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18-423: Hardman (1978) proposed the name Jaqi for the family of languages (1978), Alfredo Torero Aru 'to speak', and Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino Aymaran , with two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymaran and Central Aymaran (Jaqaru and Kawki). Other names for the family are Jaqui (also spelled Haki ) and Aimara . Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara, and

36-740: A role in the Huari Empire . Sometime between the collapse of the Tiwanaku Empire and the rise of the Inca, some Aymaran speakers invaded the Altiplano , while others moved to the northwest, presumably ancestral to the Jaqaru and influencing Quechua I . Aymaran varieties were documented in the southern Peruvian highlands (including Lucanas, Chumbivilcas, and Condesuyos) by the 1586 Relaciones geográficas, and they appear to have persisted up until

54-591: A single language. Alfredo Torero Alfredo Augusto Torero Fernández de Córdova (September 10, 1930 in Huacho , Lima Region , Peru – June 19, 2004 in Valencia , Spain ) was a Peruvian anthropologist and linguist . He was a student at the National University of San Marcos , from which he graduated in the early 1960s, and then traveled to France, where he continued his doctorate at

72-686: A vowel, even in loanwords: Spanish habas ("beans") became Aymara hawasa and Jaqaru háwaša . This feature is not found in other Andean language. Like Quechuan languages, Aymaran languages are highly agglutinative. However, they differ in that many agglutinative suffixes trigger vowel suppression in the preceding roots. An example is the loss of final vowel in the word apa ("to take"), when it becomes ap-su ("to take out"). Aymaran consists of two or three languages: Aymara has approximately 2.2 million speakers; 1.7 million in Bolivia , 350,000 in Peru , and

90-653: Is commonly transcribed using diaereses in Aymara and length diacritics in Jaqaru. Though Aymaran languages vary in terms of consonant inventories, they have several features in common. Aymara and Jaqaru both contain phonemic stops at labial , alveolar , palatal , velar and uvular points of articulation. Stops are distinguished by ejective and aspirated features. Both also contain alveolar , palatal , and velar fricatives and several central and lateral approximants. Aymaran languages differ from Quechuan languages in that all verbal and nominal roots must end in

108-587: The ayllus of the Indians who were established in that area into reductions . The site chosen was that of "Gaucho Bay." Consequently, on 25 August 1571, the reduction was named San Bartolomé de Guachu. During the Viceroyalty of Peru , the city belonged to the province of Huara and was established as a trading and fishing port. In 1774 the Viceroy José Antonio de Mendoza granted Huacho

126-613: The Lima Region . Also is the most populated city of the Lima Region and Norte Chico . It is located 223 feet (68 metres) above sea level and 148 km north of the city of Lima . The city is located on the Pan-American Highway and it is close to the Lachay National Reserve , so it has extensive vegetation and wildlife. Settled on the bottom of a wide bay, its climate is wet and appealing. In

144-563: The 19th century. The eastern and southern Bolivian highlands were still predominantly Aymara-speaking around 1600, but may have adopted Quechua as a result of development of the mining industry. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua , Kunza , Leko , Uru-Chipaya , Arawak , and Pukina language families due to contact. Aymaran languages have only three phonemic vowels /a i u/ , which in most varieties of Aymara and Jaqaru are distinguished by length. Length

162-755: The Andean peoples. Besides Quechua and Aymara , he researched extinct languages such as Mochica and Puquina . The present classification of the Quechua language family is based fundamentally on his analysis and that of Gary Parker, who, independently, came to similar conclusions. He found that Quechua clearly did not originate, as is still often believed, in the region of the Inca capital Cuzco , but almost certainly somewhere considerably further north in Central Peru. Torero's proposed precise homeland for Quechua

180-493: The University of Paris. There he obtained a doctorate in 1965, under the direction of the linguist André Martinet, with his thesis Le puquina, la troisième langue générale du Pérou . Alfredo Torero came to prominence thanks to his article "The Dialects of Quechua" in 1964 and ranks among the founders of Andean linguistics. Much of his work is characterised by bringing into his linguistic investigations also cultural aspects of

198-452: The category of "pueblo" and with it, allowed it to build its main plaza. Huacho was, like Huaura, a pueblo that received and hosted the members of the liberation expedition led by José de San Martín , participating on 26 November 1820 of the Grito libertador en el balcéon de Huaura , on the subject of historical verification. On 12 February 1821, Huacho was elevated to district, belonging to

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216-461: The languages have often been grouped together as Quechumaran . This proposal is controversial, however; the shared vocabulary may be better explained as intensive borrowing due to long-term contact. The Aymaran urheimat may have been the southern Peruvian coast, particularly the area of the Paracas culture and the later Nazca culture . Aymaran speakers then migrated into the highlands and played

234-424: The province of Chancay, in the department of Lima. The Congress conceded the title of Fidelísima Villa (most faithful) on 11 April 1828, under the presidency of Don José de La Mar. On 24 January 1830, the province of Chancay was unified with the province of Lima and Santa in the department of Ancash. Huaura was established as the capital of the province of Chancay. Thirty years before, on January 23, 1866, Huacho

252-523: The rest in Chile and Argentina . Jaqaru has approximately 725 speakers in central Peru, and Kawki had 9 surviving speakers as of 2005. Kawki is little documented though its relationship with Jaqaru is quite close. Initially, they were considered by Martha Hardman (on very limited data at the time) to be different languages, but all subsequent fieldwork and research has contradicted that and demonstrated that they are mutually intelligible but divergent dialects of

270-434: The surrounding areas there are rice , cotton , sugarcane and different grain fields. This fact has allowed the rise of a rather important cotton industry, as well as cotton and oil factories. Within its natural landscape, its salt mines and its beaches (such as El Paraíso ) are of great interest. Huacho was one of the main trade centers of northern Lima . Under the viceroy of Francisco de Toledo , who decided to group

288-407: Was established as the capital of Chancay. Due to its technological advances, in 1892, the city began a city tram service, an animal transportation service called "tranvías de sangre" (blood tram), which was said to have used mules or horses. This service extended to Huara, and was electrified in 1920, making Huacho the first city after Lima to have its own electric tram system. Beginning in 1911, it

306-574: Was the central coast of Peru in the Lima Region , but that remains both unproven and challenged by other linguists. The Alfredo Torero auditorium at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, National University of San Marcos in Lima is named after him. Huacho Huacho ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈwatʃo] ) is a city in Peru , capital of the Huaura Province and capital of

324-482: Was the main hub of the Ferrocarril Noroeste del Perú (Northwestern Train of Peru), which connected Huacho with Ancón , Sayan , and Barranca . On November 10, 1874, Huacho was elevated to the category of city and was made capital of the province even when it was separated from Chancay (today the province of Huaral), and the province of Huaura was created. Next the city of Huacho was also the capital of

#1998