Polystyrene ( PS ) / ˌ p ɒ l i ˈ s t aɪ r iː n /
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#17328025740854278-676: The raw material for molding parts or extruding sheets. BASF and Stastny applied for a patent that was issued in 1949. The molding process was demonstrated at the Kunststoff Messe 1952 in Düsseldorf. Products were named Styropor. The crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene was reported by Giulio Natta . In 1954, the Koppers Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, developed expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam under
4347-498: The reign of Maharana Jagat Singh to house the Mughal Prince Khurram. It was initially a small sandstone (yellow sandstone) palace with an imposing dome (which gives the appearance of a crown). The crescent of Islam is fixed on top of this dome. The Gul Mahal has three circular domed chambers, one above the other. Entry to these chambers is from a columned hall. Two marble chhatris with sloping cornices rise above
4416-787: The revolt in 1857, Maharana Swroop Singh (1842–1861) saved a number of European families, mostly women and children from Neemuch , which were given refuge in the Jag Mandir Palace. The revolt was popularly known as the Sepoy Mutiny , and was also called the Indian Mutiny , (or the first War of Independence ) against the British Raj . After the Independence of India from the British rule , on 15 August 1947, at
4485-423: The rights to Munters's method and began producing a lightweight, water-resistant, and buoyant material that seemed perfectly suited for building docks and watercraft and for insulating homes, offices, and chicken sheds." In 1944, Styrofoam was patented. Before 1949, chemical engineer Fritz Stastny (1908–1985) developed pre-expanded PS beads by incorporating aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane. These beads are
4554-471: The small fort of Eklinggarh and the temple. The fact that the Pichola lake was built by nomadic gypsies testifies that the rulers of Mewar encouraged people to build water harvesting structures. During drought conditions because of lower rainfall & degradation of the catchment the lake becomes dry ( pictured ). During the years 1998 to July 2005. the Lakes of Udaipur were reportedly dry. According to
4623-458: The system to be readily deformed above its glass transition temperature allows polystyrene (and thermoplastic polymers in general) to be readily softened and molded upon heating. Extruded polystyrene is about as strong as an unalloyed aluminium but much more flexible and much less dense (1.05 g/cm for polystyrene vs. 2.70 g/cm for aluminium). Polystyrene is an addition polymer that results when styrene monomers polymerize (interconnect). In
4692-523: The trade name Dylite. In 1960, Dart Container , the largest manufacturer of foam cups, shipped their first order. In chemical terms, polystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon wherein alternating carbon centers are attached to phenyl groups (a derivative of benzene ). Polystyrene's chemical formula is (C 8 H 8 ) n ; it contains the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen . The material's properties are determined by short-range van der Waals attractions between polymer chains. Since
4761-478: Was also reported that superworms ( Zophobas morio ) may eat expanded polystyrene (EPS). A group of high school students in Ateneo de Manila University found that compared to Tenebrio molitor larvae, Zophobas morio larvae may consume greater amounts of EPS over longer periods of time. In 2022 scientists identified several bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas , Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium , in
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