Junagadh district is a district of the Indian state of Gujarat . Its administrative headquarters is the city of Junagadh .
93-537: Junagadh ( જૂનાગઢ ) is the city and headquarters of Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat . Located at the foot of the Girnar hills , 355 kilometres (221 mi) southwest of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar (the state capital), it is the seventh largest city in the state. Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort". It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of
186-611: A Seismic Zone III region , which means earthquakes up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected. Junagadh has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with two distinct seasons: a dry season from October to May, and a wet season from June to September. The close proximity of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Cambay affect the climate. In the summer months, temperatures range from 28 to 38 °C (82 to 100 °F). In
279-403: A sex ratio of 955 females per 1,000 males and 9% of the population were under six years old. The effective literacy rate was 88%; male literacy was 92.46% and female literacy was 83.38%. Junagadh has relatively low to medium housing and land costs in comparison to cities like Rajkot . The city is rapidly expanding, and available land inside the city limits is now limited. Total area under slums
372-594: A Hindu family and who had converted to Islam before becoming Delhi Sultanate's army commander, a favorite of Alauddin Khalji. In 1311, Alauddin ordered a massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate wherein between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongol settlers, who had recently converted to Islam, were killed after Khalji suspected them of plotting an uprising against him. Alauddin Khalji died in January 1316. Thereafter,
465-513: A good network of street lights. There is a total of 12,545 tube lights and 1523 central sodium street lights . A Solar power project has been approved for Narsinh Mehta Sarovar. Junagadh is connected to Rajkot , Ahmedabad , and Veraval by National Highway 8D (NH8D). The city is connected to Mount Girnar by road, as well as to Bilkha and the Sasan Gir Lion Sanctuary in the south. Junagadh City Bypass on NH8D obviates
558-601: A language similar to Pali and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there is a later inscription in Sanskrit , which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I , the Saka ( Scythian ) ruler of Malwa , and a member of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty, and which has been described as "the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent". Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to Skandagupta ,
651-542: A long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration, Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax ( kharaj or mal ) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class. Within Sultanate's capital city of Delhi, during Alauddin Khalji's reign, at least half of
744-529: A mountain range called Girnar which is a place of pilgrimage for Hinduism and Jainism . Talukas of Junagadh are Junagadh City, Bhesan subdistrict, Junagadh Rural, Keshod - in this taluka only one Ari-port on this entire JUNAGADH district, Malia, Manavadar, Mangrol, Mendarda, Vanthali, and Visavadar. Junagadh is well connected by road and railway networks. It is about 100 km from Rajkot and 350 km from Ahmedabad . National highway 8D connects Junagadh to Rajkot via Jetpur. Junagadh railway station
837-426: A population density of 310 inhabitants per square kilometre (800/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 12.01%. Junagadh has a sex ratio of 952 females for every 1000 males. It had a literacy rate of 67.7% in 2001 which increased to a literacy rate of 76.88% in 2011. The divided district has a population of 1,525,605, of which 573,403 (37.59%) lived in urban areas. Junagadh had
930-440: A rebellion; At the same time, he confiscated all landed property from his courtiers and officers. Revenue assignments to Muslim jagirdars were also cancelled and the revenue was collected by the central administration. Henceforth, state Kulke and Rothermund, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion." Alauddin Khalji taxation methods and increased taxes reduced agriculture output and
1023-510: A sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 151,971 (9.96%) and 37,810 (2.48%) of the population respectively. Hindus are 1,348,315 (88.38%) and Muslims 170,338 (11.17%) of the population respectively. Gujarati was the predominant language, spoken by 97.44% of the population. Junagadh contains the Gir Forest National Park , which is the only home to Asiatic lions . Mount Girnar
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#17327721061781116-519: A short time to Idar and was replaced by Syad Dilerkhan. The last of the faujdar s was Sherkhan Babi, who became independent and assumed the title of Nawab Bahadur Khan. In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the Mughal governor of Gujarat Subah , founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha Gaekwad dynasty . Babi founded
1209-444: A tax on standing crop, so as to fill sultanate granaries. His officers enforced tax payment by beating up middlemen responsible for rural tax collection. Furthermore, Alauddin Khalji demanded, state Kulke and Rothermund, from his "wise men in the court" to create "rules and regulations in order to grind down the common man, so as to reduce them to abject poverty and deprive them of wealth and any form of surplus property that could foster
1302-521: Is Gujarati . Others are Hindi and Sindhi . A small community of African origin, known as "Siddis", resides in and around the Gir Sanctuary, but some of them have moved to the city. There are around 8816 Siddi in the state and 65% of them reside in Junagadh. Swaminarayan Hinduism is also widely followed in the city. There are two Swaminarayan temples in the city: the old temple is managed by
1395-527: Is 19.5 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi) (14.5% of the total municipal area) and the total slum population accounts for around 25% of the total population. The religions represented in Junagadh includes Hindus , Muslims , Jains , Christians, and Buddhists . Among these Hindus are the majority and Muslims are the largest minority group. Jains and Christians are present in considerable numbers. Sikhs and Parsis are very few in number. There are Tibetan migrants who practice Buddhism. The main language group
1488-537: Is also credited with construction of the stepwells Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav in the fort. His descendant Khengara is attributed with building a stepwell, Ra Khengar Vav , on the way to Vanthali from Junagadh. Sultan Mahmud Begada changed the name of Junagadh to Mustafabad and built the fortifications around the town and the mosque in Uparkot Fort. Under the Gujarat Sultanate , Junagadh
1581-538: Is also declared a forest reserve for bamboo. Girnari Giddh, the long-billed vultures, are found only on Girnar, as the Girnar region alone accounts for about 25 per cent of the species and about 10 per cent of the total vulture population in the Gujarat state. Educational and research institutions in the district include: Khalji dynasty The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was a Turco-Afghan dynasty that ruled
1674-420: Is also well connected with Rajkot, Ahmedabad. It is in the city area. Junagadh also has an airport at Keshod which has limited connectivity with Mumbai . The district has a long shoreline and has ports including Veraval , Mangrol , and Chorwad. However, it has limited use other than the fishery industry. As of October 2011, the government of India had given its approval for a ropeway on Mount and in 2021 it
1767-670: Is credited with the early Indo-Mohammedan architecture, a style and construction campaign that flourished during Tughlaq dynasty . Among works completed during Khalji dynasty, are Alai Darwaza - the southern gateway of Qutb complex enclosure, the Idgah at Rapri, and the Jamat Khana Masjid in Delhi. The Alai Darwaza, completed in 1311, was included as part of Qutb Minar and its Monuments UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. Perso-Arabic inscriptions on monuments have been traced to
1860-552: Is home to Junagadh Agricultural University . Junagadh district The district is located on the Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat. It is surrounded by Rajkot district (north), Porbandar District (north-west), and Amreli district (east). To the south and west is the Arabian Sea . Porbandar was earlier a part of this district, before the Porbandar district was carved out of Junagadh district. Junagadh has
1953-677: Is located at 21°31′N 70°28′E / 21.52°N 70.47°E / 21.52; 70.47 at the foot of Mount Girnar , with the Arabian sea to the southwest, Porbandar to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of 107 metres (351 ft). Junagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are
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#17327721061782046-442: Is within the recommended limit, of 400 grams (14 oz) per capita, per day, for domestic waste. The waste is collected by deploying 400 wheel barrows (six containers) as per supreme court guidelines and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) rule 2000. The municipal council has set up 800 community bins for solid waste collection. It covers 90% of city area. Junagadh's drainage system is 62 kilometres (39 mi) long but it serves only 67% of
2139-632: The Babi Dynasty of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh—who were Babi or Babai pashtuns from Afghanistan —conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of Marathas , and later under the suzerainty of the British, who granted the honor of a 13- gun salute . In 1807, Junagadh State became a British protectorate . The East India Company took control of
2232-669: The Delhi Sultanate for three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate which covered large swaths of the Indian subcontinent . It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji . The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan origin whose ancestors, the Khalaj , are said to have been initially a Turkic people who migrated together with the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into
2325-518: The Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the regional commissioner of Saurashtra in the government of India to this effect. The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene. A plebiscite was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan's claims were based on the logic of
2418-531: The Gupta Empire , established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of the 5th century. The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled Saurashtra from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers, so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in
2511-746: The Hoysala Empire south of the Krishna River and raided Madurai in Tamil Nadu. He then looted the treasury in capitals and from the temples of south India. Among these loots was the Warangal loot that included one of the largest known diamond in human history, the Koh-i-Noor . Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with loot and war booty from Deccan peninsula which he submitted to Alauddin Khalji. This made Malik Kafur, born in
2604-1046: The Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). Other national parties are the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Communist Party of India , and the Nationalist Congress Party . Regional parties active in Junagadh are the Mahagujarat Janta Party, the Samata Party , and the Republic Party of India. Junagadh has 194,196 registered voters, of which 100,050 are male and 94,146 female. Junagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in
2697-516: The Khalji dynasty of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, Mandalika III , was defeated and forcibly converted to Islam in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada , who annexed the state. The Uparkot Fort of Junagadh was occupied by the Chudasamas during the reign of Graharipu . It is said to have been later rebuilt by Navaghana , who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He
2790-607: The Vadtal diocese and the new temple is managed by Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha . The city is divided into the main city, which is centered on Mahatma Gandhi (M.G.) Road and Kalwa Chowk; Gandhigram; Zanzarda Road; Talaw Darwaza; the bus stand; Sakkar Baug; Timbawadi; Joshipara; and Girnar Taleti. The city is administered by the Junagadh Municipal Corporation. The politics of Junagadh city has always been closely contested between
2883-408: The mandi and had the power to seize anyone trying to buy or sell anything at a price different from the official controlled prices. Those found violating these mandi rules were severely punished, such as by cutting out their flesh. Taxes collected in form of seized crops and grains were stored in sultanate's granaries. Over time, farmers quit farming for income and shifted to subsistence farming,
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2976-456: The 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate. Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years. The Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to the INC,
3069-458: The 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by the Chudasama ruler Graharipu in 976 CE. The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years. Within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of Uparkot Fort is an inscription with fourteen Edicts of Ashoka on a large boulder . The inscriptions are in Brahmi script in
3162-629: The Afghans. Also, stating that "at that time they were not perceived as Turks or Mongols . Contemporary historians clearly distinguish the Khaljis from the Turks" The Khalaj are, according to Doerfer , perhaps of Sogdians who were Turkicized. These Khalaj were later Afghanized and are believed to be the ancestors of Ghilzai/Ghilji Pashtuns. According to C. E. Bosworth, the Ghilzai, who make up
3255-603: The BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%. The Mayor, Deputy Mayor has terms of 2 and a half years. Junagadh's population of 452000 requires 30 million litres (6,600,000 imp gal; 7,900,000 US gal) of water per day, which is supplied through 25,000 tap connections to three major surface water sources, namely Aanandpur Weir, Hasanapur Dam, and Wellingdon Dam, as well as to 32 wells. Junagadh has more than 1000 hand pumps and 200 stand posts situated throughout
3348-645: The Ghori family reigned independently at Junagadh, though still owing a nominal allegiance to the successive Sultans at Ahmadabad. This state of affairs continued until the first conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal emperor Akbar , when Aminkhan Ghori had succeeded his father Tatarkhan at Junagadh. When the Portuguese took over the ports of Diu and Daman in the 16th century, a fifteen-foot cannon, made in Egypt in 1531,
3441-454: The Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of Emperor Akbar to Agra in 1573, after the defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to
3534-566: The Horse). At the beginning of his reign, defeated a major Mongol invasion, at the Battle of Jaran-Manjur (1298) . The victory consolidated Alauddin's power and prestige, thus stabilizing his position on the throne of Delhi. To secure a route to Gujarat's trading ports, Ayn al-Mulk Multani was sent to conquer the Paramara kingdom of Malwa . Its Rai defended it with a large Rajput army, but he
3627-718: The Kashmir annexation, and not on the plebiscite, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India. Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of Bombay state . In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat , in which Junagadh was located. In 2020, Pakistan's government has maintained and revived its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with Manavadar and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map. Junagadh city
3720-636: The Khalaj among the Oghuz Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks". Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's Jahan-nama explicitly describes them as Turkic, although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to
3813-650: The Khalji dynasty era. Historians have questioned the reliability of historical accounts about the Khalji dynasty. Genuine primary sources and historical records from 1260 to 1349 period have not been found. One exception is the short chapter on Delhi Sultanate from 1302 to 1303 AD by Wassaf in Persia, which is duplicated in Jami al-Tawarikh , and which covers the Balban rule, start of Jalal-ud-din Chili's rule and circumstances of
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3906-628: The Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state. As per the legend, the founder of the Ror Dynasty Raja Dhaj, Ror Kumar, also known as Rai Dyach , ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC. An early structure, Uparkot Fort , is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the Mauryan dynasty by Chandragupta . The fort remained in use until
3999-652: The Sultanate witnessed massive inflation. In order to compensate for salaries that he had cut and fixed for Muslim officials and soldiers, Alauddin introduced price controls on all agriculture produce, goods, livestocks and slaves in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these could be sold. Markets called shahana-i-mandi were created. Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these mandi to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Alauddin deployed an extensive network of Munhiyans (spies, secret police) who would monitor
4092-795: The Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. However, the Jahan-nama describes them as "tribe of Turks" going through a language shift , speaking the Khalaj dialect, which was summarized by V. Minorsky. Khaljis were vassals of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi and served the Sultan of Delhi, Ghiyas ud din Balban , as a minor part of the Muslim nobility. The last major Turkic ruler, Balban, in his struggle to maintain power over his insubordinate Turkish officers, destroyed
4185-746: The banks of the Sind River in central India with the help of his nephew Juna Khan. In a plot by his nephew, Jalaluddin was assassinated by Muhammad Salim of Samana, Punjab . Alauddin Khalji was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din. He raided the Deccan peninsula and Deogiri - then the capital of the state of Maharashtra, looting their treasure. He returned to Delhi in 1296, murdered Jalal-ud-din and assumed power as Sultan. He would appoint his allies such as Zafar Khan (Minister of War), Nusrat Khan (Wazir of Delhi), Ayn al-Mulk Multani , Malik Kafur , Malik Tughlaq, and Malik Nayk (Master of
4278-596: The cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589–90. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591–92 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during
4371-433: The city drawing from groundwater sources. In January 2004, Junagadh city increased its area from 13.47 square kilometres (5.20 sq mi) to 57 square kilometres (22 sq mi) by annexing eight grampanchayats and one municipality. The newly acquired area has its own groundwater supply system of bore wells . The city generates approximately 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of solid waste daily, which
4464-624: The coup known as the Khalji Revolution by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji . Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. Jalaluddin succeeded in overcoming the opposition of the Turkish nobles and ascended the throne of Delhi in January 1290. Jalal-ud-din was not universally accepted: during his six-year reign (1290–96), Balban's nephew revolted due to his assumption of power and
4557-429: The establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district. Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh. Junagadh is an education hub where people from nearby towns and villages come to study. Schools in Junagadh are either municipal schools run by
4650-420: The first mahant (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years. During the period just before the independence and partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the 562 princely states that had existed outside British India , but under British suzerainty , were given the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or to remaining apart. Although
4743-633: The first ruler of the Tughluq dynasty . Alauddin Khalji changed the tax policies to strengthen his treasury to help pay the keep of his growing army and fund his wars of expansion. He raised agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% – payable in grain and agricultural produce (or cash), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him; he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars in his kingdom. Regarding
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#17327721061784836-535: The general food supply worsened in north India, shortages increased and Delhi Sultanate witnessed increasingly worse and extended periods of famines. The Sultan banned private storage of food by anyone. Rationing system was introduced by Alauddin as shortages multiplied; however, the nobility and his army were exempt from the per family quota-based food rationing system. During these famines, Khalji's sultanate granaries and wholesale mandi system with price controls ensured sufficient food for his army, court officials and
4929-577: The help and forces of Koli chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar. After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors, the Vaghela dynasty , in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the Delhi Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate . Mandalika I was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions, and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by
5022-407: The help of generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusraw Khan, collecting large war booty ( Anwatan ) from those they defeated. His commanders collected war spoils from conquered kingdoms and paid khums (one fifth) on ghanima (booty collected during war) to Sultan's treasury, which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Alauddin Khalji reigned for 20 years. He conquered Rajputana , attacking and seizing
5115-448: The imperial domain. Sardarkhan also distinguished himself as faujdar of Sorath, both by the firmness of his rule and by his construction (1681, AH 1092) of the Sardar Baug (palace) and excavation of the Sardar Talav (main gate). He built a mausoleum for himself in the Sardar Baug, but he died at Thatta , in Sindh, and is said to have been buried there and not at Junagadh. He was faujdar from about 1666 to 1686, but in 1670 he went for
5208-464: The last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut Buddhist caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also the Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the Bava Pyara Caves south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both Buddhism and Jainism . The Maitraka dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under
5301-404: The late 9th century by Chudachandra . Subsequent rulers such as Graharipu , Navaghana , and Khengara , were in conflict with the Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja ; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. In 1350, Junagadh was conquered by Muhammad bin Tughluq with
5394-407: The latter part of Sultan Mahmud's reign, the seat of government was moved from Junagadh to Diu owing to the importance of that island as a naval station and to check the ravages of the Portuguese. Tatarkhan Ghori was left at Junagadh by Malik Eiaz who himself resided at Diu. After the disgrace and death of Malik Eiaz, Tatarkhan Ghori became independent at Junagadh; and after the death of Sultan Bahadur,
5487-557: The loyalty of the amirs and the Malik clan he offered Ghazi Malik the position of army commander in the Punjab. Others were given a choice between various offices and death. After ruling in his own name for less than four years, Mubarak Shah was murdered in 1320 by one of his generals, Khusraw Khan . Amirs persuaded Ghazi Malik, who was still army commander in the Punjab, to lead a coup. Ghazi Malik's forces marched on Delhi, captured Khusraw Khan, and beheaded him. Upon becoming sultan, Ghazi Malik renamed himself Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , becoming
5580-410: The main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout. Junagadh's soil is similar to that of the rest of Junagadh district. It is deep- to medium-black coastal alluvium, due to its proximity to the sea, long shoreline, and nearby mountain ridge. Because of many fault lines in the vicinity, Junagadh is in a seismically active zone . Junagadh lies in
5673-426: The majority of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, are the modern result of the Khalaj assimilation into the Pashtuns . Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not. Minorsky argues that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name Khalaj is still to be proved. Mahmud al-Kashgari (11th century) does not include
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#17327721061785766-656: The military, historians states the standing army of sultanate during Khilji dynasty consist of 300,000-400,000 horse cavalry and 2500-3000 war elephant . Which is smaller than its successor state, the Tughlaq dynasty , which recorded to possess a standing army of 500,000 cavalry. Alauddin Khalji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate - jizya (poll tax), kharaj (land tax), kari (house tax), and chari (pasture tax). He also decreed that his Delhi-based revenue officers assisted by local Muslim jagirdars , khuts , mukkadims , chaudharis and zamindars seize by force half of all produce any farmer generates, as
5859-411: The mineral-based cement industry, agriculture-based industries, and the power sector. The presence of large reserves of limestone makes the cement industry a thriving industrial sector. Major crops produced in the district are wheat, oil seeds, cotton, mangoes, bananas, onions, and brinjal (eggplant). The total production of oilseeds in Junagadh in 2006–07 was 464,400 metric tons, which was the highest in
5952-423: The municipal council or private schools run by trusts or individuals, which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board , the Central Board of Secondary Education , or the International General Certificate of Secondary Education . English and Gujarati are the predominant languages of instruction. The city
6045-420: The nawab's accession to Pakistan. The Indian government pointed out that the state was 96% Hindu, and called for a plebiscite to decide the question of accession. India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad, which had acceded to India. Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite, subject to
6138-490: The need for through-traffic to enter the city. Ferguson Bridge connects the parts of the city on either side of the Kalwo River. Another bridge spans the Sonrakh River in the northern outskirts of the city. Rickshaws are the generally preferred mode of transportation. The Girnar ropeway is a aerial tramway located in Bhavnath locality of Junagadh city. Due to its mountainous geography and forest reserves, Junagadh lacks major industries or plants. The main economic sectors are
6231-564: The population were slaves working as servants, concubines and guards for the Muslim nobles, amirs, court officials and commanders. Slavery in India during the Khalji dynasty, and later Islamic dynasties, included two groups of people - persons seized during military campaigns, and people who defaulted on their taxes. The institution of slavery and bondage labor became pervasive during the Khalji dynasty; male slaves were referred to as banda , qaid , ghulam , or burdah , while female slaves were called bandi , kaniz or laundi . Alauddin Khalji
6324-424: The power of the Forty . However this indirectly damaged the Turkish integrity of the nobility, which had opposed the power of the non-Turks. This left them vulnerable to the Khalji faction, which took power through a series of assassinations. One by one the Mamluk officers were murdered, and the last ruler of the Turkic Mamluk dynasty - the 17-year old Muiz ud din Qaiqabad - was killed in the Kailu-gheri Palace during
6417-474: The region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$ 975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of Dahej . Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost
6510-405: The siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial faujdar s (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad. The first faujdar of Junagad was Naurang Khan and, next, Syad Kasim. The most famous were (1) Mirzah Isa Tarkhan (2) Kutb ud din Kheshgi, and (3) Sardarkhan. Of these Mirzah Isa Tarkhan ruled Sorath from about 1633–34 to 1642, when he
6603-434: The south-western end of Gujarat , had no common border with Pakistan – chose to accede to Pakistan, ignoring Mountbatten's views and arguing that Junagadh could access Pakistan by sea. The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh — Mangrol and Babariawad — reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the nawab's forces militarily occupied
6696-546: The southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis . According to R.S. Chaurasia, the Khaljis slowly inherited many Afghan habits and customs, and that they were treated as Afghans by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate. Even to the point where Turkic nobles in the Delhi Sultanate opposed Jalal-ud-din's ascension to
6789-589: The state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British, who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred princely states , which remained in existence until 1947. The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states. The Shri Swaminarayan Mandir temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. Swaminarayan appointed Gunatitanand Swami as
6882-410: The state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory. Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district. Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in
6975-420: The states of Jaisalmer (1299) , Ranthambhor (1301) , Chittorgarh (1303), Malwa(1305) , he also conquered Gujarat and plundered the wealthy state of Devagiri during his raids in the south. He also withstood two Mongol raids. Alauddin was also known for his cruelty against attacked kingdoms after wars. Historians note him as a tyrant, and that anyone Alauddin Khalji suspected of being a threat to this power
7068-435: The states were theoretically free to choose, Earl Mountbatten stated that "geographic compulsions" meant that most of them would choose India. Mountbatten took the position that only states that shared a common border with Pakistan should choose to accede to it, but he had no power to impose this point of view on the states. On 15 September 1947, Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh – which, although located at
7161-458: The subsequent sidelining of nobility and commanders serving the Mamluk dynasty. Jalal-ud-din suppressed the revolt and executed some commanders, then led an unsuccessful expedition against Ranthambhor . Jalal-ud-din used an Afghan enclave in the suburb of Delhi, Kilokhri, as his de facto capital. He also repelled several Mongol attacks on India and was successful in destroying a Mongol force on
7254-521: The succession of Alauddin Khalji. A semi-fictional poetry ( mathnawi ) by Yamin al-Din Abul Hasan, also known as Amir Khusrau , is full of adulation for his employer, the reigning Sultan. Khusrau's adulation-filled narrative poetry has been used as a source of Khalji dynasty history, but this is a disputed source. Three historical sources, composed 30 to 115 years after the end of Khalji dynasty, are considered more independent but also questioned given
7347-631: The sultanate witnessed chaos, coup and succession of assassinations. Malik Kafur became the sultan but lacked support from the amirs and was killed within a few months. Over the next three years following Malik Kafur's death, another three sultans assumed power violently and/or were killed in coups. First, the amirs installed a six-year-old named Shihab-ud-din Omar as sultan and his teenage brother, Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah , as regent. Qutb killed his younger brother and appointed himself sultan; to win over
7440-532: The task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented the confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare. During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused
7533-493: The throne of Delhi after the Khalji Revolution . According to The New Cambridge History of Islam in the thirteenth century the Khalji were regarded as a separate people distinct from the Turks. The so-called “Khalji revolution” was the transfer of power from a Turkish ruling elite to a non-Turkish one. André Wink however, states that Khaljis were a Turkicized group and remnants of early Indo-European nomads such as Kushans , Hephthalites, and Sakas who later merged with
7626-474: The total area and 60% of the population. The Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (P.G.V.C.L.), a state-run electricity company, provides electric power. Telecom service is provided mainly by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L.); other service providers include Reliance and Tata . Cell-phone coverage is extensive and the main service providers are Vodafone , B.S.N.L., Airtel , Idea , and Tata Docomo . B.S.N.L. also provides broadband service. The city has
7719-557: The two states. Rulers of other neighbouring states reacted angrily, sent troops to the Junagadh frontier, and appealed to the government of India for assistance. A group of Junagadhis, led by Samaldas Gandhi , formed a government-in-exile, the Aarzi Hukumat ("temporary government"). India asserted that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and, believing that if Junagadh was permitted to accede to Pakistan communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen, refused to accept
7812-413: The urban population in Delhi. Price controls instituted by Khalji reduced prices, but also lowered wages to a point where ordinary people did not benefit from the low prices. The price control system collapsed shortly after the death of Alauddin Khalji, with prices of various agriculture products and wages doubling to quadrupling within a few years. The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had
7905-480: The village called Khalilpur. The Sultan also installed Bhupatsingh, the son of the last Chudasama king, Mandalika III, in Junagadh as a jagirdar (feudal lord). The jagir allotted to Bhupatsingh was the Sil Bagasra Chovisi; and his descendants were known as Raizada . They continued to rule there. Bhupatsingh was succeeded by his son Khengar. After the accession of Sultan Muzafar, and indeed during
7998-399: The winter, they range from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F). From June to September the city is drained by the southwest monsoon. Rainfall averages 800 to 1,200 millimetres (31 to 47 in) annually. The greatest rainfall in a calendar year—2,800 millimetres (110 in)—was recorded in 1983. As of the 2011 census , Junagadh municipality had a population of 319,462. The municipality had
8091-400: The withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected. On 26 October, the nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes between Junagadhi and Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the government of India to take over the state's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto , the father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , decided to invite
8184-564: Was abandoned by a Turkish admiral opposing the Portuguese forces at Diu, which is now at Uparkot Fort. In 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath remained independent under
8277-418: Was appointed viceroy of Gujarat. On this occasion he left his son Inayat Ullah as faujdar at Junagadh while he himself conducted the government of Gujarat from its capital, Ahmedabad. In Mirzah Isa Tarkhan's time the fortifications of Junagadh were entirely repaired. Kutb ud din was another faujdar , and his tenure of office lasted from about 1653 to 1666. In about 1664, he conquered Navanagar and annexed it to
8370-501: Was completed and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . In the past, helicopter service was available for Mount Girnar but it is now discontinued. According to the 2011 census Junagadh district has a population of 2,743,082, roughly equal to the nation of Jamaica or the US state of Utah . This gives it a ranking of 142nd in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has
8463-483: Was defeated by Multani who became the governor of the province. Then in 1299 Nusrat Khan was sent to conquer Gujarat itself, where he defeated its Solanki king. Nusrat Khan plundered its chief cities and sacked its temples, such as the famous temple of Somnath which had been rebuilt in the twelfth century. It was here where Nusrat Khan captured Malik Kafur who would later become a military general. Alauddin continued expanding Delhi Sultanate into South India, with
8556-401: Was governed by an official, styled thanadar (commander), appointed directly by Ahmedabad. This official collected the tribute and revenue of the crown domain. The first thanadar was Tatar Khan, an adopted son of the Sultan and after him Mirza Khalil, the eldest son of the Sultan who afterwards succeeded him under the title of Sultan Muzaffar. Prince Khalil during his tenure of office founded
8649-456: Was killed, along with the women and children of that family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to fears of an uprising. He also killed his own family members and nephews, in 1299–1300, after he suspected them of rebellion, by first gouging out their eyes and then beheading them. In 1308, Alauddin's lieutenant, Malik Kafur captured Warangal , overthrew
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