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82-462: Janggi (also romanized as changgi or jangki ), sometimes called Korean chess , is a strategy board game popular on the Korean Peninsula . The game was derived from xiangqi (Chinese chess), and is very similar to it, including the starting position of some of the pieces, and the 9×10 gameboard, but without the xiangqi "river" dividing the board horizontally in the middle. Janggi

164-511: A palace that is 3 lines by 3 lines (9 positions) in the centre of their side of the board against the back edge. The palace contains four diagonal lines extending outwards from the centre, forming an "X" shape. The spacing between vertical lines is slightly wider than the spacing between horizontal lines. Therefore, the space created by the vertical and horizontal lines takes the shape of a slightly wide rectangle. The pieces are labelled with hanja ( 漢字 ; Chinese characters ). The characters on

246-644: A consensus. In 1991, the South Korean National Academy of the Korean Language (NAKL; 국립국어연구원 ) proposed its own new system. Concurrently, Bok Moon Kim produced his own romanization system  [ ko ] . A large debate reportedly emerged, with more systems being proposed and some proposing reverting to previous systems. On July 7, 2000, the NAKL and Ministry of Culture and Tourism announced that South Korea would adopt

328-688: A horse is called " hobbling the horse's leg" (蹩馬腿). The diagram on the right illustrates the horse's movement. Since horses can be blocked, it is possible for one player's horse to have an asymmetric attack advantage if an opponent's horse is blocked, as seen in the diagram on the right. The horse is sometimes called the "knight" by English-speaking players, due to their similar movements. Chariots (or rooks or cars ) are labelled 車 jū for Black and 俥 jū for Red in sets marked with Traditional Chinese characters and 车 for both Black and Red in sets marked with Simplified Chinese characters . Some traditional sets use 車 for both colours. In

410-608: A new system: Revised Romanization (RR). Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$ 500–600 million. In the 1920s and 1930s various languages of the Soviet Union were switched to the Latin alphabet and it was planned that the language of Koreans of the Far East would be one of them. Hanja was deemed too hard to learn, while Hangul

492-583: A single 심 family, a father's surname was rendered as "Shim" and the son's as "Sim". McCune–Reischauer (MR) is a system that was first introduced in 1939, in the journal Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch . It is named for George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer ; the two developed the system together in consultation with Korean linguists Choe Hyeon-bae , Jeong In-seop  [ ko ] , and Kim Seon-gi  [ ko ] . With 1945 came

574-493: A single settled standard did not emerge. By 1934, there were 27 extant romanization systems, and by 1997, there were over 40. The following systems are currently the most widely used: Possibly the earliest romanization system was an 1832 system by German doctor Philipp Franz von Siebold , who was living in Japan. Another early romanization system was an 1835 unnamed and unpublished system by missionary Walter Henry Medhurst that

656-516: A standard keyboard. Some took to replacing the breve with alternate characters or simply omitting it altogether; the diversity of practice and ambiguity if breves were not used led to confusion. In 1986, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) requested both North and South Korea to work together on developing a standard romanization. The two countries held a series of meetings, during which they failed to reach

738-402: A straight line either horizontally or vertically. Additionally, the chariot may move along the diagonal lines inside either palace, but only in a straight line. The two chariots begin the game in the corners. The chariot is the most powerful piece in the game. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] These are labelled po 포 ( 包 ). Each player has two cannons. The cannons are placed on the row behind

820-478: A visual division between the two sides, only two pieces are affected by its presence: soldiers have an enhanced move after crossing the river, and elephants cannot cross it. The starting points of the soldiers and cannons are usually, but not always, marked with small crosses. The pieces start in the position shown in the diagram above. Which player moves first has varied throughout history and from one part of China to another. Different xiangqi books advise either that

902-477: Is almost universally used in academic Korean studies , and a variant of it has been the official system of North Korea since 1992. RR is the official system of South Korea and has been in use since 2000. The earliest romanization systems for Korean emerged around the mid-19th century. Due to a number of factors, including the properties of the Korean language and alphabet, as well as social and geopolitical issues,

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984-463: Is also a popular pastime in Vietnam, where it is known as cờ tướng , literally 'General's chess', in contrast with Western chess or cờ vua , literally 'King's chess'. The game represents a battle between two armies, with the primary object being to checkmate the enemy's general (king). Distinctive features of xiangqi include the cannon ( pao ), which must jump to capture; a rule prohibiting

1066-551: Is because the positions of horse and elephant can be transposed, giving some strategical advantage to the player who places last.) There are four or five possible setups. They are basically named after the relative position of elephant. Traditionally, there is the fifth, Central Chariot Setup, which is no longer used in modern tournament rule in South Korea, but may be still found in casual games or in North Korea. After

1148-571: Is mutually forced. This rule is applied because a winner and a loser must be decided during the game. If both players have less than 30 piece points, however, a draw is allowed by both repetition and perpetual check. In tournaments where draws are not allowed, draws are resolved by adding up the points of their pieces that are still on the board. Because the player with the blue pieces ( cho ) starts, they have an advantage. To compensate for this, Red receives 1.5 points (called 'deom' ( 點; 덤 ) in Korean),

1230-592: Is occasionally played as a gambling game, and it is currently less popular in South Korea than the strategy game baduk (known in the West as go ). The Korea Janggi Association is responsible for promoting janggi in South Korea. Similar to European Xiangqi, the same is possible for Janggi, with a board of 9 × 10 cells. Playsites Engines Romanization of Korean There are multiple romanization systems in common use. The two most prominent systems are McCune–Reischauer (MR) and Revised Romanization (RR). MR

1312-511: Is played on a board nine lines wide by ten lines long. The game is sometimes fast paced due to the jumping cannons and the long-range elephants, but professional games most often last over 150 moves and so are typically slower than those of Western chess . In 2009, the first world janggi tournament was held in Harbin , Heilongjiang , China . The board is composed of 90 intersections of 9 vertical files and 10 horizontal rows. The board has nearly

1394-510: Is sometimes called the "rook" by English-speaking players, since it moves identically to the rook in Western chess. Chinese players (and others) often call this piece a car, since that is one modern meaning of the character 車. Cannons are labelled 砲 pào (" catapult ") for Black and 炮 pào ("cannon") for Red. The names are homophones , though sometimes 炮 is used for both Red and Black. The 石 shí radical of 砲 means "stone", and

1476-410: Is used to indicate horizontal or lateral movement. For a piece that moves diagonally (such as the horse or elephant), the plus or minus sign is used rather than the period. Thus, the most common opening in the game would be written as: According to World Xiangqi Federation (WXF), in the case of tripled, quadrupled, or quintupled soldiers (pawns), there is no need to specify the P for pawn. Instead,

1558-462: The liberation of Korea , as well as its division . Both Koreas began to develop separate language standards . Just after the 1950–1953 Korean War , romanization was reportedly seen as a minor concern, compared to improving domestic literacy in Hangul. Meanwhile, romanization systems continued to emerge; by 1997, there were more than 40 romanization systems. In 1956, North Korea became the first of

1640-419: The "pawn" by English-speaking players, due to the pieces' similar movements. These approximate values do not take into account the position of the piece in question (except the soldier in a general sense), the positions of other pieces on the board, or the number of pieces remaining. In what follows, “minor piece” will refer to horses and cannons, and "defensive piece", unless otherwise specified, will refer to

1722-521: The "river" to be able to move sideways.) There is no promotion; once they reach the end of the board they may only move sideways. Soldiers may also move one point diagonally forward along the diagonal lines of the enemy palace. In tournaments, the elder player, or higher ranked player, conceals a soldier from each side in their hands. The opponent selects a hand to determine their color. After that, Han places their pieces first, followed by Cho placing theirs. (The reason both sides are not placed simultaneously

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1804-575: The 20th century, there were significant variations in pronunciation and spelling in the Korean language itself, often due to the dialects of Korean . Attempts were made to standardize the Korean language, but these efforts were made by multiple authorities. Two rivaling societies for standardizing Korean emerged: the Korean Language Society ( 조선어학회 ) and the Chŏson Ŏhak Yŏn'guhoe ( 조선어학연구회 ); they published separate guidances. Eventually,

1886-674: The Japanese language. In addition, the Japanese colonial government implemented various restrictions on the use of the Korean language around the mid-1930s; the Korean Language Society was also persecuted in one incident . Regardless of romanization systems, many Koreans chose and continue to choose to spell their names in Latin script in an ad hoc manner. For example, 이/리 (李) is variously romanized as Lee , Yi , I , or Rhee . In some cases, single families romanized their surnames differently on South Korean passports . For example, within

1968-564: The Korean Janggi Association, there is no draw in any form, including draw by perpetual check or repetition of position. If a position repeats three times, a referee is called to determine who is at fault. Usually the referee orders the player who is losing to make a different move, so the player who is winning can press for an advantage. Sometimes it is not technically clear who is to blame, and different referees may differ as to which player must deviate, or whether repetition

2050-696: The Korean Language Society's standard became the basis for the standards of both North and South Korea. Other references for spelling included those used in Gale's dictionary, guidances from the Government-General of Chōsen , and a French dictionary. Other challenges were fundamental to properties of the Korean language and script, which make the language not easily mappable onto the Latin script. McCune and Reischauer claimed in 1939 that there are eight to ten vowels in Korean (this topic

2132-485: The action perpetual. The above rules to prevent perpetual checking and chasing, while popular, are not the only ones; there are numerous end game situations. Each player controls an army of 16 pieces; the armies are usually coloured red and black. Pieces are flat circular disks labelled or engraved with a Chinese character identifying the piece type, and in a colour indicating which player has ownership. The black pieces are marked with somewhat different characters from

2214-425: The bikjang position. It may not apply in some games, and usually the players will consent on the validity of the rule before the game begins. Check is announced by declaring janggun ( 將軍 ), meaning "general". Getting out of janggun is called meonggun, and one may declare meonggun while escaping from janggun. But it is not necessary to say janggun out loud. In South Korean tournaments, according to rules set by

2296-416: The black or red side moves first. Some books refer to the two sides as north and south ; which direction corresponds to which colour also varies from source to source. Generally, Red moves first in most modern tournaments. Each player in turn moves one piece from the point it occupies, to another point. Pieces are generally not permitted to move through points occupied by other pieces, the exception being

2378-412: The board behind a "river", in janggi there is no river and elephants are not limited to one side of the board. The janggi elephant can therefore be used more offensively than the xiangqi elephant. An elephant can be transposed with an adjacent horse in the initial setup. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] These are labelled cha 차 ( 車 ). Like the rook in Western chess, the chariot moves and captures in

2460-408: The cannon has a special capture move described below. The game ends when one player checkmates the other's general. When the general is in danger of being captured by the enemy player on their next move, the enemy player has "delivered a check" ( 照將/將軍 , abbreviated as 將 jiāng ), and the general is "in check". A check should be announced. If the general's player can make no move to prevent

2542-444: The cannon jumps may not be another cannon, nor can a cannon capture another cannon. In the diagram below, the blue cannon can move to the blue circles but not to the red ones; it can also capture the red horse, but it cannot capture (nor be captured by) the red cannon in the other palace. The right red cannon cannot capture the blue chariot either. Unlike xiangqi , janggi requires cannons to jump to move, as well as capture. This means in

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2624-408: The cannon’s capturing move. A piece can be moved onto a point occupied by an enemy piece, in which case the enemy piece is captured and removed from the board. A player cannot capture one of their own pieces. Pieces are never promoted (converted into other pieces), although the soldier gains the ability to move sideways after it crosses the river. Almost all pieces capture using their normal moves, while

2706-468: The case of purely vertical movement, number of ranks traversed] The file numbers are counted from each player's right to each player's left. In case there are two identical pieces in one file, symbols + (front) and – (rear) are used instead of former file number. Direction of movement is indicated via an operator symbol. A plus sign is used to indicate forward movement. A minus sign is used to indicate backward movement. A dot or period or equals sign

2788-576: The centre point. Each of these areas is known as 宮 gōng , a palace. Dividing the two opposing sides, between the fifth and sixth ranks, is 河 hé , the "river". The river is usually marked with the phrases 楚河 chǔ hé , meaning "River of the Chu ", and 漢界 hàn jiè , meaning "Border of the Han ", a reference to the Chu–Han War . Although the river (or Hanchu boundary ) provides

2870-511: The character 士 for both colours. The advisors start on either side of the general. They move and capture one point diagonally and may not leave the palace, which confines them to five points on the board. The advisor is probably derived from the mantri in chaturanga , like the queen in Western chess. There is some controversy about whether "士" really is intended to mean "scholar", "gentleman" which would be "士人", or "guard", "guardian" which would be "衛士" (simplified Chinese: 卫士). One argument for

2952-408: The commander in chief). They are often called guards, since they stay close to the general. Other names are assistants or mandarins. The guards start to the left and right of the general on the first rank. They move the same as the general, one step per turn along marked lines in the palace. The guards are one of the weakest pieces because they may not leave the palace. They are valuable for protecting

3034-438: The context of xiangqi, all of these characters are pronounced as jū (instead of the common pronunciation chē ). The chariot moves and captures any distance orthogonally, but may not jump over intervening pieces. The chariots begin the game on the points at the corners of the board. The chariot is often considered to be the strongest piece in the game due to its freedom of movement and lack of restrictions. The chariot

3116-523: The corresponding red pieces. On mainland China , most sets still use traditional Chinese characters (as opposed to simplified Chinese characters ). Modern pieces are usually plastic, though some sets are wooden, and more expensive sets may use jade . In more ancient times, many sets were simple unpainted woodcarvings; thus, to distinguish between pieces of the two sides, most corresponding pieces used characters that were similar but varied slightly. This practice may have originated in situations where there

3198-755: The enemy general. In practice, this rule means that creating this situation in the first place means moving into check, and is therefore not allowed. The Indian name king for this piece was changed to general because of Chinese naming taboos ; China's rulers objected to their royal titles being given to game pieces. Despite this, the general is sometimes called the "king" by English-speaking players, due to their similar functions as royal pieces . Advisors (also known as guards and less commonly as assistants , mandarins , ministers or warriors ) are labelled 士 shì ("scholar", "gentleman", " officer ", "guardian") for Black and 仕 shì ("scholar", "official", "guardian") for Red. Rarely, sets use

3280-446: The following special rules are used to make it harder to draw the game by endless checking or chasing, regardless of whether the positions of the pieces are repeated or not: Different sets of rules set different limits on what is considered perpetual. For example, club xiangqi rules allow a player to check or chase six consecutive times using one piece, twelve times using two pieces, and eighteen times using three pieces before considering

3362-417: The game ends in a draw. A player may decide to make a move such that their general faces the opponent's general unobstructed (a condition called bikjang 빅장 ). In this situation, the opponent can either call a draw, or make a move that breaks the condition. In many cases, the bikjang rule can be used to force the opponent to call a draw on a losing game, by forcing them to sacrifice a valuable piece to break

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3444-418: The game located on every other point one row back from the edge of the river. They move and capture by advancing one point. Once they have crossed the river, they may also move and capture one point horizontally. Soldiers cannot move backward, and therefore cannot retreat; after advancing to the last rank of the board, however, a soldier may still move sideways at the enemy's edge. The soldier is sometimes called

3526-422: The game next to the elephants, on their outside flanks. A horse moves and captures one point orthogonally and then one point diagonally away from its former position, a move which is traditionally described as being like the character 日 Rì . The horse does not jump as the knight does in Western chess, and can be blocked by a piece of either colour located one point horizontally or vertically adjacent to it. Blocking

3608-559: The game. The game ends up a draw if both side pass. Stalemate does not result in the end of a game in janggi; if a player has no legal move left, he is just forced to pass and the other player can still continue. In the diagram below, the blue general can move diagonally (provided that these points are not attacked by enemy pieces), but the red general cannot, since there are no diagonal markings at that point. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The pieces are labeled sa 사 ( 士 ) and are civilian government officials (i.e. council members serving

3690-413: The general's capture, the situation is called "checkmate" ( 將死 ). Unlike in chess, in which stalemate is a draw, in xiangqi, it is a loss for the stalemated player. In xiangqi, a player—often with a material or positional disadvantage—may attempt to check or chase pieces in a way such that the moves fall in a cycle, preventing the opponent from winning. While this is accepted in Western chess, in xiangqi,

3772-405: The general. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Called the horse or ma 마 ( 馬 ). The horse moves one step orthogonally then one step diagonally outward, with no jumping. If there is a piece on its first step (the red circles in the diagram), it's restricted from moving in that direction. This piece is exactly the same as the horse in xiangqi . A horse can be transposed with an adjacent elephant in

3854-413: The generals from facing each other directly; areas on the board called the river and palace , which restrict the movement of some pieces but enhance that of others; and the placement of the pieces on the intersections of the board lines, rather than within the squares. Xiangqi is played on a board nine lines wide and ten lines long. As in the game Go ( 圍碁 ; or Wéi qí 圍棋 ), the pieces are placed on

3936-456: The half-point being to avoid ties. So when the game starts, Blue has 72 points and Red has 73.5 points. If neither side can force a win, the player with the most points is declared the winner. In South Korea one will often see older men crowding around a single janggi board while two men play for small amounts of money. These games are played year round, especially in city parks in Seoul . Janggi

4018-465: The initial setup. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The elephants or sang 상 ( 象 ) begin the game to the left and right of the guards. They move one point orthogonally followed by two points diagonally away from their starting point, ending on the opposite corner of a 2×3 rectangle. Like the horse, the elephant is blocked from moving by any intervening pieces (the red circles in the diagram). Unlike xiangqi , which confines elephants to their own side of

4100-617: The international academic linguistics community, although few others adopted it. Fouser argues that while the system allowed for reversibility , it is "unsightly", is suited to those who already know Hangul, and does not adequately communicate pronunciation, even in comparison to the MOE system. With the spread of computers and the Internet by the 1980s and 1990s, complaints about MR reportedly grew. The breves used in MR were not easily accessible on

4182-485: The intersections, which are known as points . The vertical lines are known as files ( Chinese : 路 ; pinyin : lù ; lit. 'road'), and the horizontal lines are known as ranks ( Chinese : 線/綫 ; pinyin : xiàn ; lit. 'line'). Centred at the first to third and eighth to tenth ranks of the board are two zones, each three points by three points, demarcated by two diagonal lines connecting opposite corners and intersecting at

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4264-412: The janggi general starts the game from the central intersection of the palace, rather than from the centre intersection of the back edge. The general may move one step per turn along marked board lines to any of the nine points within the palace. There are four diagonal lines in the palace connecting the centre position to the corners. When the general is checkmated the game is lost. The general cannot leave

4346-415: The latter is that their functionality seems to be to guard/protect the general. The common Western translation "advisor" does not reflect this layer of meaning. Elephants (or bishops ) are labeled 象 xiàng ("elephant") for Black and 相 xiàng ("minister") for Red. They are located next to the advisors. These pieces move and capture exactly two points diagonally and may not jump over intervening pieces;

4428-750: The letter "e". The first system to see significant usage was the Ross system, named for John Ross , which was designed in 1882. It saw adoption by missionaries. In 1897, James Scarth Gale introduced his system in his work A Korean-English Dictionary . This system went on to achieve some adoption; it was reportedly adopted by the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . In spite of this, some scholars found issues with these early systems. More systems by Westerners emerged, based on English, French, and German phonology. Japanese scholars also developed their own romanizations for Korean, many of which were built on

4510-1156: The move is described as being like the character 田 Tián ("field"), in reference to the board's squares. Blocking an elephant with a diagonally adjacent piece is known as "blocking the elephant's eye" ( 塞象眼 ). Elephants may not cross the river to attack the enemy general , and serve as defensive pieces. Because an elephant's movement is restricted to just seven board positions, it can be easily trapped or threatened. The two elephants are often used to defend each other. The Chinese characters for "minister" and "elephant" are homophones in Mandarin ( Listen ) and both have alternative meanings as "appearance" or "image". However, in English, both are referred to as elephants, and less commonly as "bishops", due to their similar movements. Horses (or knights ) are labelled 馬 mǎ for Black and 傌 mǎ for Red in sets marked with Traditional Chinese characters and 马 mǎ for both Black and Red in sets marked with Simplified Chinese characters . Some sets use 馬 for both colours. Horses begin

4592-505: The name for the cannon on both sides is 炮; the name for the horse on both sides is 馬; forward motion is indicated with 進 (pronounced jìn ); backward motion is indicated with 退 ( tuì ); sideways motion is indicated with 平 ( píng ); and numbers are written in Chinese either for both players or for just Black. Thus, the most common opening in the game might be written as: This system is unofficial and principally used by Western players. It

4674-414: The non-royal pieces that cannot cross the river, namely advisors and elephants. Other common rules of assessment: There are several types of notation used to record xiangqi games. In each case the moves are numbered and written with the same general pattern. It is clearer but not required to write each move pair on a separate line. The book The Chess of China describes a move notation method in which

4756-433: The palace under any circumstances. If the generals come to face each other across the board, and the player to move does not move away, this is bikjang —a draw. This rule is different from that of xiangqi where it is illegal for the generals to face. In janggi, a player may pass his turn, which is called "한수쉼 (han-soo-swim)". Unless the general is in check, there is no restriction on when or how many times one can pass during

4838-519: The path of attack. The piece over which the cannon jumps is called the 炮臺 (trad.) / 炮台 (simp.) pào tái ("cannon platform" or "screen"). Any number of unoccupied spaces, including none, may exist between the cannon, screen, and the piece to be captured. Cannons can be exchanged for horses immediately from their starting positions. Soldiers (or pawns ) are labelled 卒 zú ("pawn" or "private") for Black and 兵 bīng ("soldier") for Red. Each side starts with five soldiers. Soldiers begin

4920-434: The piece to be captured. The cannon then moves to that point and captures the piece. They may also move or capture diagonally along the diagonal lines in either palace, provided there is an intervening piece in the centre (i.e. it can only happen if the cannon is at a corner of the palace) They are powerful at the beginning of the game when "hurdles" are plentiful, but lose value rapidly with attrition. The other piece over which

5002-439: The pieces are set up, Cho moves first. The game is won by checkmating the opposing general. This is called weh-tong ( 외통 ). In Western chess, stalemate is achieved when no legal moves are possible. However, stalemate effectively does not exist in janggi. The player must pass their turn when no legal moves are possible. If neither player can move legally, or if neither player can win because neither player has enough pieces,

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5084-634: The ranks of the board are numbered 1 to 10 from closest to farthest away, followed by a digit 1 to 9 for files from right to left. Both values are relative to the moving player. Moves are then indicated as follows: [piece name] ([former rank][former file])-[new rank][new file] Thus, the most common opening in the game would be written as: A notation system partially described in A Manual of Chinese Chess and used by several computer software implementations describes moves in relative terms as follows: [single-letter piece abbreviation][former file][operator indicating direction of movement][new file, or in

5166-508: The red pieces are all written in the regular script ( 楷書, 해서 ; haeseo Regular script ) while the blue/green pieces are all written in the cursive script ( 草書, 초서 ; choseo Grass script ). [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The pieces that are equivalent to the kings in Western chess are actually referred to as generals ( 將軍 janggun ) in Korean. They are labelled with the Chinese character Han 한 (in Chinese pinyin : Hàn ; 漢 ) on

5248-606: The red side, and Cho 초 ( Chǔ ; 楚 ) on the blue side. They represent the rival states of Han and Chu that fought for power in the post- Qin dynasty interregnum period in China (see Chu–Han contention ). In North Korea, the Chu–Han setup is not used; the red general there is called jang ( 將 , "general") and the blue general is called gwan ( 官 , "minister"). Both kings can also be referred to generally as gung ( 宮 , "palace"). Janggi differs from its Chinese counterpart in that

5330-406: The red side. The general starts the game at the midpoint of the back edge, within the palace. The general may move and capture one point orthogonally and may not leave the palace, with the following exception. If the two generals face each other along the same file with no intervening pieces, the 飛將 ("flying general") move may be executed, in which the general to move crosses the board to capture

5412-433: The same layout as that used in xiangqi , except the janggi board has no "river" in the central row. The pieces consist of disks marked with identifying characters and are placed on the line intersections (as in the Chinese games xiangqi and Go ). Janggi pieces are traditionally octagonal in shape, and differ in size according to their rank. The sides are Blue (or sometimes Green), which moves first, versus Red. Each side has

5494-403: The soldiers are numbered starting from the frontmost soldier, and this number replaces the usual piece abbreviation. The file number is given immediately after as usual. Thus the notation to move the middle of a set of tripled soldiers on the 5th file to the 4th file would be: In older books written in Chinese the system is the same, except that: the names of the pieces are written in Chinese;

5576-412: The soldiers, directly in front of the horses (if the horses are put on the file next to the chariots). The cannon moves by jumping another piece horizontally or vertically. The jump can be performed over any distance provided that there is exactly one piece anywhere between the original position and the target. To capture a piece, there must be exactly one piece (friendly or otherwise) between the cannon and

5658-558: The starting position, there are no valid moves available for the cannon. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] These are labelled byeong 병 ( 兵 ) (soldiers, general term for a soldier) for Red and jol 졸 ( 卒 ) (also means soldiers, usually lowest ranking soldiers) for Blue. Each side has five soldiers, initially placed on alternating points, one row back from the edge of where the river would be in xiangqi. Unlike pawns in Western chess, they move and capture one point either straight forward or sideways (unlike xiangqi, where soldiers must cross

5740-455: The state Silla is written in Korean as 신라 ( sin-la ), but pronounced sil-la . Some challenges were social and geopolitical. Reportedly, early scholars often wrote about Korea from Sinocentric or Japanese perspectives; Korean place names were often rendered using pronunciations from the Chinese or Japanese languages. Furthermore, after Korea went under Japanese rule , the "official" names of many places were considered to be those in

5822-463: The system as prioritizing use for Koreans; it had a one-to-one correspondence from Hangul to Latin script, and did not account for the pronunciation changes that Hangul itself did not reflect. The system also tended to produce romanizations that bore superficial resemblance to words in English, some of which were seen as odd or humorous. Eventually, the South Korean government began reevaluating

5904-614: The two Koreas to promulgate an official romanization system. This system combines features of the Dallet and 1933 Unified systems. It was revised in 1986. In 1959, the South Korean Ministry of Education  [ ko ] published a romanization system, which has since been dubbed the Ministry of Education system (MOE). It reportedly quickly proved to be controversial, especially amongst non-Koreans. Fouser evaluated

5986-542: The use of the system in anticipation of the 1988 Summer Olympics , which were to be held in Seoul. In 1984, a slightly revised version of McCune–Reischauer was adopted. Some South Koreans reportedly had negative reactions to the system, which they viewed as confusing and overly beholden to pronunciation. In 1968, Samuel E. Martin introduced a system that has since been dubbed the Yale system . The system became widely adopted by

6068-401: The widely accepted standard for the romanization of Japanese by the 1930s, Korean continued to lack such a standard. This led to significant diversity and inconsistencies in romanizations, not only between scholars but reportedly even within the writings of individual authors. The task of developing a standard romanization scheme for Korean was complicated by a number of factors. Even into

6150-642: The work of Siebold and Dallet. In 1933, the first romanization system developed by Koreans, which was appended to the Unified Han'gŭl Orthography System , was promulgated by the Korean Language Society. In 1935, Jeong In-seop  [ ko ] published "The International Phonetic Transcription of Korean Speech Sounds". Systems continued to be developed to address various perceived shortcomings in other systems. By 1934, according to Japanese linguist Shinpei Ogura 's count, there were at least 27 extant systems. Whereas Hepburn romanization had already become

6232-405: The 火 huǒ radical of 炮 means "fire". Both colours' pieces are normally referred to as cannons in English. The black piece is sometimes labelled 包 bāo. Each player has two cannons, which start on the row behind the soldiers, two points in front of the horses. Cannons move like chariots, any distance orthogonally without jumping, but can only capture by jumping a single piece of either colour along

6314-435: Was claimed to be inconvenient for typesetting and handwriting. Since removal of Hanja would result in much ambiguity, it was proposed that Chinese words would be replaced by words of Korean origin (compare linguistic purism in Korean ). The new alphabet, made by famous Koreanist Aleksandr Kholodovich  [ ru ] , who would later make a system of transcribing Korean words into Russian , looked like this: Lowercase ʙ

6396-545: Was commonly used in Soviet Roman-derived alphabets due to some alphabets having a letter similar to b with a different purpose. The usage of only lowercase letters was also not unusual, as it was the Latin alphabet of Adyghe language , for example. Some words written in the Soviet Latin alphabet: gu lli, nongdhion haggio, nong ʙ, zængsan, gugga diaʙondiyi. The alphabet faced criticism from Koreans and

6478-482: Was never put into use. Xiangqi#Horse Xiangqi ( / ˈ ʃ ɑː ŋ tʃ i / ; Chinese : 象棋 ; pinyin : xiàngqí ), commonly known as Chinese chess or elephant chess , is a strategy board game for two players. It is the most popular board game in China. Xiangqi is in the same family of games as shogi , janggi , Western chess , chaturanga , and Indian chess . Besides China and areas with significant ethnic Chinese communities, this game

6560-474: Was only one material available to make the pieces from and no colouring material available to distinguish the opposing armies. The oldest xiangqi piece found to date is a 俥 (chariot) piece. It is kept in the Three Gorges Museum . Generals (or kings ) are labelled 將 (trad.) / 将 (simp.) jiàng ("general") on the black side and 帥 (trad.) / 帅 (simp.) shuài ("marshal") on

6642-425: Was still debated by that point). As there are only five vowels in the Latin script, the other vowel sounds had to be rendered either using multiple letters in the form of digraphs (e.g. eo for ㅓ ) or by using diacritics . Also, in many cases, pronunciation does not exactly match what is written in Hangul; similar phenomena occurs with all other major scripts as well. For example, due to linguistic assimilation ,

6724-407: Was used in his translation of a book on the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese languages. Medhurst's romanization scheme was otherwise not significantly used. In 1874, the Dallet system was introduced; it was based around French-language phonology . It was the first to use the digraphs eo and eu , and the first to use diacritics for Korean romanization; it used the grave and acute accents over

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