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92-561: The historical roots of Western Japanese studies may be traced back to the Dutch traders based at Dejima , Nagasaki during the Edo period (1603–1867). The foundation of the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama in 1872 by Western scholars such as Ernest Satow and Frederick Victor Dickins was an important event in the development of Japanese studies as an academic discipline . In

184-911: A biannual English-language journal affiliated with Sophia University in Tokyo, and Social Science Japan Journal , published by Oxford University Press . Scholarship on Japan is also within the purview of many organizations and publications dealing with the more general field of East Asian studies , such as the Association for Asian Studies or the Duke University publication Positions: Asia Critique . The International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken) maintains an online database of institutions involved in Japanese studies research worldwide, including information on 1,640 institutions of Japanese studies. The database indicates that

276-572: A combined Oda-Tokugawa force attacked and conquered Kai Province , where Katsuyori was cornered and defeated at the Battle of Tenmokuzan , and then committed seppuku . With the Takeda clan practically annihilated as political entity, Nobunaga gave Ieyasu the right to govern Suruga Province in recognition of his service in the fight against the Takeda clan. In late June 1582, before the incident at Honnō-ji temple , Oda Nobunaga invited Ieyasu to tour

368-529: A heavy blow to the Oda clan. In 1551, an army under the command of Imagawa Sessai laid siege to the castle where Oda Nobuhiro , Nobuhide's illegitimate eldest son, was living. Nobuhiro was trapped by the Imagawa clan but was saved through negotiation by Oda Nobunaga, Nobuhide's second son and heir. Sessai made an agreement with Nobunaga to take Takechiyo back to Imagawa, and he agreed. Takechiyo, now nine years old,

460-741: A lesser role in the politics of Tokugawa clan. According to this theory, the conflict between these two factions eventually led to a conflict between Ieyasu, representing the Hamamatsu faction, and his son Nobuyasu, representing the Okazaki faction, finally ending with Nobuyasu's death in prison. Nobuyasu planned to exile Ieyasu with the help of the Okazaki Castle faction. Before and after his son's execution, Ieyasu punished or executed many of those who worked at Okazaki Castle, although some escaped. Taniguchi theorized that Tsukiyama also participated in

552-531: A new alliance with Takeda's enemy to the north, Uesugi Kenshin of the Uesugi clan . Through these political manipulations, Ieyasu gained the support of the samurai of Tōtōmi Province. Furthermore, Ieyasu also placed the " Iinoya's trio" (Iinoya-Sanninshu) of clans under the command of his trusted vassal, Ii Naomasa . The Iinoya trio were powerful clans that originated from the eastern side of Mikawa who greatly contributed to Ieyasu's expansion during his conquest of

644-565: A portion of Mikawa Province (the eastern half of modern Aichi Prefecture ). Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada , was a minor local warlord based at Okazaki Castle who controlled a portion of the Tōkaidō highway linking Kyoto with the eastern provinces. His territory was surrounded by stronger and predatory neighbors, including the Imagawa clan based in Suruga Province to the east and

736-476: A powerful daimyo. In 1580, Ieyasu built five fortresses in order to isolate Takatenjin Castle from external supplies and reinforcements. In addition to those 5 new fortresses, Ieyasu renovated an old castle named Ogasayama fort, which had originally been built by Ieyasu far before the conquest of Tōtōmi Province against Imagawa clan to capture Kakegawa Castle . With the six fortresses, which were referred to as

828-506: A preemptive measure, Ieyasu dispatched Honda Nobutoshi to contact Kawajiri Hidetaka , who ruled Suwa District as a vassal of the Oda clan, to request cooperation. Meanwhile, Ieyasu had Yoda Nobushige, the former Takeda clan governor of the Saku district who had been hidden in the Tokugawa territory and had maintained contact with Ieyasu organize contacts with the other remaining vassals of

920-459: A result, he and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Yoshimoto was killed in a surprise assault by Nobunaga, In the end, Motoyasu managed to capture Marune castle. Later, in response of the news about Yoshimoto's death, Motoyasu sent lookouts to check the state of the battle and then he retreated from Odaka Castle at midnight. After leaving Odaka Castle, Motoyasu's forces headed for Okazaki with Asai Michitada as their guide. On

1012-535: A saw, while Tadayo crucified his wife and children. According to the investigation, Yashirō was implicated in allegations of colluding with Takeda Katsuyori to betray Ieyasu and invade the Tokugawa clan's territory. According to a letter, Yashiro had teamed up with Takeda Katsuyori of Kai to seize Okazaki Castle. However, one of Yashiro's colleagues, Yamada Hachizō, betrayed Yashiro and passed this information to Nobuyasu. Meanwhile, Ieyasu himself also learned about Yashirō's further crimes of corruptions in governance through

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1104-505: A senior Tokugawa vassal, inspected Masatada's troops, where he commended the cooperation of Masatada lieutenant, Kubota Masakatsu. Later on June 28, Ieyasu also dispatched the Anayama clan, to resist the Hōjō clan. He also sent his generals Ōkubo Tadayo , Ishikawa Yasumichi and Honda Hirotaka along with his son Yasushige as reinforcements for them to resist the Hōjō. At some point during this war,

1196-643: A set of careful rules known as the bakuhan system, designed to keep the daimyo and samurai in check under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in Okazaki Castle on the 26th day of the twelfth month of the eleventh year of Tenbun , according to the Japanese calendar , January 31, 1543 according to the Western calendar. Originally named Matsudaira Takechiyo ( 松平 竹千代 ) , he

1288-763: A supplement from Ietada Nikki recorded that Ieyasu and his forces also participated in Oda's punitive campaign against Asakura where they fought and captured the Mount Tenzutsu castle. The Oda-Tokugawa forces managed to kill 1,370 enemies on April 25. They continued the next day where they besieged Kanegasaki castle . However the Azai clan sent reinforcements to relieve the siege so Nobunaga retreated without contacting Ieyasu. After dawn, Ieyasu withdrew from battle guided by Kinoshita Tokichi (later named Toyotomi Hideyoshi ), an Oda vassal. Later, in July 1570, Azai Nagamasa ,

1380-651: A trading outpost at Hirado , operated by the Dutch East India Company . They traded exotic Asian goods such as spices, textiles, porcelain, and silk. When the Shimabara uprising of 1637 happened, in which Christian Japanese started a rebellion against the Tokugawa shogunate , it was crushed with the help of the Dutch. As a result, all Christian nations who gave aid to the rebels were expelled, leaving

1472-424: A truce with Ieyasu by offering Takisakai and Koyama Castle in exchange for Takatenjin castle being spared from the siege. After Ieyasu consulted with Nobunaga on this matter, he refused Motonobu's plea. Nobunaga stated his reason in a letter saying that if Takeda Katsuyori sent his forces to assist Motonobu, then there would be an opportunity to bait the Takeda army into coming outside the castle and annihilate them on

1564-448: A vassal's report. In June, during Takeda Katsuyori's raid on Mikawa Province when he attacked Yoshida Castle and besieged Nagashino Castle , Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and Nobunaga came personally with 30,000 men. The Oda-Tokugawa forces 38,000 strong won a great victory and successfully defended Nagashino Castle. Though the Takeda forces had been destroyed, Katsuyori survived the battle and retreated back to Kai Province . For

1656-753: Is considered to have been in a position of independence from Nobunaga to a certain extent. In 1568, Ieyasu besieged the Horikawa Castle in Tōtōmi and captured it in 1569. Ieyasu then ordered Ishikawa Hanzaburo to massacre the castle prisoners and residents, including women and children. It was recorded that around 700 people were beheaded on the banks of the Miyakoda River. Ōkubo Tadachika , who witnessed this massacre testified in his personal journal, Mikawa Monogatari , that "... both mens and womens can be cut into pieces [ sic ]...". Later

1748-533: The Battle of Azukizaka (1564) . Some of Ieyasu's vassals were in the Ikkō-ikki ranks, notably Honda Masanobu and Natsume Yoshinobu , who had deserted him for the Ikkō-ikki rebellion out of religious sympathy. However, many of Ieyasu's core vassals who were also followers of the sect, such as Ishikawa Ienari and Honda Tadakatsu , quickly abandoned the Ikkō faith of Jōdo Shinshū and stayed loyal to Ieyasu in order to strike

1840-638: The Kansai region in celebration of the demise of the Takeda clan . Before the meeting could take place, Ieyasu learned that Nobunaga had been killed at Honnō-ji temple by Akechi Mitsuhide . Tokugawa Ieyasu heard that Nobunaga had been killed by Akechi Mitsuhide while in Hirakata , Osaka, but at the time, he had only a few companions with him, notably Sakai Tadatsugu, Ii Naomasa, and Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa and some others. The Iga provincial route

1932-522: The Oda clan to the west. Hirotada's main enemy was Oda Nobuhide , the father of Oda Nobunaga . In the year of Takechiyo's birth, the Matsudaira clan split. Hirotada's uncle, Matsudaira Nobutaka defected to the Oda clan . This gave Oda Nobuhide the confidence to attack Okazaki. Soon afterwards, Hirotada's father-in-law died, and his heir, Mizuno Nobumoto , revived the clan's traditional enmity against

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2024-580: The Oda clan , and building up his strength under Oda Nobunaga. After Oda Nobunaga's death, Ieyasu was briefly a rival of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , before declaring his allegiance to Toyotomi and fighting on his behalf. Under Toyotomi, Ieyasu was relocated to the Kanto plains in eastern Japan, away from the Toyotomi power base in Osaka . He built his castle in the fishing village of Edo (now Tokyo ). He became

2116-648: The United States , the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia ). Emperor Hirohito landed in the Netherlands for a state visit on 8 October 1971. The visit was controversial because of the World War II troubles, and his delegation had to be protected from protesters. Japanese flags were burned by radical far-left activists of the Red Youth in front of

2208-667: The bilateral relations between Japan and the Netherlands . Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established. In April 1600, the ship "de Liefde" arrived on the coast of Bungo (present-day Usuki ), with a dwindled, exhausted and sickly crew of survivors, the only ship remaining of the initial five vessels that departed from Rotterdam in 1598. This crew included Jacob Quaeckernaeck , Melchior van Santvoort , Jan Joosten and William Adams . The crew and ship's contents were seized under orders from Tokugawa Ieyasu ,

2300-498: The siege of Noda Castle later that same year. In 1574, Shingen was succeeded by his son Takeda Katsuyori and the conflict continued as the Tokugawa forces under Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa seized many of the Takeda clan's castles, including Komyo Castle. At some point, Ieyasu tried to capture Inui Castle in Tōtōmi Province, but strong resistance from its garrison commander, Amano Kagehira, forced Ieyasu to abort

2392-421: The "Mikawa Monogatari'", which was written by Ōkubo Tadachika , Tokuhime (wife of Nobuyasu), who was not on good terms with her mother-in-law Tsukiyama-dono, wrote in a letter to her father, Nobunaga, that her mother-in-law and her husband were secretly conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori. However, this hypothesis was considered implausible by various historians in the modern era. According to Katsuhiro Taniguchi,

2484-711: The "six fortresses of Takatenjin", completed, Ieyasu assigned Ishikawa Yasumichi to the Ogasayama fort, Honda Yasushige to the Nogasaka fort, Osuga Yasutaka to the Higamine, Shishigahana, and Nakamura forts, while Sakai Ietada was appointed to garrison the Mitsuiyama fort. The Takatenjin castle which was defended by Okabe Motonobu , immediately suffered from a period of starvation as the seige by Oda-Tokugawa forces intensified. In response, Motonobu tried to negotiate

2576-569: The Dutch the only commercial partner from the West . Among the expelled nations was Portugal who had a trading post in Nagasaki harbor on an artificial island called Dejima . In a move of the shogunate to take the Dutch trade away from the Hirado clan, the entire Dutch trading post was moved to Dejima. After the forcible opening of Japan by an American fleet commanded by Commodore Perry in 1854,

2668-507: The Erinji area with 500 men to confront a Hōjō troop that numbered 3,000 men. Masatada managed to defeat them and inflicted between 600 and 700 casualties. On June 12, Masatada joined forces with another former Takeda vassal, Okabe Masatsuna , and a senior Tokugawa general, Osuga Yasutaka. The same day, Yoda Nobushige set off to Saku District and rallied around 3,000 Takeda clan retainers as Ieyasu instructed. Several days later, Osuga Yasutaka,

2760-760: The Humanities . The British Association for Japanese Studies (BAJS), founded in 1974, is an association primarily sponsored by Toshiba and the Japan Foundation . The BAJS publishes an academic journal called Japan Forum . In Europe, the European Association for Japanese Studies (EAJS) is also funded by Toshiba and the Japan Foundation. It has held triennial conferences around Europe since 1973. Other academic journals dealing with Japanese studies include Monumenta Nipponica ,

2852-653: The Hōjō clan had captured Iwadono Castle in Tsuru District, and instructed Watanabe Shozaemon, a local magistrate from the Tsuru District, to assist them in their conquest. Subsequently, Sanada Masayuki led his army and captured the Numata Castle for the Uesugi clan. On June 14 however, Kawajiri Hidetaka killed Honda Nobutoshi. This was followed by an uprising from many of the clans in Kai province against Hidetaka

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2944-473: The Hōjō clan, forcing Tadatsugu to retreat. As Tadatsugu's forces retreated, they were pursued by 43,000 men of the Hōjō clan army. Okabe Masatsuna, a member of the Suruga clan samurai who once served under Baba Nobuharu , took the initiative to defend the rear of Tadatsugu's army from the enemy charges and repelled them. As they successfully retreated without further losses, they rejoined Ieyasu's main forces in

3036-549: The Ieyasu's escorts suffered around 200 casualties during their journey, and when they arrived at Ietada's residence in Mikawa, they only had about 34 personnel left, including high ranking Tokugawa generals including Tadatsugu, Naomasa, Tadakatsu, Sakakibara, Ōkubo Tadayo , Hattori Hanzō , and others. After Ieyasu reached Mikawa, he immediately moved to shift his focus on former Takeda clan territory as he expected unrest there. As

3128-454: The Imagawa clan. He also strengthened his powerbase by creating a military government system for the Tokugawa clan in Mikawa which was based on his hereditary vassals, the Fudai daimyō . The system which was called " Sanbi no gunsei " (三備の軍制) divided governance into three sections: In 1567, Ieyasu started the family name "Tokugawa", changing his name to the well-known Tokugawa Ieyasu . As he

3220-417: The Imagawa ordered him to fight against the Oda clan in a series of battles. Motoyasu fought his first battle in 1558 at the siege of Terabe . The lord of Terabe, Suzuki Shigeteru (or Suzuki Shigetatsu ), betrayed the Imagawa by defecting to Oda Nobunaga . This was nominally within Matsudaira territory, so Imagawa Yoshimoto entrusted the campaign to Motoyasu and his retainers from Okazaki. Motoyasu led

3312-559: The Imagawa. Despite this refusal, Nobuhide chose not to kill Takechiyo, but instead held him hostage for the next three years at the Honshōji Temple in Nagoya . It was rumored that Oda Nobunaga met Takechiyo at the temple, when Takechiyo was 6 years old, and Nobunaga was 14. However, Katsuhiro Taniguchi reported there is no concrete historical records about this story of first meeting between Ieyasu with Nobunaga. In 1549, when Takechiyo

3404-874: The Kai Kawachi domain, the former base of Anayama Nobutada , one of Tokugawa's retainers who was killed by outlaws during his escape after the Honnō-ji Incident. Suganuma Castle (Terazawa, Minobu Town) was built along the Fuji River and the Suruga Highway (Kawachi Road). After the death of Nobutada and the senior members of the Obikane clan, to which they had pledged loyalty, the Anayama clan was left leaderless, so they decided to pledge allegiance to Ieyasu. Ieyasu then dispatched Sone Masatada , formerly one of Shingen Takeda's three most prominent generals, to

3496-419: The Matsudaira and declared allegiance to Oda Nobuhide as well. As a result, Hirotada divorced Odai-no-kata and sent her back to her family. Hirotada later remarried to different wives, and Takechiyo eventually had 11 half-brothers and sisters. As Oda Nobuhide continued to attack Okazaki, Hirotada turned to his powerful eastern neighbor, Imagawa Yoshimoto for assistance. Yoshimoto agreed to an alliance under

3588-611: The Netherlands include Japanese Saturday School Amsterdam, Den Haag -Rotterdam Japanese Saturday School in Rotterdam, Stichting the Japanese School of Tilburg , and Stichting Maastricht Japanese Supplementary School. The Maastricht school was founded in 1992 as an outgrowth of the Joppenhoff International School . It began with 15 students, and grew as large as 30, but declined in concert with

3680-608: The Netherlands was one of five countries to conclude a treaty with Japan in 1858 , the so-called Ansei Treaties . In 1860s, the Tokugawa Shogunate decided to modernize the Japanese fleet. To do this, orders were placed for modern steam powered warships. The first of which was the ZM SS Soembing , a gift from King William III of the Netherlands , which was renamed the Kankō Maru . To train Japanese sailors in

3772-449: The Takeda clan to restore order in the chaos following the death of Nobunaga. At that moment, Nobushige was settled in the secluded village of Osawa. At the same time, Uesugi and the Hōjō clans also mobilized their forces to invade Shinano Province , Kōzuke Province , and Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture), which were ruled by the remnants of the many small clans that formerly served

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3864-577: The Takeda clan, when they learned of the death of Nobunaga. This caused a triangle conflict between those three factions known as the Tenshō-Jingo War ( 天正壬午の乱 , Tenshō-Jingo no ran ) . At first, the Hōjō clan, who ruled the Kantō region , led an army of 55,000 men to invade the Shinano Province through Usui, as they aimed to prevent a Tokugawa incursion of Kai. By June 13, 1582,

3956-650: The Tokugawa clan also gained support fromt the Tomohisa clan . Uesugi Kagekatsu of the Uesugi clan also made his move by supporting former Takeda clan forces under the leadership of Ogasawara Dōsetsusai from the Ogasawara clan and Yashiro Hidemasa at Chikuma and the Nishina clan of Azumino . They defeated and expelled Kiso Yoshimasa , who had been granted the control of both Chikuma and Azumino by Oda Nobunaga. They then faced another branch of Ogasawara clan which

4048-976: The Tokugawa group suffered one last attack by Ochimusha-gari outlaws as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki clans of Jizamurai who were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais assisted Ieyasu in eliminating the threat of the Ochimusha-gari outlaws and escorted them until they reached Iga Province , where they were further protected by other allied clans from Iga ikki who accompanied Ieyasu and his group until they safely reached Mikawa. Portuguese missionary Luís Fróis recorded in his work History of Japan that during this journey, Tokugawa retainers including Sakai Tadatsugu , Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way out of raids and harassment from Ochimusha-gari outlaws while escorting Ieyasu, while paying bribes of gold and silver to those Ochimusha-gari outlaws that could be bribed. Matsudaira Ietada recorded in his journal, Ietada nikki (家忠日記),

4140-781: The United States, the Society for Japanese Studies has published the Journal of Japanese Studies (JJS) since 1974. This is a biannual academic journal dealing with research on Japan in the United States. JJS is supported by grants from the Japan Foundation , Georgetown University , and the University of Washington in addition to endowments from the Kyocera Corporation and the National Endowment for

4232-533: The abandoned Okazaki Castle and reclaimed his ancestral seat. Motoyasu then decided to ally with Oda Nobunaga . Motoyasu's wife, Lady Tsukiyama , and infant son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, were held hostage in Sunpu by Imagawa Ujizane , Yoshimoto's heir, so the deal was secret. In 1561, Motoyasu openly broke his allegiance with the Imagawa clan and captured Kaminogō castle. Kaminogō was held by Udono Nagamochi. Resorting to stealth, Motoyasu forces under Hattori Hanzō attacked under cover of darkness, setting fire to

4324-402: The advantage as they steadily pushed back the Tokugawa army. However, Honda Tadakatsu suddenly launched a lone, suicidal charge, while Sakakibara Yasumasa launched his force in a timely counterattack on Asakura's flank; they managed to beat Asakura's forces. Since Ieyasu's army was now free to move, they exploited the gap between Asakura and Azai's forces and sent Tadakatsu and Yasumasa to attack

4416-434: The area of Wakamiko in Suwamachi (modern day Yamanashi Prefecture ). On June 5, Ieyasu instructed two members of Takekawa clan from Kai who were hiding in Kiriyama, Tōtōmi Province, Orii Tsugumasa and Yonekura Tadatsugu, to proceed with the work of enticing the Kai samurai to the Tokugawa side. The next day, Ieyasu also sent a letter to Masatsuna instructing him to begin the construction of a castle at Shimoyama, Minobu Town in

4508-484: The attack in person, but after taking the outer defences, he burned the main castle and withdrew. As anticipated, the Oda forces attacked his rear lines, but Motoyasu was prepared and drove off the Oda army. He then succeeded in delivering supplies during the siege of Odaka Castle a year later. Odaka was one of five disputed frontier forts under attack by the Oda clan, and the only one that still remained under Imagawa control. Motoyasu launched diversionary attacks against

4600-403: The brother-in-law of Nobunaga, who had broken his alliance with the Oda clan during the siege of Kanegasaki and Asakura combined to fight the combined armies of Nobunaga and Ieyasu who led 5,000 of his men to support Nobunaga at the battle. As the Oda clan engaged the Azai clan army on the right, Tokugawa's forces engaged the Asakura clan's army on the left. At first, Asakura's army gained

4692-581: The castle and capturing two of Udono's sons. He then used them as hostages to exchange for his wife and son. Sometime in the aftermath of the Okehazama battle where Imagawa Yoshimoto was slain, Ieyasu formed the Kiyosu Alliance  [ jp ] with Oda Nobunaga , daimyo lord of Owari Province and the head of Oda clan . In 1563, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, the first son of Motoyasu, was married to Oda Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime . In February, Matsudaira Motoyasu changed his name to Matsudaira Ieyasu . Some historians believe that these actions provoked

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4784-408: The castle and instead made camp for the night. This error allowed a band of Tokugawa soldiers to raid the camp in the ensuing hours, further upsetting the already disoriented Takeda army, and ultimately resulting in Shingen's decision to call off the offensive altogether. Takeda Shingen would not get another chance to advance on Hamamatsu, much less Kyoto, since he died from unknown causes shortly after

4876-404: The condition that Hirotada send his young heir to Sunpu Domain as a hostage. Oda Nobuhide learned of this arrangement and had Takechiyo abducted. Takechiyo was five years old at the time. Nobuhide threatened to execute Takechiyo unless his father severed all ties with the Imagawa clan . However, Hirotada refused, stating that sacrificing his own son would show his seriousness in his pact with

4968-556: The country with the most institutions of Japanese studies outside the United States and Japan is China (121), while other countries containing a significant number of institutions include South Korea (85), England (69), Germany (64), Canada (61), Australia (54), and France (54). Since the declaration of 2010 as the "Japan Year" in Turkey , a yearly Japan Studies Conference has been held in Turkey. [REDACTED] Media related to Japanology at Wikimedia Commons Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands relations Japan–Netherlands relations are

5060-472: The coup d'état that was going on in Okazaki Castle. Furthermore, Sakai Tadatsugu, the most prominent general of Ieyasu, also may have played a role in confirming Oda Nobunaga's suspicion of the alleged betrayal against the Oda clan being planned by Nobuyasu Tsukiyama. Ieyasu may have concluded that if a high-ranking fudai daimyō such as Tadatsugu had confirmed the accusations against Lady Tsukiyama, then they must be true. Another theory has said that Tadatsugu

5152-417: The disputed regions and then split his army into two parts, with the separate detachment led by Sakai Tadatsugu and Ogasawara Nobumine going to pacify the Shinano Province, while Ieyasu took the main force to pacify Kai. Tadatsugu and Nobumine met with unexpected resistance from Suwa Yoritada, a former Takeda vassal who was now allied with the Hōjō clan. They were beaten by Yoritada, who were then reinforced by

5244-450: The economy, and as of 2004 enrolled just 20 students. The Saturday School of The Hague and Rotterdam was formed in 1996 from a merger of the two separate Saturday Japanese schools of those cities. Japan has an embassy in The Hague . The Netherlands has an embassy in Tokyo and a Consulate-general in Osaka . Tokugawa Ieyasu Among others... Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo ; January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616)

5336-410: The end of battle, the Ikkō-ikki were defeated. By 1565, Ieyasu had become the master of all of Mikawa Province. In 1566, as Ieyasu declared his independence from the Imagawa clan. He reformed the order of Mikawa province starting with the Matsudaira clan , after he pacified Mikawa . This decision was made after he was counseled by his senior vassal Sakai Tadatsugu to abandon the clan's allegiance to

5428-399: The field. Meanwhile, Nobunaga also stated that if Katsuyori neglected helping Motonobu at all, it would damage the Takeda clan's credibility because they could not save their own vassals. In 1581, Ieyasu forces managed to subdue Tanaka castle, and recapture Takatenjin castle , where Okabe Motonobu was killed during the fight. The end of the war with Takeda Katsuyori came in 1582, when

5520-570: The flank of Azai's formation, which caused Oda-Tokugawa's forces to be able to win the battle. In October 1571, Takeda Shingen broke the alliance with the Oda-Tokugawa forces and allied with the Odawara Hōjō clan . He decided to make a drive for Kyoto at the urging of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki , starting by invading Tokugawa lands in Tōtōmi . Takeda Shingen's first objectives in his campaign against Ieyasu were Nishikawa Castle , Yoshida Castle and Futamata Castle . In 1572, after besieging Futamata , Shingen would press on past Futamata towards

5612-428: The following day, which resulted in Hidetaka being killed on June 18. The Hōjō also gained support from the Hoshina clan , which was a former Takeda vassal, led by Hoshina Masatoshi and his sons Hoshina Masanao and Naitō Masaaki. By the end of June, they had secured all of the territory except for the areas controlled by the Sanada in Numata and Agatsuma. Meanwhile, Ieyasu immediately marched his 8,000 soldiers to

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5704-436: The former Imagawa territories in Tōtōmi Province. In 1570, Ieyasu established Hamamatsu as the capital of his territory, placing his son Matsudaira Nobuyasu in charge of Okazaki . Asakura Yoshikage , the head of the Asakura clan and regent of Ashikaga Yoshiaki , refused to come to Kyōto. This caused Nobunaga to declare both of them rebels. Several reports from Mikawa Monogatari , Nobunaga Koki , Tokugawa Jikki , and

5796-430: The homage of his nominal retainers, led by the karō Torii Tadayoshi . One year later, at the age of 15 (according to East Asian age reckoning ), he married his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama , a relative of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and changed his name again to Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu ( 松平 蔵人佐 元康 ) . A year later, their son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu , was born. He was then allowed to return to Mikawa Province. There,

5888-429: The major Tokugawa home castle at Hamamatsu . Ieyasu asked for help from Nobunaga, who sent him some 3,000 troops. Early in 1573, the two armies met at the Battle of Mikatagahara , north of Hamamatsu. The considerably larger Takeda army, under the expert direction of Shingen, overwhelmed Ieyasu's troops and caused heavy casualties. Despite his initial reluctance, Ieyasu was convinced by his generals to retreat. The battle

5980-470: The media and a bomb alert was reported when the Japanese embassy was threatened. The Japanese press reacted furiously to the reception. After the visit, the Dutch government repeatedly apologised to Japan, and the mood in Japan turned positive when Hirohito called the visit a "success." Increasingly positive relations were largely felt in the consumer electronics industry, where the Netherlands's Philips and Japan's Sony - both major electronics companies at

6072-404: The mediation of a Mikawa native and the abbot of the Kyo Seiganji Temple. Due to Motohisa's efforts, Yoshida Kaneyoshi discovered a genealogical document in the Manri-koji family that was precedent, saying, "Tokugawa (belongs) to Minamoto clan, as another offshoot of the Fujiwara clan," and a copy was transferred to him and used for the application. Then after passing several steps, Ieyasu gained

6164-502: The more plausible theory was that there was friction within the house of Tokugawa clan between two factions with conflicting ideals, as proposed by the Japanese writer Tenkyu Goro. One faction was active on the front lines and had many opportunities to advance their careers, dubbed the "Hamamatsu Castle Faction." The other faction was the "Okazaki Castle Faction," which consisted of Tokugawa vassals responsible for logistical support due to past injuries and other factors that caused them to play

6256-450: The most powerful daimyo and the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime. Ieyasu preserved his strength during Toyotomi's failed attempts to conquer Korea . After Hideyoshi's death and the Battle of Sekigahara , Ieyasu seized power in 1600. He received appointment as shōgun in 1603, and voluntarily resigned from his position in 1605, although he still held the de facto control of government until his death in 1616. He implemented

6348-570: The next seven years, Ieyasu and Katsuyori fought a series of small battles, as the result, Ieyasu's troops managed to wrest control of Suruga Province from the Takeda clan . In 1579, Lady Tsukiyama , Ieyasu's wife, and his heir Matsudaira Nobuyasu were accused by Nobunaga of conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori to assassinate Nobunaga, whose daughter Tokuhime was married to Nobuyasu. Ieyasu ordered his wife to be executed and forced his son to commit seppuku because of these accusations. There are various theories regarding this incident. According to

6440-439: The permission of the Imperial Court and he was bestowed the courtesy title Mikawa-no-kami and the court rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade ( 從五位下 , ju go-i no ge ) . Though the Tokugawa clan could claim some modicum of freedom, they were very much subject to the requests of Oda Nobunaga . Ieyasu remained an ally of Nobunaga and his Mikawa soldiers were part of Nobunaga's army which captured Kyoto in 1568. In 1568, at

6532-466: The pro-Imagawa faction, including the Sakurai and Okusa Matsudaira families, which led to the simultaneous uprising against Ieyasu in the following year. During this period, the Matsudaira clan faced a threat from the Ikkō-ikki movement, where peasants banded together with militant monks under the Jōdo Shinshū sect, and rejected the traditional feudal social order. Ieyasu undertook several battles to suppress this movement in his territories, including

6624-488: The rebels. On January 15, 1564, Ieyasu decided to concentrate his forces to attack and eliminate the Ikkō-ikki from Mikawa. In the Battle of Azukizaka , Ieyasu was fighting on the front lines and was nearly killed when he was struck by several bullets however he survived because they did not penetrate his armor. Both sides were using new gunpowder weapons which the Portuguese had introduced to Japan 20 years earlier. At

6716-437: The ruler at the time, and upon extracting information from some of the members brought to court about foreign affairs and the purpose of their mission, he permitted some to ship out on Red Seal Ships , thus starting the first trading collaborations between the Dutch and the Japanese. When formal trade relations were established in 1609 at the behest of William Adams , the Dutch were granted extensive trading rights, and set up

6808-463: The same time, Ieyasu was eager to expand eastward to Tōtōmi Province . Ieyasu and Takeda Shingen , the head of the Takeda clan in Kai Province , made an alliance for the purpose of conquering all the Imagawa territory. It is said that the Tokugawa clan had made an agreement with the Takeda clan when dividing the territory that the eastern Suruga Province would become Takeda territory and

6900-527: The same year, Ieyasu's troops penetrated Tōtōmi Province . Meanwhile, Takeda Shingen 's troops captured Suruga Province (including the Imagawa capital of Sunpu ). Imagawa Ujizane fled to Kakegawa Castle , which led Ieyasu to lay siege to Kakegawa . Ieyasu then negotiated with Ujizane, promising that if Ujizane surrendered himself and the remainder of Tōtōmi, Ieyasu would assist Ujizane in regaining Suruga. Ujizane had nothing left to lose, and Ieyasu immediately ended his alliance with Takeda , instead making

6992-463: The siege. During their retreat, Kagehira launched a counterattack to pursue Ieyasu, but this was repelled by Mizuno Tadashige and Torii Mototada who led the rearguard. In April 1575, Ōga Yashirō, a deputy governor of over 20 villages in Oku district of Mikawa under Matsudaira Nobuyasu, was arrested by Ōkubo Tadayo and paraded around Hamamatsu Castle . He was then executed by being mutilated alive with

7084-501: The time - worked together in making several popular mass market technologies such as the compact disc (CD). On the 24 August 2009, the Netherlands released a commemorative 5 euro coin to celebrate 400 years of relations. Amsterdam has one Japanese-medium day school , the Japanese School of Amsterdam . There is also a school in Rotterdam, the Japanese School of Rotterdam . The Saturday Japanese supplementary schools in

7176-464: The two neighboring forts, and when the garrisons of the other forts came to assist, Motoyasu's supply column was able to reach Odaka. By 1559, the leadership of the Oda clan had passed to Oda Nobunaga . In 1560, Imagawa Yoshimoto leading a large army of 25,000 men, invaded Oda territory. Motoyasu was assigned a separate mission to capture the stronghold of Marune in the Siege of Marune operation. As

7268-731: The use of these new and powerful ships the Nagasaki Naval Training Center was established at the entrance of Dejima, to maximize interaction with Dutch naval know-how. Among the students at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center was Enomoto Takeaki , one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Following the opening of Japan to trade, the Dutch special mission in Nagasaki was closed down in 1860 and first Dutch Consulate

7360-455: The way, they were stopped by the Mizuno clan's forces at Chiryu, but because Asai Michitada was with them, they were not attacked. Having escaped from danger, Motoyasu entered Daijuji Temple outside Okazaki Castle the following day. With Imagawa Yoshimoto dead, and the Imagawa clan in a state of confusion, Motoyasu used the opportunity to assert his independence and marched his men back into

7452-405: The western Tōtōmi province would be Tokugawa territory, with the Ōi River as the border. On January 8, 1569, the Takeda vassal Akiyama Nobutomo invaded the Tōtōmi province from Shinano Province. The Takeda clan, through Oda Nobunaga, with whom they had a friendly relationship, asked Ieyasu, who was Nobunaga's ally, to reconsider cooperation with the Takeda, but Ieyasu rejected the idea, and Ieyasu

7544-423: Was 6, his father Hirotada died of unknown causes. There was a popular theory that he was murdered by his vassals, who had been bribed by the Oda clan. However, recent research published in a paper by Muraoka Mikio in 2015 stated that the assassination theory was unreliable and Hirotada's death may have been caused by a natural illness. Around the same time, Oda Nobuhide died during an epidemic. Nobuhide's death dealt

7636-405: Was a major defeat, but in the interest of maintaining the appearance of a dignified withdrawal, Ieyasu brazenly ordered the men in his castle to light torches, sound drums, and leave the gates open, to properly receive the returning warriors. To the surprise and relief of the Tokugawa army, this spectacle made the Takeda generals suspicious that they were being led into a trap, so they did not besiege

7728-786: Was a member of the Matsudaira clan , he claimed descent from the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan . As there was no proof that the Matsudaira clan were descendants of Emperor Seiwa , the Emperor initially did not approve the appointment, citing the lack of a precedent for the Serada clan of the Seiwa Genji clan to be appointed as Mikawa-no-kami (Lord of Mikawa). Ieyasu then consulted with imperial noble Konoe Motohisa through

7820-412: Was actually conspiring with the Ieyasu's mother, Odai no Kata , to get rid of Lady Tsukiyama. Arthur Lindsay Sadler theorized this was a deliberate act of spite from Tadatsugu due to many senior Tokugawa clan generals' dislike of Nobuyasu. In the same year, Ieyasu named his third son, Tokugawa Hidetada , as his heir since his second son had been adopted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who would later become

7912-493: Was dangerous because of the Ochimusha-gari , or "Samurai hunters" gangs. Ieyasu and his party, therefore, chose the shortest route back to Mikawa Province by crossing Iga Province . The exact route differs in many versions according to primary sources Tokugawa Nikki or Mikawa Todai-Hon : Regardless which theory was true, historians agreed that when his path ended at Kada (a mountain pass between Kameyama and Iga),

8004-491: Was led by Ogasawara Sadayoshi and his retainers which opposed the steps taken by Dōsetsusai. Sadayoshi's group appealed to the Tokugawa clan and offered their allegiance to Ieyasu. On June 24, Kagekatsu advanced into northern Shinano and entered Naganuma castle . As the triangle battle was underway between the three factions, order was restored in Owari province as the rebellion of Akechi Mitsuhide had already been suppressed in

8096-603: Was opened in Edo. The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been complicated. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under diplomatic pressure from

8188-458: Was taken as a hostage to Sunpu. At Sunpu, he was treated fairly well as a potentially useful ally of the Imagawa clan until 1556 when he was 14 years old. Yoshimoto decided that the Matsudaira clan's territory would be inherited by Takechiyo in the future, with the aim that Imagawa clan could rule the area by extensions of their Matsudaira clan as their vassal, this included Zuien-in (the daughter of Matsudaira Nobutada and Takechiyo's great-aunt), who

8280-559: Was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The son of a minor daimyo , Ieyasu once lived as a hostage under daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto on behalf of his father. He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as ally, vassal, and general of

8372-477: Was the only member of the Anjo Matsudaira clan left in Okazaki Castle. In 1556, Takechiyo officially came of age, with Imagawa Yoshimoto presiding over his genpuku ceremony. Following tradition, he changed his name from Matsudaira Takechiyo to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu ( 松平 次郎三郎 元信 ) . He was also briefly allowed to visit Okazaki to pay his respects to the tomb of his father, and receive

8464-455: Was the son of Matsudaira Hirotada ( 松平 広忠 ) , the daimyo of Mikawa of the Matsudaira clan , and Odai no Kata ( 於大の方 , Lady Odai) , the daughter of a neighbouring samurai lord , Mizuno Tadamasa ( 水野 忠政 ) . His mother and father were step-siblings. They were 17 and 15 years old, respectively, when Takechiyo was born. During the Muromachi period , the Matsudaira clan controlled

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