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30-1640: It was the only county-level division of Luoyang that is situated north of the Yellow River and is not contiguous with the other five districts of Luoyang. As of 2020, this district is divided to 4 subdistricts. This Henan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . County-level division Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China 's large population and geographical area. The constitution of China provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there are five levels of local government;

60-461: A district of a city administers many communities or residential committees . Each of them has a residential committee to administer the dwellers of that neighborhood or community. Rural areas are organized into village committees or villager groups. A "village" in this case can either be a natural village, one that spontaneously and naturally exists, or a virtual village, which is a bureaucratic entity. Five cities formally on prefectural level have

90-766: A full prefecture-level rank. The State Administration of Civil Service was created in March 2008 by the National People's Congress . It is under the management of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security , which resulted from the merger of the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security . The function of the administration covers management, recruitment, assessment, training, rewards, supervision and other aspects related to civil service affairs. The administration also has several new functions. These include drawing up regulations on

120-602: A more independent body resembling a civil service. The civil service not completely subservient to the CCP, and thus reform the relationship between the Party and the Chinese state. In the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests , Zhao and his allies lost their influence among Party elite and the civil service reform project was denounced by remaining leaders. Zhao's proposals were subsequently heavily modified and implemented as

150-546: A panel of scholars. This helped lay the groundwork for the Imperial examination system that would be formed under the short-lived Sui dynasty before being widely adopted thereafter. The examination system and the bureaucracy it engendered would remain in place in some form until the dissolution of the Qing dynasty in 1911. The People's Republic of China did not initially maintain a formal civil service like other countries of

180-484: A special status in regard to planning and budget. They are separately listed in the five-year and annual state plans on the same level as provinces and national ministries, making them economically independent of their provincial government. These cities specifically designated in the state plan (Chinese: 计划单列市 ) are Civil Service of the People%27s Republic of China The civil service of

210-413: A stereotype that corresponds to their inhabitants. The most recent administrative change have included the elevation of Hainan (1988) and Chongqing (1997) to provincial level status, and the creation of Hong Kong (1997) and Macau (1999) as Special administrative regions . Provincial level governments vary in details of organization: Prefectural level divisions or second-level divisions are

240-529: Is no government on this level. As of 2017 , China administers 33 provincial-level regions, 334 prefecture-level divisions, 2,862 county-level divisions, 41,034 township-level administrations, and 704,382 basic-level autonomies. Each of the levels (except "special administrative regions") corresponds to a level in the Civil Service of the People's Republic of China . This table summarizes the divisions of

270-756: The People's Republic of China is the administrative system of the traditional Chinese government which consists of all levels who run the day-to-day affairs in China. The members of the civil service are selected through competitive examination. As of 2009, China has about 10 million civil servants who are managed under the Civil Service Law. Most civil servants work in government agencies and departments. State leaders and cabinet members, who normally would be considered politicians in political systems with competing political parties and elections, also come under

300-488: The United States , the power of the central government was (with the exception of the military) not exercised through a parallel set of institutions until the early 1990s. The actual practical power of the provinces has created what some economists call " federalism with Chinese characteristics ". Most of the provinces , with the exception of those in the northeast , have boundaries which were established long ago in

330-454: The Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties. Sometimes provincial borders form cultural or geographical boundaries. This was an attempt by the imperial government to discourage separatism and warlordism through a divide and rule policy. Nevertheless, provinces have come to serve an important cultural role in China. People tend to be identified in terms of their native provinces, and each province has

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360-500: The "Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants" in 1993, albeit on a much less comprehensive scale. Nevertheless, the Provisional Regulations established the first formal civil service in China since the founding of the People's Republic. Since the early 2000s, recruitment quotas for non-Communist Party members, gender, and ethnic group, have been institutionalized to increase representation of such groups in

390-428: The 2006 Civil Service Law is often ambiguous in China. Most broadly, civil servants in China are a subset of CCP cadres , the class of professional staff who administer and manage Chinese government, party, military, and major business institutions. More specifically, the term denotes public employees in higher positions of authority; according to academic Yuen Yuen Ang , they "form the elite strata of functionaries in

420-539: The Party had to allow to continue to work due to lack of suitable replacements. By the mid-1950s, China had developed a nomenklatura system modeled on the Soviet Union; there was no civil service independent of the ruling party. Following the death of Mao Zedong and the rise of reformist Deng Xiaoping , efforts began to change the cadre system after the discord of the Cultural Revolution so that

450-475: The Party would be able to effectively carry out the modernization of China. Reforms beginning in 1984 did not decrease the approximately 8.1 million cadre positions across China, but began to decentralize their management to authorities at provincial and local levels. Zhao Ziyang , elected General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987, sought to transform the cadre system into

480-421: The People's Republic of China provides for three levels: the provincial, the county level, and the township level. However, in practice, there are four levels of government: the provincial, the prefectural level, the county level, and the township level. Rural villages and urban communities are sometimes considered as the fifth level, however they are defined by the constitution as “basic level autonomies” and there

510-508: The area administered by the People's Republic of China as of June 2017 . The People's Republic of China (PRC) lays claims to 34 province-level divisions , including 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions and 1 claimed province. Provinces are theoretically subservient to the PRC central government, but in practice, provincial officials have large discretion with regard to economic policy. Unlike

540-513: The assigned graduates system, new university graduates enter a program that sends them to grassroots positions like village leadership roles or local Communist Youth League secretaries for a few years. Candidates for the assigned graduates system take written and oral examinations arranged by the Communist Party's Organization Department at its local or provincial levels. The examinations cover public service topics similar to those in

570-427: The civil service examination and evaluation were established. Generally, more than a million people enroll each year in the civil service examination and success rates are approximately 2%. An alternative route to civil service other than the examination is the assigned graduates system ( xuandiaosheng , 选调生), which is available to student cadres who are at least probationary members of the Communist Party. Through

600-500: The civil service in China. Civil servants are not necessarily members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), but 95 percent of civil servants in leading positions from division (county) level and above are CCP members. The vast majority of civil servants remain in the service for their entire careers. The definition of civil servant ( Chinese : 公务员 ; pinyin : gōngwùyuán ), a term formally codified in

630-727: The civil service. In 2018, the Communist Party's Organization Department absorbed the State Civil Servants Bureau. The current ranking system has 27 different ranks (from previously of total 15 levels) and a grade ( dangci ) system within each rank (at most 14 grades for each rank) to reflect seniority and performance; a combination of rank and dangci ultimately determine pay and benefits. The highest tiers (including department chiefs, deputy department chiefs, and section chiefs) have significant involvement in policy-making. Within local governments,

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660-495: The delegation of legislative and executive authority particularly necessary. During the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 256 BC), records show that kings would send edicts encouraging local officials to identify promising candidates for office in the capital. This practice was intensified under Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 – 87 BC), who standardized the selection process with the addition of question-and-answer elements on classic texts judged by

690-555: The era. As the CCP gained ground in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang (KMT), it instead used dedicated Party cadres to oversee and administer territories it took over. The CCP, at the time of its victory in 1949, faced a serious shortage of qualified personnel to the fill over 2.7 million public positions needed to govern the country that had previously been occupied by KMT-affiliated officials, some of whom

720-450: The government on a long-term initiative does not manage any people or lead any organization, but may still receive a sub-provincial rank. Similarly, retired officials who take on lesser-ranked (usually ceremonial) positions after retirement would generally retain their highest rank. Occasionally, officials may hold a position but be of a higher rank than what the position indicates, for example a Deputy Prefecture-level Party Secretary who holds

750-447: The government. While not strictly part of the civil service, the judiciary is governed by the same personnel arrangements as the civil service. A professional corps of dedicated bureaucrats, akin to a modern civil service, has been an integral feature of governance in Chinese civilization for much of its history. Part of the motivation was ideological; Confucian teaching discouraged overly involved, warlike, and rowdy rulers alike, making

780-516: The highest level decision-makers are typically the party secretary, the state chief, and party committee members. The 27 ranks are sub-divisions of 11 "levels". The following is a non-exhaustive list of party and state positions corresponding to their civil service rank. The list only comprises "leadership positions" ( lingdao ganbu ), but not civil servants who are not in leadership positions. Non-leading civil servants can be given high corresponding ranks. For example, an expert or advisor hired by

810-729: The party-state hierarchy", in contrast to shiye renyuan (事业人员) or 'shiye' personnel, who are also public employees but are not considered gongwuyuan . The definition of the civil service differs from that of many western countries. Civil servants are "the managers, administrators and professionals who work for government bodies," including leadership such as the Premier, state councillors, ministers, and provincial governors, among others. It excludes manual workers and many other types of cadre, such as those employed in public service units such as hospitals, universities, or state-owned enterprises, even though those positions are also paid and managed by

840-577: The provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), prefecture, county, township, and village. Since the 17th century, provincial boundaries in China have remained largely static. Major changes since then have been the reorganisation of provinces in the northeast after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the formation of autonomous regions , based on Soviet ethnic policies. The provinces serve an important cultural role in China, as people tend to identify with their native province. The Constitution of

870-872: The second level of the administrative structure. Most provinces are divided into only prefecture-level cities and contain no other second level administrative units. Of the 22 provinces and 5 autonomous regions, only 3 provinces ( Yunnan , Guizhou , Qinghai ) and 1 autonomous region ( Xinjiang ) have more than three second-level or prefectural-level divisions that are not prefecture-level cities. As of June 2020, there were 339 prefectural level divisions: As of August 18, 2015, there were 2,852 county-level divisions: The basic level autonomy serves as an organizational division (census, mail system) and does not have much importance in political representative power. Basic local divisions such as neighborhoods and communities are not informal, but have defined boundaries and elected heads (one per area): In urban areas, every subdistrict of

900-453: The trial periods of newly enrolled personnel, further protecting the legal rights of civil servants and having the responsibility of the registration of civil servants under central departments. Its establishment was part of the government's reshuffle in 2008. It aimed at a "super ministry" system to streamline government department functions. For decades, civil service jobs have been among the top career choices for college graduates. In 1993,

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