73-451: Berthelot may refer to: People with the surname [ edit ] Amable Berthelot (1777–1847), Québécois lawyer and political figure André Berthelot (1862–1938), a secretary-general of La Grande Encyclopédie Anne Berthelot (born 1957), French professor of Medieval literature studies Armond J. Berthelot (1894–1961), French World War I flying ace Chantal Berthelot , member of
146-494: A subsistence agriculture in Eastern Canada (Québec). This subsistence agriculture slowly evolved in dairy farm during the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century while retaining the subsistence side. By 1960, agriculture changed toward an industrial agriculture. French Canadians have selectively bred distinct livestock over the centuries, including cattle , horses and chickens . In English usage,
219-728: A "rupture" between the Québécois and other francophones elsewhere in Canada. The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French speakers across Canada may now self-identify as québécois(e) , acadien(ne) , or Franco-canadien(ne) , or as provincial linguistic minorities such as Franco-manitobain(e) , Franco-ontarien(ne) or fransaskois(e) . Education, health and social services are provided by provincial institutions, so that provincial identities are often used to identify French-language institutions: Acadians residing in
292-793: A French-speaker, though today it is used in French to describe any Canadian citizen. In the United States, many cities were founded as colonial outposts of New France by French or French-Canadian explorers. They include Mobile (Alabama) , Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) , Vincennes (Indiana) , Belleville (Illinois) , Bourbonnais (Illinois) , Prairie du Rocher (Illinois) , Dubuque (Iowa) , Baton Rouge (Louisiana) , New Orleans (Louisiana) , Detroit (Michigan) , Biloxi (Mississippi) , Creve Coeur (Missouri) , St. Louis (Missouri) , Pittsburgh (Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania) , Provo (Utah) , Green Bay (Wisconsin) , La Crosse (Wisconsin) , Milwaukee (Wisconsin) or Prairie du Chien (Wisconsin) . The majority of
365-608: A Romanian commune named after Henri Mathias Berthelot, previously named Berthelot Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Berthelot . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthelot&oldid=1213663141 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists French-language surnames Hidden categories: Short description
438-547: A language influenced by French, and a mixture of other European and Native American tribal languages. French Canadians living in Canada express their cultural identity using a number of terms. The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French , French Canadians, Québécois , and Acadian . The latter three were grouped together by Jantzen (2006) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. Jantzen (2006) distinguishes
511-723: A man of action and change." Berthelot was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. 1st Parliament of the Province of Canada Canadien Asia Middle East Europe North America South America Oceania French Canadians , referred to as Canadiens mainly before the nineteenth century, are an ethnic group descended from French colonists first arriving in France's colony of Canada in 1608. The vast majority of French Canadians live in
584-593: A prominent lawyer and the first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. During his education Berthelot acquired a strong literary taste and began to build up a library. Admitted to the bar in 1799, he set up a practice at Trois-Rivières . The interests of the English population [of Lower Canada] are protected and defended in England, by the legislative council and by the governor. We ourselves have only
657-506: A result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include French New World ancestries such as "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population) and Acadian (6% of Atlantic provinces). Since
730-499: A single parliament for the entire province, composed of an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council . The Governor General retained a strong position in the government. In the first general election, Berthelot stood for election to the new Legislative Assembly in the constituency of Kamouraska , campaigning against the union of the Canadas. He was elected by acclamation . In Parliament, Bertholot
803-458: A strong sense of belonging. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British or Canadian ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French speakers. As
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#1732766000743876-522: A two-member constituency. He was defeated by the candidate for the Bureaucrats party, Andrew Stuart , and by Joseph-Rémi Vallières de Saint-Réal , a moderate member of the Parti canadien. Retiring for a time from public life, in 1831 he again left for France. It was at this time that he sold his private library by auction. The auction catalogue has not survived, but it is known from other records at
949-472: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Amable Berthelot Amable Berthelot (February 10, 1777 – November 24, 1847) was a Canadien lawyer, author and political figure. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and later to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada . Trained as a lawyer, he
1022-554: Is estimated to be home to between 32 and 36 regional French accents, 17 of which can be found in Quebec, and 7 of which are found in New Brunswick. There are also people who will naturally speak using Québécois Standard or Joual which are considered sociolects . There are about seven million French Canadians and native French speakers in Quebec. Another one million French-speaking French Canadians are distributed throughout
1095-453: Is indicative of the French immigration to the area. They came to identify as Franco-American , especially those who were born American. Distinctions between French Canadian, natives of France, and other New World French identities is more blurred in the U.S. than in Canada, but those who identify as French Canadian or Franco American generally do not regard themselves as French. Rather, they identify culturally, historically, and ethnically with
1168-640: Is known of their parentage or the circumstances of their adoption. Adèle married LaFontaine on July 9, 1831, while Amable fils practised medicine at Saint-Eustache , near Montreal. One of his sisters, Geneviève Berthelot, was married to Joseph Badeaux , a notary who was native to Trois-Rivières . Badeaux was elected at various times to the Legislative Assembly, sometimes from Trois-Rivières. Berthelot died in office in November, 1847. The Quebec bar formally went into mourning in his honour. Garneau referred to him in an article as "a studious man, rather than
1241-452: Is necessary to refer to Canadians of French-Canadian heritage collectively, such as in the name and mandate of national organizations which serve francophone communities across Canada. Francophone Canadians of non-French-Canadian origin such as immigrants from francophone countries are not usually designated by the term "French Canadian"; the more general term "francophones" is used for French-speaking Canadians across all ethnic origins. Below
1314-441: Is not the province in which they currently reside; for example, a Québécois who moved to Manitoba would not normally change their own self-identification to Franco-Manitoban. Increasingly, provincial labels are used to stress the linguistic and cultural, as opposed to ethnic and religious, nature of French-speaking institutions and organizations. The term "French Canadian" is still used in historical and cultural contexts, or when it
1387-646: The Pays d'en Haut (Upper Countries), a vast and thinly settled territorial dependence north and west of Montreal which covered the whole of the Great Lakes area. From 1535 to the 1690s, Canadien was a word used by the French to refer to the First Nations they had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona and Hochelaga , though First Nations groups did not refer to themselves as Canadien . At
1460-474: The Canadian Constitution since 1982, protecting them from provincial governments that have historically been indifferent towards their presence. At the provincial level, New Brunswick formally designates French as a full official language , while other provinces vary in the level of French language services they offer. All three of Canada's territories include French as an official language of
1533-590: The Government of Quebec refer to all Quebec citizens, regardless of their language or their cultural heritage, as Québécois. Academic analysis of French Canadian culture has often focused on the degree to which the Quiet Revolution, particularly the shift in the social and cultural identity of the Québécois following the Estates General of French Canada of 1966 to 1969, did or did not create
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#17327660007431606-602: The Grande Hémorragie . French Canadians get their name from the French colony of Canada , the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period of French colonization in the 17th and 18th centuries. The original use of the term Canada referred to the area of present-day Quebec along the St. Lawrence River , divided in three districts ( Québec , Trois-Rivières , and Montréal ), as well as to
1679-516: The U.S. Census Bureau . In Canada, 85% of French Canadians reside in Quebec where they constitute the majority of the population in all regions except the far north ( Nord-du-Québec ). Most cities and villages in this province were built and settled by the French or French Canadians during the French colonial rule . There are various urban and small centres in Canada outside Quebec that have long-standing populations of French Canadians, going back to
1752-615: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan as well as around Detroit . They also founded such cities as New Orleans and St. Louis and villages in the Mississippi Valley . French Canadians later emigrated in large numbers from Canada to the United States between the 1840s and the 1930s in search of economic opportunities in border communities and industrialized portions of New England . French-Canadian communities in
1825-763: The Windsor-Detroit region and the Canadian prairies (primarily Southern Manitoba ). After the 1760 British conquest of New France in the French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years' War in Canada), the French-Canadian population remained important in the life of the colonies. The British gained Acadia by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It took the 1774 Quebec Act for French Canadians to regain
1898-537: The 1840s and the 1930s, some 900,000 French Canadians immigrated to the New England region. About half of them returned home. The generations born in the United States would eventually come to see themselves as Franco-Americans . During the same period of time, numerous French Canadians also migrated and settled in Eastern and Northern Ontario . The descendants of those Quebec inter-provincial migrants constitute
1971-448: The 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois (masculine) or Québécoise (feminine) to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français and Canadienne française . Francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as "French Canadian" ( Canadien or Canadien français ), though the term "French Canadian" may by extension refer to natives of
2044-658: The 1960s, religion was a central component of French-Canadian national identity. The Church parish was the focal point of civic life in French-Canadian society, and religious orders ran French-Canadian schools, hospitals and orphanages and were very influential in everyday life in general. During the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, however, the practice of Catholicism dropped drastically. Church attendance in Quebec currently remains low. Rates of religious observance among French Canadians outside Quebec tend to vary by region, and by age. In general, however, those in Quebec are
2117-749: The 2008-2009 European Championships Sophie Berthelot (1837–1907), wife of Marcellin and mother of André and Philippe, first woman interred in the Panthéon Places [ edit ] Berthelot River (Mégiscane River) , a tributary of the Mégiscane River in Quebec, Canada Berthelot Lake (Mégiscane River) , Quebec, Canada Avenue Berthelot , an avenue in the city of Lyon, France See also [ edit ] Berthelot's reagent in analytical chemistry, invented by Marcellin Berthelot General Berthelot ,
2190-460: The Acadians or the Québécois, or considered a distinct group in their own right, by different sources. French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as "French Canadian". Identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do. Few identify only with
2263-516: The Dominion of Canada, and from that time forward, the word "Canadian" has been used to describe both English-speaking and French-speaking citizens, wherever they live in the country. Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61%, respectively, reporting
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2336-759: The English Canadian , meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien , used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. "Canadien" was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century. The English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called "Anglais". This usage continued until Canadian Confederation in 1867. Confederation united several former British colonies into
2409-1078: The French National Assembly for French Guiana (2007–2017) Charles Honoré Berthelot La Villeheurnois (c. 1750-1799), French politician Francis Berthelot (born 1946), French science fiction author Henri Mathias Berthelot (1861–1931), French general during World War I Jean-Michel Berthelot (1945–2006), French sociologist and philosopher Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de Prie (1698–1727) Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) chemist, author and diplomat Marco Berthelot (born 1972), Canadian curler Michel-Amable Berthelot Dartigny (1738–1815), Canadian politician Philippe Berthelot (1866–1934), French diplomat Pierre Berthelot (1943-2023), French mathematician René Berthelot (? – 1664), French actor from Molière's troupe, known as Du Parc and Gros René Sabin Berthelot (1794–1880), French naturalist and ethnologist Sébastien Berthelot , French judoka, participant in
2482-534: The French civil law system, and in 1791 French Canadians in Lower Canada were introduced to the parliamentary system when an elected Legislative Assembly was created. The Legislative Assembly having no real power, the political situation degenerated into the Lower Canada Rebellions of 1837–1838, after which Lower Canada and Upper Canada were unified. Some of the motivations for the union
2555-978: The French-Canadian population in the United States is found in the New England area, although there is also a large French-Canadian presence in Plattsburgh, New York , across Lake Champlain from Burlington, Vermont . Quebec and Acadian emigrants settled in industrial cities like Fitchburg , Leominster , Lynn , Worcester , Haverhill , Waltham , Lowell , Gardner , Lawrence , Chicopee , Somerset , Fall River , and New Bedford in Massachusetts ; Woonsocket in Rhode Island ; Manchester and Nashua in New Hampshire ; Bristol , Hartford , and East Hartford in Connecticut ; throughout
2628-654: The House of Assembly and we may be sending to it persons who will support our political enemies. Amable Berthelot Berthelot developed a lucrative practice in Trois-Rivières. During the War of 1812 , he served as a captain in the 1st Battalion of the Trois-Rivières militia. He was rewarded with land grants for his services to the Crown during the war. In 1814, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for
2701-703: The Quebec party, which included more moderate nationalists from the Quebec area, such as John Neilson , Elzéar Bédard , and Étienne Parent . In the lead-up to the Rebellion, he was one of the thirteen members of the Assembly who signed a request a petition from his son-in-law Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine , calling on the Governor, the Earl of Acheson, to recall the Assembly. The Governor declined to do so. There was, however, one account by an informer who stated that in
2774-516: The United States remain along the Quebec border in Maine , Vermont , and New Hampshire , as well as further south in Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . There is also a significant community of French Canadians in South Florida , particularly Hollywood, Florida , especially during the winter months. The wealth of Catholic churches named after St. Louis throughout New England
2847-494: The bulk of today's Franco-Ontarian community. Since 1968, French has been one of Canada's two official languages. It is the sole official language of Quebec and one of the official languages of New Brunswick , Yukon , the Northwest Territories , and Nunavut . The province of Ontario has no official languages defined in law, although the provincial government provides French language services in many parts of
2920-512: The culture that originated in Quebec that is differentiated from French culture. In L'Avenir du français aux États-Unis , Calvin Veltman and Benoît Lacroix found that since the French language has been so widely abandoned in the United States, the term "French Canadian" has taken on an ethnic rather than linguistic meaning. French Canadian identities are influenced by historical events that inform regional cultures. For example, in New England,
2993-561: The descendants of the King's Daughters ( Filles du Roi ) of this era. A few also are the descendants of mixed French and Algonquian marriages (see also Metis people and Acadian people ). During the mid-18th century, French explorers and Canadiens born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America in what are today the states of Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , Illinois , Vincennes, Indiana , Louisville, Kentucky ,
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3066-460: The district, along with Charles Richard Ogden in the two member constituency. Ogden went on to hold the seat until 1833, with one short gap, and eventually was a co-premier of the Province of Canada, still representing Trois-Rivières. In Parliament, Berthelot supported the Parti canadien but not Louis-Joseph Papineau , a fiery nationalist. Instead Berthelot supported Jean-Thomas Taschereau in
3139-443: The document's preservation. During his second trip to Paris, Berthelot made the acquaintance of François-Xavier Garneau . He gave his encouragement to the younger Garneau, who came to esteem the older Berthelot greatly. Berthelot later gave financial support for the publication of the first volume of Garneau's important work, Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours , written in response to Durham's assertion that
3212-414: The election for Speaker of the Assembly, but Papineau won the election. Berthelot only served one term at that time, and did not stand in the general election of 1816. Continuing his law practice, by 1820 he had amassed a substantial estate, and he closed his law practice in Trois-Rivières. Berthelot then travelled to Paris , where he lived until 1824. It was likely at this time that he acquired most of
3285-690: The end of the 17th century, Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the French inhabitants of Canada from those of France. At the end of the 18th century, to distinguish between the English-speaking population and the French-speaking population, the terms English Canadian and French Canadian emerged. During the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s to 1980s, inhabitants of Quebec began to identify as Québécois instead of simply French Canadian. French settlers from Normandy , Perche , Beauce , Brittany , Maine , Anjou , Touraine , Poitou , Aunis , Angoumois , Saintonge , and Gascony were
3358-733: The first Europeans to permanently colonize what is now Quebec , parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (see French colonization of the Americas ). Their colonies of New France (also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the Maritime provinces , southern Quebec and Ontario , as well as the entire Mississippi River Valley. The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 as fur trading posts . The territories of New France were Canada , Acadia (later renamed Nova Scotia ), and Louisiana ;
3431-674: The late 19th and 20th centuries, French Canadians' discontent grew with their place in Canada because of a series of events: including the execution of Louis Riel , the elimination of official bilingualism in Manitoba , Canada's military participation in the Second Boer War , Regulation 17 which banned French-language schools in Ontario, the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and the Conscription Crisis of 1944 . Between
3504-550: The late 19th century, due to interprovincial migration . Eastern and Northern Ontario have large populations of francophones in communities such as Ottawa , Cornwall , Hawkesbury , Sudbury , Timmins , North Bay , Timiskaming , Welland and Windsor . Many also pioneered the Canadian Prairies in the late 18th century, founding the towns of Saint Boniface, Manitoba and in Alberta 's Peace Country , including
3577-415: The least observant, while those in the United States of America and other places away from Quebec tend to be the most observant. People who claim some French-Canadian ancestry or heritage number some 7 million in Canada. In the United States, 2.4 million people report French-Canadian ancestry or heritage, while an additional 8.4 million claim French ancestry; they are treated as a separate ethnic group by
3650-492: The legal profession as a notary and lawyer, as well as inheriting Charles's estate. Michel-Amable was the representative for Quebec County in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada , elected by acclamation in a by-election in 1793. Amable was the third of Michel-Amable's seven children, three of whom died in infancy. He studied at the Petit Séminaire de Québec , then articled in law with Jean-Antoine Panet ,
3723-522: The literary, theological and historical works which made up his personal library. His wealth also gave him the entrée into the literary salons of Paris. He returned to Lower Canada in 1824 and was again elected for Trois-Rivières in the election that year, again as a member of the Parti canadien . In the next election, in 1827, he stood as a candidate for the Parti patriote in Upper Town, Quebec City,
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#17327660007433796-655: The mid-continent Illinois Country was at first governed from Canada and then attached to Louisiana. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the Canadiens , and came mostly from northwestern France. The early inhabitants of Acadia, or Acadians ( Acadiens) , came mostly but not exclusively from the southwestern regions of France . Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as coureurs des bois and voyageurs , while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as habitants . Many French Canadians are
3869-488: The people of Lower Canada were a "a people with no literature and no history." Garneau argued that the Canadiens had to struggle constantly against British attempts to assimilate them. Little is known of Berthelot's private life. He never married, and admitted to Garneau at one point in Paris that he was deeply lonely in his singleness. He adopted his daughter Adèle, born in 1813, and his son Amable, born in 1815. Nothing
3942-572: The province of Quebec . During the 17th century, French settlers originating mainly from the west and north of France settled Canada. It is from them that the French Canadian ethnicity was born. During the 17th to 18th centuries, French Canadians expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. As a result, people of French Canadian descent can be found across North America. Between 1840 and 1930, many French Canadians emigrated to New England , an event known as
4015-567: The province of Quebec or other parts of French Canada of foreign descent. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty , often find Canadien français to be archaic or even pejorative. This is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebecers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. It has given Québécois an ambiguous meaning which has often played out in political issues , as all public institutions attached to
4088-558: The province under the French Language Services Act . There are many varieties of French spoken by francophone Canadians, for example Quebec French , Acadian French , Métis French , and Newfoundland French . The French spoken in Ontario, the Canadian West , and New England can trace their roots back to Quebec French because of Quebec's diaspora . Over time, many regional accents have emerged. Canada
4161-626: The provinces of New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia represent a distinct ethnic French-speaking culture. This group's culture and history evolved separately from the French Canadian culture, at a time when the Maritime Provinces were not part of what was referred to as Canada, and are consequently considered a distinct culture from French Canadians. Brayons in Madawaska County , New Brunswick and Aroostook County , Maine may be identified with either
4234-557: The provincial groupings, explicitly rejecting "French Canadian" as an identity label. A population genetics ancestry study claims that for those French Canadians who trace their ancestry to the French founder population, a significant percentage, 53-78% have at least one indigenous ancestor. During the mid-18th century, French Canadian explorers and colonists colonized other parts of North America in what are today Louisiana (called Louisianais ), Mississippi , Missouri , Illinois , Wisconsin , Indiana , Ohio , far northern New York and
4307-765: The rebellion in Lower Canada, and the similar rebellion in 1837 in Upper Canada (now Ontario ), the British government decided to merge the two provinces into a single province, as recommended by Lord Durham in the Durham Report . The Union Act, 1840 , passed by the British Parliament , abolished the two provinces and their separate parliaments, and created the Province of Canada , with
4380-401: The region of Grande Prairie . It is estimated that roughly 70–75% of Quebec's population descend from the French pioneers of the 17th and 18th century. The French-speaking population have massively chosen the "Canadian" (" Canadien " ) ethnic group since the government made it possible (1986), which has made the current statistics misleading. The term Canadien historically referred only to
4453-486: The relatively recent immigration (19th/20th centuries) is informed by experiences of language oppression and an identification with certain occupations, such as the mill workers. In the Great Lakes, many French Canadians also identify as Métis and trace their ancestry to the earliest voyageurs and settlers ; many also have ancestry dating to the lumber era and often a mixture of the two groups. The main Franco-American regional identities are: Traditionally, Canadiens had
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#17327660007434526-413: The rest of Canada. French Canadians may also speak Canadian English , especially if they live in overwhelmingly English-speaking environments. In Canada, not all those of French Canadian ancestry speak French, but the vast majority do. Francophones living in Canadian provinces other than Quebec have enjoyed minority language rights under Canadian law since the Official Languages Act of 1969, and under
4599-445: The state of Vermont , particularly in Burlington , St. Albans , and Barre ; and Biddeford and Lewiston in Maine . Smaller groups of French Canadians settled in the Midwest, notably in the states of Michigan , Illinois, Wisconsin , Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Minnesota . French Canadians also settled in central North Dakota, largely in Rolette and Bottineau counties, and in South Dakota. Some Metis still speak Michif ,
4672-458: The summer of 1837, Berthelot attended a meeting of a revolutionary committee at Deux-Montagnes, where he called the Governor a robber and urged the local citizens to join in a revolt. In one debate in the Assembly, he stated his political views as Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re ("Be steadfast in principle, conciliatory in action"). His main interest in the Assembly was in education, not surprising in one of his literary background. Following
4745-428: The terms for provincial subgroups, if used at all, are usually defined solely by province of residence, with all of the terms being strictly interchangeable with French Canadian. Although this remains the more common usage in English, it is considered outdated to many Canadians of French descent, especially in Quebec. Most francophone Canadians who use the provincial labels identify with their province of origin, even if it
4818-492: The territory alongside English and local indigenous languages, although in practice French-language services are normally available only in the capital cities and not across the entire territory. Catholicism is the chief denomination. The kingdom of France forbade non-Catholic settlement in New France from 1629 onward and thus, almost all French settlers of Canada were Catholic. In the United States, some families of French-Canadian origin have converted to Protestantism. Until
4891-423: The time that the collection numbered approximately fifteen hundred books, "rare and valuable books on religion, law, government, literature, and history." Berthelot returned from his second Paris trip in 1834. He was appointed a commissioner to take oaths of allegiance. Now settled in Quebec City, he again stood for election as a member of the Parti canadien (now going by the name of Parti patriote). The election
4964-426: Was a member of the Société littéraire et historique de Québec , and corresponded with intellectuals on the historical origins of New France . He published essays on French grammar, which attracted some attention, and a number of essays on the subject of historical archaeology . In his father's papers, he discovered an account of the American siege of Fort St. Jean during the American invasion of 1775, and ensured
5037-419: Was an avid book-collector, at one point having a personal library of some fifteen hundred volumes. He did not support those who took up arms during the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837–1838. He never married, but adopted two children, a boy and a girl. His daughter married Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine , later co-premier of the Province of Canada. He was a literary mentor to François-Xavier Garneau . Berthelot
5110-447: Was born in Quebec City in 1777, the son of Michel-Amable Berthelot Dartigny and Marie-Angélique Bazin. The Berthelots were a well-off family. Amable's grandfather, Charles Berthelot, was the son of a merchant grocer in Paris. Charles Berthelot emigrated to Quebec City in 1726 and went into business. Within a few years he was wealthy enough to buy the fief of Villeray, just outside the Porte-St-Louis. His son, Michel-Amable, went into
5183-473: Was fought largely on ethnic lines. This time, Berthelot was elected to represent Quebec City's Upper Town in the Legislative Assembly. He served one term, until the suspension of the constitution in 1838 following the Lower Canada Rebellions of 1837 and 1838. In the critical period leading up to the rebellions, Berthelot broke with the Parti canadien (now known as the Parti patriote ). Timid by nature and not interested in strongly partisan politics, he joined
5256-560: Was opposed to the union, and was a consistent opponent of the policies of Governor-General Lord Sydenham . He was a member of the French-Canadian Group. He also voted in favour of the reform measures proposed by his son-in-law, LaFontaine, and the principles of responsible government . He was re-elected in the general election of 1844 and remained in office until his death at Quebec City in 1847. Berthelot's main interests appear to have been intellectual in nature. He
5329-482: Was to limit French-Canadian political power and at the same time transferring a large part of the Upper Canadian debt to the debt-free Lower Canada. After many decades of British immigration, the Canadiens became a minority in the Province of Canada in the 1850s. French-Canadian contributions were essential in securing responsible government for the Canadas and in undertaking Canadian Confederation . In
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