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18-613: It is intermediate between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki . The similar Shahpuri dialect is spoken in Sargodha and Mandi Bahauddin , while Dhanni is spoken in Chakwal , Talagang and Khushab . Jangli's sound inventory includes implosive consonants , but unlike in Saraiki these do not have phonemic status, as they do not contrast with plain voiced consonants. The implosives are more common than in Saraiki, and their set contains

36-498: A future tense in -s- . Like Sindhi , Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari , is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko. Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies

54-681: A group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" ( ISO 639-3 code: pnb ) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi ; these are spoken by about 66 million people. Glottolog , however, regards only the Shahpuri , Dhanni and Jatki dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic"). Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It

72-450: A pronominal suffix can function as are: Majhi uses pronominal suffixes for the second and third persons and, unlike Western Punjabi, for both present and past tense . ਈ ای ਜੇ جے ਸਾਈ سائی ਸਾਜੇ ساجے ਸੂ سُو ਨੇ نے ਸਾਸੂ ساسُو ਸਾਨੇ سانے Examples in perfect transitive verbs (marking the ergative agent): - Alternate auxiliary verbs First person singular ā̃ or jē (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / آں، جے )

90-488: Is also utilized in Pothwari , Hindko , Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects. Mãi kareysā̃ میں کریساں ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ Asī̃ kareysā̃ / Asī̃ kareysā̃e اسِیں کریساں / اسِیں کریسائیں ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ / ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਏਂ Tū̃ kareysãi Majhi dialect Majhi ( Shahmukhi : ماجھی ; Gurmukhi : ਮਾਝੀ ; Punjabi: [mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨] ), also known as Central Punjabi , is the most widely-spoken dialect of

108-460: Is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a " macrolanguage " or as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves. Lahnda includes the following lects: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people),

126-735: Is used. E.g. mẽ karnā ʷā̃ / jē (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ , ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਜੇ / میں کرنا آں ، میں کرنا جے ) Third person singular ī or è (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / اے، وے، ای ) is used. E.g. ṓ kardā ī (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਈ / اوہ کردا ای ) The Majhi copula does not differ from Standard Punjabi, except for in the third-person plural, where instead of han (ਹਨ / ہَن ), it uses ne (ਨੇ / نے ) or nẽ (ਨੇਂ / نیں ). ਓਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਨੇਂ اوہ سوندے نیں ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ سوندے ہن Nasalisation of tusī̃ (ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں ) and asī̃ (ਅਸੀਂ / اَسِیں ) are often not realised in Majhi, thus said as tusī (ਤੁਸੀ / تُسی ) and asī (ਅਸੀ / اَسی ) respectively. In colloquial Majhi,

144-815: The Jatki dialects (referred to as Punjabi by their ~50 million speakers, spoken in the Bar region of Punjab) i.e. Jhangvi , Shahpuri and Dhanni , the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , especially Hazara ), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir ), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan ), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan). Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda

162-536: The Punjabi language , natively spoken in the Majha region of Punjab in present-day Pakistan and India . The dialect forms the basis of Standard Punjabi . The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar because of their historic significance. Europe North America Oceania There are various varieties of Majhi spoken across Majha. Although each city speaks slightly differently from

180-765: The s sound in many words shifts to an h , such as in asī (ਅਸੀ / اَسی ), sāḍā (ਸਾਡਾ / ساڈا ) and pēse (ਪੈਸੇ / پیسے ), being heard as ahī , hāḍā and pēhe respectively. hē(gā) sī is used instead of sīgā . The ēvẽ class of adverbial pronouns are used for "how" rather than ēddā̃ . - Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for habitual aspect ਮੈਂ ਕਰ ਨਾ ਆਂ میں کرنا آں ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ میں کردا ہاں ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾ ਨੇ ਆਂ اسی گھر جانے آں ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ اسی گھر جاندے ہاں ਅਸੀ ਕਰ ਨੀਆਂ ਆਂ اسی کرنِیاں واں ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ اسی کردِیاں ہاں ਤੂੰ ਕਰ ਨਾ ਐਂ تُوں کرنا ایں ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ تُوں کردا ہیں ਤੁਸੀ ਕਰ ਨੀਆਂ ਓ/ਜੇ تسی کرنِیاں او/جے ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹੋ تسی کردِیاں ہو Eastern Majhi refers to

198-403: The next, there are a few major categories of Majhi. One of Majhi's most noteworthy features is the usage of pronominal suffixes, which it shares with Western Punjabi . Pronominal suffixes are auxiliary replacements of the copula which act like pronouns . They function as a particular thematic role and agree to it in person and number (as a pronoun would). The thematic/syntactic roles

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216-482: The standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s. The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi. Mian Muhammad Bakhsh (c. 1830 - 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi. Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as

234-726: The subdialect native to region of Majha east of Lahore, i.e. the Amritsar and Tarn Taran districts and surrounding areas. It is also spoken by the descendants of those who migrated out of these areas. Eastern Majhi often uses the past-tense inflection of the verb ḍahiṇā (ਡਹਿਣਾ / ڈہݨا ) to form continuous tenses, rather than pēṇā (ਪੈਣਾ/ پَیݨا ) which is used by most other Majhi and Punjabi dialects. ਏਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کرݨ ڈہیا سی ਏਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کردا پیا سی ਇਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ اوہ کر رہیا سی ਓਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کرݨ ڈہی اے ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ اوہ کردی پئی ہے ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کر رہی ہے Northwestern or Gujrati Majhi refers to

252-604: The subdialect spoken in the northwestern side of the Majha region in Pakistan , primarily in the Gujrat district and extending into the Jhelum and Bhimber districts. Lahnda Lahnda ( / ˈ l ɑː n d ə / ; لہندا , Punjabi pronunciation: [lɛ˦n.d̪äː] ), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi , is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It

270-527: The trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah") "Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye" . meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves" "Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin" or "Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan" , meaning "Bicycles are being sold here" The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā. This tense

288-1083: The unusual for the area dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ ), which contrasts with the regular retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ . Jatki is a common name for Jhangvi, Shahpuri and Dhanni dialects. The glotlog codes for these are: Similar to Pothohari , Hindko , and other Western Punjabi dialects , Jhangochi also uses pyā to signify the continuous tense. Many Majhi sub-dialects also utilize this tense. Mãi kareynda pya aan میں کریندا پیا آں ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ Asī̃ kareynday paye haen ("aan" may also be used) اسِیں کریندے پئے ہائیں ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏਂ Tū̃ kareynda pya ain تُوں کریندا پیا ایں ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ Tū̃ kareyndi pyi ain تُوں کریندی پئی ایں ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ Tusī̃ kareynday paye o تُسِیں کردے پئے او ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਓ Ó kareynda pya ae اوہ کریندا پیا اے ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ Ó kareyndi pyi ae اوہ کریندی پِئی اے ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ Ó kareynday paye hin اوہ کریندے پئے ہِن ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ Ó kareyndiyan pyian hin اوہ کردِیاں پئِیاں ہِن ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਿਨ The place of " pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to

306-534: The verb. This is common in Majhi (e.g: Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Teri Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃ ) and Pothohari as well. "Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o" , meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing" "Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā" , meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing" "Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday , meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi) "Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o" , meaning "You are wasting

324-522: Was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā ) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name. This term has currency only among linguists. Baba Farid (c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Sufi saint of the Punjab, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect. Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages. The development of

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