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23-660: It was created because the founding members claimed that no one else was appropriately discussing the problems surrounding de-perimeterisation. They felt the need to create a forum to define and solve consistently such issues. One of the earlier outputs of the group is a position paper entitled the Jericho Forum Commandments which are a set of principles that describe how best to survive in a de-perimeterised world. The Jericho Forum consisted of "user members" and "vendor members". Originally, only user members were allowed to stand for election. In December 2008 this

46-519: A number of major vendors were promoting products based on System V. On the other hand, System V did not yet have TCP/IP networking built-in, while BSD 4.2 did; vendors of engineering workstations were nearly all using BSD, and posters reading "4.2 > V" were available. Several vendors formed the X/Open standards group in 1984 to promote compatible open systems , and they chose to base their system on Unix. X/Open caught AT&T's attention. To increase

69-680: A number of services, including strategy, management, innovation and research, standards, certification, and test development. It was established in 1996 when X/Open merged with the Open Software Foundation . The Open Group is the certifying body for the UNIX trademark , and publishes the Single UNIX Specification technical standard, which extends the POSIX standards. The Open Group also develops and manages

92-512: A range of services, from initial setup and ongoing operational support to collaboration, standards and best practices development, and assistance with market impact activities. They assist organizations with setting business objectives, strategy and procurement, and also provide certification and test development. This includes services to the government agencies, suppliers, and companies or organizations set up by governments. Unix wars The Unix wars were struggles between vendors to set

115-483: A standard for the Unix operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Both AT&T Corporation and University of California, Berkeley are important in the early history of Unix . Although AT&T's Bell Labs created Unix , by the 1980s, Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group was the leading non-commercial Unix developer. In the mid-1980s, the three common versions of Unix were AT&T's System III ,

138-454: The HP /SCO " 3DA " alliance in 1995, and Project Monterey in 1998, a teaming of IBM , SCO , Sequent , and Intel which was followed by litigation ( SCO v. IBM ) between IBM and the new SCO, formerly Caldera . BSD worked to purge copyrighted AT&T code from their version between 1989 and 1994. During this time, various open-source BSD x86 derivatives took shape, starting with 386BSD , which

161-546: The TOGAF standard, which is an industry standard enterprise architecture framework . The 900+ members include a range of technology vendors and buyers as well as government agencies, including, for example, Capgemini , Fujitsu , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , Orbus Software, IBM , Huawei , the United States Department of Defense and NASA . There is no obligation on product developers or vendors to adopt

184-770: The Forum then moved onto focussing on defining the solution, which it delivered in the publication of the Collaboration Oriented Architecture (COA) paper and COA Framework paper. The next focus of the Jericho Forum was "Securely Collaborating in Clouds", which involves applying the COA concepts to the emerging Cloud Computing paradigm. The basic premise is that a collaborative approach is essential to gain most value from "the cloud". Much of this work

207-714: The Security forum within The Open Group to continue, while the work on Identity has been continued by the Global Identity Foundation . The Jericho Forum declared success and sunsetted at the London conference of the OpenGroup on 29 October 2013 ( video ). The Jericho Forum work on identity has been carried on by the Global Identity Foundation , a not-for-profit organisation working to define

230-637: The basis of Microsoft 's Xenix and the IBM-endorsed PC/IX , among others; AT&T's System V , which it sought to establish as the new Unix standard; and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). All were derived from AT&T's Research Unix but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor's version of Unix was different to some degree. For example, at a mid-1980s Usenix conference, many AT&T staff had buttons that read "System V: Consider it Standard" and

253-458: The components of a global digital identity ecosystem, with the Identity "commandments" directly translating into the principles behind Identity 3.0 . Open Group The Open Group is a global consortium that seeks to "enable the achievement of business objectives" by developing " open , vendor-neutral technology standards and certifications." It has 900+ member organizations and provides

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276-726: The end of the most significant era of the Unix wars. In June, AT&T sold its Unix assets to Novell , and in October Novell transferred the Unix brand to X/Open. In 1996, X/Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group . COSE work such as the Single UNIX Specification , the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group, which also controls the current POSIX standards. Since then, occasional bursts of Unix factionalism have broken out, such as

299-465: The following experience-based Professional Certifications: Certified Architect (Open CA), Certification Program Accreditation, Certified Data Scientist (Open CDS), Certified Technical Specialist (Open CTS), and Certified Trusted Technology Practitioner (Open CTTP). The Open Group also offers certification for ArchiMate tools and people, as well as people certification for Open FAIR and IT4IT, standards of The Open Group. The Open Group also provides

322-433: The merger of the Open Software Foundation (OSF) and X/Open in 1996 as the ultimate step, in the end of those skirmishes. OSF had previously merged with Unix International in 1994, meaning that the new entity effectively represented all elements of the Unix community of the time. In January 1997, the responsibility for the X Window System was transferred to The Open Group from the defunct X Consortium . In 1999, X.Org

345-486: The middle ground. A 1990 study of various Unix versions' reliability found that in each version, between a quarter and a third of operating system utilities could be made to crash by fuzzing ; the researchers attributed this, in part, to the "race for features, power, and performance" resulting from BSD–System V rivalry, which left developers little time to worry about reliability. The 1988 POSIX standard initially concentrated on system C library functions beyond what

368-461: The standards developed by the association. Platinum members: By the early 1990s, the major UNIX system vendors had begun to realize that the standards rivalries (often called the " Unix wars ") were causing all participants more harm than good, leaving the UNIX industry open to emerging competition from Microsoft . The COSE initiative in 1993 can be considered to be the first unification step, and

391-517: The uniformity of Unix, AT&T and leading BSD Unix vendor Sun Microsystems started work in 1987 on a unified system. (The feasibility of this had been demonstrated a few years earlier by the US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory 's System V environment for BSD Unix.) This was released in 1988 as System V Release 4 (SVR4) which still lives to this day through its derivative OpenIndiana . While this decision

414-421: Was applauded by customers and the trade press, certain other Unix licensees feared Sun would be unduly advantaged. They formed the Open Software Foundation (OSF) in 1988. The same year, AT&T and another group of licensees responded by forming Unix International (UI). Technical issues soon took a back seat to vicious and public commercial competition between the two "open" versions of Unix, with X/Open holding

437-753: Was formed to manage the X Window System, with management services provided by The Open Group. The X.Org members made a number of releases up to and including X11R6.8 while The Open Group provided management services. In 2004, X.Org and The Open Group worked together to establish the newly formed X.Org Foundation which then took control of the x.org domain name, and the stewardship of the X Window System. Key services of The Open Group are certification programs, including certification for products and best practices: POSIX , UNIX , and O-TTPS . The Open Group offers certifications for technology professionals. In addition to TOGAF certification which covers tools, services and people certification, The Open Group also administers

460-560: Was included in the forthcoming C standard; later it expanded to specify other aspects of the system environment. POSIX specified a "lowest common denominator" that could be met by both System V and BSD-based variants, as well as some non-Unix systems, with a reasonable amount of effort. In March 1993, the major participants in UI and OSF formed the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) alliance, effectively marking

483-469: Was relaxed, allowing either vendor or user members to be eligible for election. The day-to-day management was provided by the Open Group . While the Jericho Forum had its foundations in the UK, nearly all the initial members worked for corporates and had global responsibilities, and involvement grew to Europe, North America and Asia Pacific. After the initial focus on defining the problem, de-perimeterisation ,

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506-494: Was soon succeeded by FreeBSD and NetBSD . OpenBSD emerged in 1995 as a fork of NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD as a fork from FreeBSD in 2003. Mac OS X v10.5 is the first operating system with open source BSD code to be certified as fully Unix compliant. BSD systems can claim direct ancestry from Version 7 Unix . According to Open Source advocate Eric Raymond , BSD systems can be considered "genetic Unix", if not "trademark Unix". During BSD's period of legal turmoil (1992–94),

529-481: Was transferred to the Cloud Security Alliance for use in its "guidance" document . The final (major) piece of the Jericho Forum's work (from 2009) was around Identity, culminating in 2011 with the publication of their Identity, Entitlement & Access Management Commandments. In its final months the Jericho Forum contributed thinking to the debate around "Smart Data" and this was handed over to

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