77-900: (Redirected from On Leong ) Chinese-American fraternal organization [REDACTED] The landmark On Leong Merchants Association Building in Chinatown, Manhattan (曼哈頓華埠) On Leong Chinese Merchants Association Traditional Chinese 安良工商會 Simplified Chinese 安良工商会 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Ānliáng Gōngshāng Huì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping on1 loeng4 gung1 soeng1 wui2 The On Leong Chinese Merchants Association ( traditional Chinese : 安良工商會 ; simplified Chinese : 安良工商会 ; Jyutping : on1 loeng4 gung1 soeng1 wui2 ), or simply Chinese Merchants Association , formerly known as
154-475: A monopoly on the cigar trade. It has been speculated that it may have been Ah Ken who kept a small boarding house on lower Mott Street and rented out bunks to the first Chinese immigrants to arrive in Chinatown. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $ 100 per month, that he was able to open his Park Row smoke shop around which modern-day Chinatown would grow. In 1873,
231-669: A Famous Street (1931). In the 1850s, the California Gold Rush brought a wave of Chinese immigration to the United States. Approximately 25,000 Chinese immigrants left their homes in search for gam saan ("gold mountain") in California. In New York, immigrants found work as "cigar men" or carrying billboards , and Ah Ken's particular success encouraged cigar makers William Longford, John Occoo, and John Ava to also ply their trade in Chinatown, eventually forming
308-521: A change of −4,531 (−9.5%) from the 52,375 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 332.27 acres (134.46 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 144 inhabitants per acre (92,000/sq mi; 36,000/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 16.3% (7,817) White , 4.8% (2,285) African American , 0.1% (38) Native American , 63.9% (30,559) Asian , 0% (11) Pacific Islander , 0.2% (75) from other races , and 1.3% (639) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.4% (6,420) of
385-508: A few Italians and African Americans than Chinatown's western section. During the 1970s and 1980s, the eastern portion of Chinatown east of the Bowery was a very quiet section, and despite fears of crime, it was seen as attractive because of the availability of vacant affordable apartments. Chinese female garment workers were especially targets of crime and often left work together to protect each other as they were heading home. In May 1985,
462-546: A gang-related shooting injured seven people, including a 4-year-old boy, at 30 East Broadway in Chinatown. Two males, who were 15 and 16 years old and were members of a Chinese street gang, were arrested and convicted. Many Chinese Vietnamese , Laotian Chinese , Chinese Cambodians , and Malaysian Chinese immigrants also settled into the neighborhood as well. Starting in the 1970s, Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese immigrants and then many other Non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants also were arriving into New York City. However, due to
539-1123: A governing body named the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association . Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the On Leong and Hip Sing tongs. Much of the Chinese gang warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the Ghost Shadows and Flying Dragons were prevalent until the 1990s. The Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattan's Chinatown. The On Leong and its affiliate Ghost Shadows were of Cantonese and Toishan descent, and controlled Mott, Bayard, Canal , and Mulberry Streets. The Flying Dragons and its affiliate Hip Sing also of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Doyers, Pell, Bowery , Grand , and Hester Streets. Other Chinese gangs also existed, like
616-446: A lesser probability of subletting over capacity—most of whom are long-time Cantonese residents—it is usually harder for the newer landlords to be able to force these tenants out, especially including the western portion of Chinatown, which is still mainly Cantonese populated. However, newer landlords still continuously try find other loopholes to force them out. By 2009, many newer Chinese immigrants settled along East Broadway instead of
693-543: A little bit of remaining Italians in the very northwest portion around Grand Street and Broome Street, which eventually all moved away and became all Chinese by the 1990s. Although the portion of Chinatown that is east of the Bowery—which is considered part of the Lower East Side already started developing as being part of Chinatown since the influx of Chinese immigrants started spilling over into that section since
770-545: A lot of trouble relating to the neighborhood linguistically and culturally and as a result, they settled on the eastern borderline of Manhattan's Chinatown east of The Bowery, which during that time was more of an overlapping population of Chinese, Puerto Ricans, and Jewish as well as had significant vacant apartment units and were more affordable than in the more Mandarin-speaking enclaves in Flushing and Elmhurst, and many Fuzhou immigrants had no legal status and being forced into
847-467: A mixture of clan associations, landsman's associations, political alliances ( Kuomintang (Nationalists) vs Chinese Communist Party ), and more secretly, crime syndicates . The associations started to give protection from anti-Chinese harassment. Each of these associations was aligned with a street gang . The associations were a source of assistance to new immigrants , giving out loans , aiding in starting businesses, and so forth. The associations formed
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#1732780598041924-679: A successful cigar store on Park Row . He first arrived around 1858 in New York City, where he was "probably one of those Chinese mentioned in gossip of the sixties [1860s] as peddling 'awful' cigars at three cents apiece from little stands along the City Hall park fence – offering a paper spill and a tiny oil lamp as a lighter", according to author Alvin Harlow in Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of
1001-567: Is 48% in Community District 3, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 3 is considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010. The New York City Department of City Planning released updated 2020 census data on
1078-706: Is a destination for tour companies like Manhattan Walking Tour, Big Onion, NYC Chinatown Tours, and Lower East Side History Project . Tour stops often include landmarks like the Church of the Transfiguration and the Lin Zexu and Confucius statues. The enclave's many restaurants also support the tourism industry. In Chinatown, more than 300 Chinese restaurants provide employment. Notable and well-reviewed Chinatown establishments include Joe's Shanghai , Jing Fong, New Green Bo and Amazing 66. Other contributors to
1155-594: Is a result of many Cantonese residents migrating to these neighborhoods. Bensonhurst carries the majority of Brooklyn's Cantonese enclaves/population. Originally, the Sunset Park Chinatown was a small satellite of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown, but since the 2000s, Cantonese speakers in Brooklyn have been largely shifting to and concentrating in Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest while
1232-499: Is also a densely populated neighborhood, with over 141,000 residents living in its vicinity encompassing 1.7 square miles, "of which 28.1% identified as Asian" in 2023. Historically, Chinatown was primarily populated by Cantonese speakers. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, large numbers of Fuzhounese -speaking immigrants also arrived and formed a sub-neighborhood annexed to the eastern portion of Chinatown east of The Bowery , which has become known as Little Fuzhou subdivided away from
1309-638: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Chinatown Manhattan Manhattan 's Chinatown is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan , New York City , bordering the Lower East Side to its east, Little Italy to its north, Civic Center to its south, and Tribeca to its west. With an estimated population of 90,000 to 100,000 people, Chinatown
1386-585: Is home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere . Manhattan's Chinatown is also one of the oldest Chinese ethnic enclaves . The Manhattan Chinatown is one of nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City , as well as one of twelve in the New York metropolitan area , which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017. Chinatown
1463-574: Is on Canal Street between Mott and Bowery. There are many Asian and American banks in the neighborhood. Canal Street, west of Broadway (especially on the Northside), is filled with street vendors selling knock-off brands of perfumes, watches, and handbags. This section of Canal Street was previously the home of warehouse stores selling surplus/salvage electronics and hardware. In addition, tourism and restaurants are major industries. The district boasts many historical and cultural attractions, and it
1540-573: Is patrolled by the 5th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Although a New York Business Improvement District has been identified for support, Chinatown has no officially defined borders. The following streets are commonly considered the approximate borders: The historic core of Chinatown is bounded by Chatham Square/Bowery, Worth, Baxter, and Canal. Mott (south of Canal), Mulberry, Bayard, Pell, Doyers, and Worth were settled by Chinese immigrants starting in
1617-575: Is technically considered a part of Manhattan's Chinatown, albeit now developing a separate identity of its own. A new and rapidly growing Chinese community in East Harlem , Uptown Manhattan , nearly tripled in population between the years 2000 and 2010, according to U.S. Census figures. This neighborhood has been described as the precursor to a new satellite Chinatown within Manhattan itself, which upon acknowledged formation would represent
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#17327805980411694-587: Is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them. Although Min Chinese , especially the Fuzhou dialect , is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min. As the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx has shifted to Brooklyn in the 2000s, Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese population remains viable and large and successfully continues to retain its stable Cantonese community identity, maintaining
1771-650: The Brooklyn Chinatown in the Sunset Park section of Brooklyn . This shift replaces the Cantonese population throughout Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown significantly more rapidly than in Manhattan's Chinatown. Gentrification in Manhattan's Chinatown has slowed the growth of Fuzhou immigration as well as the growth of Chinese immigrants to Manhattan in general, which is why New York City's rapidly growing Chinese population has now shifted primarily to
1848-593: The East Coast cities in search of employment. Early businesses in East Coast cities included hand laundries and restaurants . Chinatown started on Mott, Park (now Mosco), Pell, and Doyers Streets, east of the notorious Five Points district. By 1870 there was a Chinese population of 200. By 1882, when the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. In 1900,
1925-528: The East Village , and the Lower East Side . Community District 3 had 171,103 residents as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 25% are between 45 and 64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents
2002-481: The New York metropolitan area as well as tourists. In addition, high-income professionals are moving into the area and patronizing Chinese businesses. However, commercial activity is not concentrated evenly through Chinatown. The western half of Chinatown (the original Cantonese Chinatown), known as Little Hong Kong/Guangdong , is still relatively active. However, the eastern/southern part of Chinatown, known as Little Fuzhou , has become primarily residential, and thus,
2079-598: The On Leong Tong ( Chinese : 安良堂 ; pinyin : Ānliáng Táng ; lit. 'Peaceful and Good Hall'), is a tong society operating out of its territory at the intersection of Canal Street and Mott Street in Chinatown, Manhattan (曼哈頓華埠) . Established in November 1893, the tong fought a violent war for control of Chinatown's rackets and businesses with the Hip Sing Tong . In recent years,
2156-495: The 1870s. The local branch of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was founded at 10 Chatham Square in 1883 and later moved to the building at 16 Mott Street, now considered the "City Hall of Chinatown". The Manhattan Chinatown is one of nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City , as well as one of twelve in the New York metropolitan area , which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, enumerating an estimated 779,269 individuals as of 2013;
2233-440: The 1960s, however until the 1980s, it was still not developing as quickly as the western portion of Chinatown because the proportion and concentration of Chinese residents in the eastern section during that time was comparatively growing at a slower rate and being more scattered than the western section in addition to the fact that there was a higher proportion of remaining non-Chinese residents consisting of Jewish, Puerto Ricans, and
2310-492: The 1980s and 1990s were entering into a Chinese community that was extremely Cantonese dominated. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown as a result, causing many of them to resort to crimes. There was a lot of Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Chinatown. In 2000, most of Chinatown's residents came from Asia. That year,
2387-401: The 1990s, when a large influx of immigrants from Fuzhou, who largely also spoke Mandarin along with their native Fuzhou dialect began moving into New York City , they were the only exceptional group of Chinese that were non-Cantonese to largely settle into Manhattan's Chinatown. Due to the fact that the Chinatown area were mostly populated by Cantonese speakers, the Fuzhou speaking immigrants had
On Leong Chinese Merchants Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-473: The 2000s, newer Chinese immigrants have largely spoken Mandarin Chinese , the national language of China. A significant difference between the two separate Chinese provincial communities in Manhattan's Chinatown is that the Cantonese part of Chinatown not only serves Chinese customers but is also a tourist attraction. However, the Fuzhou part of Chinatown caters less to tourists. Bowery , Chrystie Street , Catherine Street , and Chatham Square encompass
2541-409: The 2010 census, a decrease of nearly 9% since 2000. By 2007, luxury condominiums began to spread from SoHo into Chinatown. Previously, Chinatown was noted for its crowded tenements and primarily Chinese residents. While some projects have targeted the Chinese community, the development of luxury housing has increased Chinatown's economic and cultural diversity. A 2021 N.Y.U Furman poll found that
2618-4481: The Americas v t e Organized crime groups in New York City Italian American Mafia Active The " Five Families ": Bonanno Colombo Gambino Genovese Lucchese Inactive or in decline Camorra in New York City D'Aquila crime family Five Points Gang Morello crime family Murder, Inc. New Springville Boys Purple Gang South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Irish Mob Inactive 19th Street Gang 40 Thieves Bowe Brothers Dead Rabbits The Ducky Boys Gopher Gang Grady Gang Hudson Dusters Kerryonians Marginals Patsy Conroy Gang Potashes Short Tails Rhodes Gang Roach Guards Swamp Angels Westies White Hand Gang Whyos Yakey Yakes Jewish-American organized crime Inactive Arnold Rothstein Bugsy Siegel Dutch Schultz Bugs and Meyer Mob Murder, Inc. Brooklyn Thrill Killers Eastman Gang Lenox Avenue Gang New York divorce coercion gang Yiddish Black Hand Zwi Migdal Howard Spira Russian mafia Inactive Evsei Agron's Bratva Marat Balagula's Bratva Potato Bag Gang Eastern and Southeastern European groups Velentzas Organization ( Greek ) The Greenpoint Crew ( Polish ) Rudaj Organization ( Albanian , inactive) Albanian Boys Outlaw motorcycle gangs Active Hells Angels Pagans Inactive Breed African-American groups Active Crips Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips United Blood Nation Nine Trey Gangsters Sex Money Murder Inactive Black Spades Bumpy Johnson's gang Casper Holstein's gang Frank Lucas's gang Frank Matthews' gang Nicky Barnes's Council Supreme Team Stephanie St. Clair's gang Hispanic-American groups Colombian drug cartels Medellín Cartel (inactive) Cali Cartel (inactive) Norte del Valle Cartel (inactive) Dominican gangs Dominicans Don't Play Trinitarios Jheri Curls (inactive) Puerto Rican gangs Latin Kings Ghetto Brothers Mau Maus (inactive) Ñetas Central American gangs 18th Street MS-13 Sur 13 South American gangs Tren de Aragua Chinese American groups Tongs Four Brothers Hip Sing Association On Leong Tong Gangs Flying Dragons Ghost Shadows White Tigers Continentals Foreign Triad gangs 14K Big Circle Gang Sister Ping 's Snakehead Other Asian American groups Born to Kill ( Vietnamese , inactive) Tiny Rascal Gang Other historical groups Atlantic Guards Batavia Street Gang Baxter Street Dudes Boodle Gang Broadway Mob Charlton Street Gang Cherry Hill Gang Chichesters Crazy Butch Gang Daybreak Boys Decepticons Dutch Mob Gas House Gang Honeymoon Gang Hook Gang Lenox Avenue Gang Molasses Gang Neighbors' Sons Savage Nomads Savage Skulls Shirt Tails Slaughter House Gang Tenth Avenue Gang Tub of Blood Bunch Bowery Boys Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Leong_Chinese_Merchants_Association&oldid=1231566337 " Categories : Chinese-American organizations Chinese-American culture in New York City Gangs in New York City Tongs (organizations) Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
2695-511: The Asian population of New York City. Manhattan's Chinatown has only 27,200 Asian residents, compared to the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Brooklyn (46,000); Sunset Park, Brooklyn (31,400); Flushing, Queens (54,200); and Elmhurst, Queens (55,800). Despite the more recently emerged large Fuzhou population, many of the Chinese businesses in Chinatown are still Cantonese owned. The Cantonese dominated western section of Chinatown also continues to be
2772-712: The Cantonese immigrants do come from different regions of the Guangdong province of China including Hong Kong . The long-time established Cantonese Community, which can be considered Little Hong Kong/Guang Dong or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan lies along Mott, Pell, Doyer, Bayard, Elizabeth, Mulberry, Canal, and Bowery Streets, within Manhattan's Chinatown. Newer satellite Little Guangdong-Hong Kong has started to emerge in sections of Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest in Brooklyn. However, there are more scattered and mixed in with other ethnic enclaves. This
2849-413: The Chinese population in the neighborhood. They also played a role in property values increasing quickly during the 1990s, in contrast to during the 1980s, when the housing prices were dropping. As a result, landlords were able to generate twice as much income in Manhattan's, Flushing's, and Brooklyn's Chinatowns. Since the 2010s, gentrification has been setting into the Chinatown neighborhood including
2926-1740: The Dragons Information on the history of Ghost Shadows, New York Times , May 11, 2003. MacIllwain, Jeffrey Scott. Organizing Crime in Chinatown: race and racketeering in New York City, 1890-1910 . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2004. ISBN 0-7864-1626-2 v t e Chinese American organizations List of Chinese American associations Bing Kong Tong Brooklyn Chinese-American Association Chinese American Citizens Alliance Chinese American Service League Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance Chinese Music Society of North America Chinese Staff and Workers' Association Chinese for Affirmative Action Committee of 100 Eng Suey Sun Association Gin Family Association Hip Sing Association Hop Sing Tong I Wor Kuen Kongsi Lin Sing Association New York Chinese School On Leong Chinese Merchants Association Organization of Chinese Americans Red Guard Party Soo Yuen Benevolent Association Suey Sing Association Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese Schools Ying On Association v t e Organized crime groups in
3003-571: The Fuzhou immigrants in the 1980s and early 1990s learned to speak Cantonese to maintain jobs and communicate with the Cantonese-speaking population in addition to the fact many of the earlier Fuzhou immigrants had lived in Hong Kong adapting into the Hong Kong culture and speaking Cantonese , which gave them better advantages to integrating into the Chinatown community as it was still very dominantly Cantonese speaking. However, since
3080-615: The Hung Ching, Henry Tai, and Chih Kung gangs of Cantonese and Toishan descent, which were affiliated with each other and also gained control of Mott Street. Born to Kill , also known as the Canal Boys , a gang composed almost entirely of Vietnamese immigrants from the Vietnam War under the leadership of David Thai had control over Broadway, Canal, Baxter, Centre , and Lafayette Streets. Fujianese gangs also existed, such as
3157-648: The Little Fuzhou enclave. Large numbers of Fuzhou speakers have been rapidly moving out of Manhattan's Chinatown with many shifting to Brooklyn's Chinatown in Sunset Park, which has now overwhelmingly taken over as the largest Fuzhou community of New York City . Many Fuzhou owned businesses have now closed with increasing numbers of storefronts becoming vacant in the enclave and is now increasingly becoming quieter with fewer and fewer consumers walking around. The increasing Fuzhou influx had shifted into
On Leong Chinese Merchants Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-452: The Sunset Park Chinatown has largely grown into being a very large Fuzhou speaking enclave. The Fuzhou immigration pattern started out in the 1970s, like the Cantonese immigration during the late 1800s to early 1900s that had established Manhattan's Chinatown on Mott Street, Pell Street, and Doyers Street. The immigrants were initially mostly men who later brought their families over. The beginning influx of Fuzhou immigrants arriving during
3311-774: The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord European Kindred Hammerskins Keystone United Lynwood Vikings Manson Family Nazi Lowriders The Order Public Enemy No. 1 Soldiers of Aryan Culture Spook Hunters Universal Aryan Brotherhood Volksfront See also Gangs in the United States List of gangs Organized crime groups in
3388-740: The Tong has been linked to the Ghost Shadows street gang led by Wing Yeung Chan . Currently, there are over 30,000 registered On Leong members, the majority of whom have a commercial or industrial background. References [ edit ] ^ "On Leong background information in Hong Men Zhi Gong website. (in Simplified Chinese)" . Archived from the original on 2008-06-19 . Retrieved 2009-01-15 . Further reading [ edit ] Denny Lee, Years of
3465-579: The Tung On gang, which affiliated with Tsung Tsin, and had control over East Broadway, Catherine and Division Streets and the Fuk Ching gang affiliated with Fukien American controlled East Broadway, Chrystie, Forsyth , Eldridge, and Allen Streets. At one point, a gang named the Freemasons gang, which was of Cantonese descent, had attempted to claim East Broadway as its territory. Columbus Park ,
3542-661: The US Census reported 7,028 Chinese males in residence, but only 142 Chinese women. This significant gender inequality remained until the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing", wrote that because of immigration restrictions, Chinatown continued to be "virtually a bachelor society" until 1965. The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese " tongs " (now sometimes rendered neutrally as " associations "), which were
3619-7030: The United States African-American 31 Gang 39ers gang Bailey Boys Black Disciples Black Guerrilla Family Black Mafia Junior Black Mafia Black Mafia Family Black P. Stone Nation Bloods Black Spades Bloods Black P. Stones Bounty Hunter Watts Bloods Cedar Block Piru Crenshaw Mafia Gangster Bloods Elm Street Piru Fruit Town Piru Mob Piru Nine Trey Gangsters Pirus Sex Money Murder Tree Top Piru United Blood Nation Byrd Gang CBL/BFL Chambers Brothers The Council Crips Grape Street Watts Crips Kelly Park Compton Crips Nutty Blocc Compton Crips Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips Rollin' 60s Neighborhood Crips Rollin' 90s Neighborhood Crips South Side Compton Crips Venice Shoreline Crips D-Block Boys D.C. Blacks The Family Four Corner Hustlers Fruit Belt Gang Gangster Disciples OutLaw Gangster Disciples Hidden Valley Kings KUMI 415 Lenox Street Boys LRGP Lucerne Street Doggz Metz Gang Miami Boys Mickey Cobras Orchard Park Trailblazers Savage Nomads Schuele Boys Somali Outlaws Supreme Team Vice Lord Nation Westmob Young Boys Inc. East and Southeast Asian Asian Boyz (Southeast Asian) Bahala Na Gang (Filipino) Born To Kill (Vietnamese) Fullerton Boys (Korean) Menace of Destruction (Hmong) Satanas (Filipino) Tiny Rascal Gang (primarily Cambodian) Tokyo Boyz (Japanese) Yakuza (Japanese) Chinese and Chinese-American Bamboo Union Big Circle Gang Black Dragons Chung Ching Yee Flying Dragons Four Seas Gang Fujianese organized crime Snakeheads Ghost Shadows Jackson Street Boys Ping On Tongs Bing Kong Four Brothers Hip Sing Hop Sing On Leong Suey Sing Ying On Triads 14K Sun Yee On Wo Hop To Wah Ching White Tigers Hispanic and Latin American 10th Street Gang (primarily Hispanic, also African-Americans) 7th Street Gang Almighty Saints (primarily Hispanic, also Whites) Barrio Azteca (Mexican) The Corporation (Cuban) Dominicans Don't Play Fresno Bulldogs (Mexican) Ghetto Brothers Hermanos de Pistoleros Latinos (primarily Mexican) Jheri Curls (Dominican) La Raza Nation (Mexican) Latin Counts (Mexican) Latin Eagles Latin Kings (Mexican / Puerto Rican) Maniac Latin Disciples Marielitos (Cuban) Mexican Mafia Mexikanemi MS-13 (Central American) Ñetas (Puerto Rican) Norteños (Mexican) Nuestra Familia (Mexican) Puro Tango Blast (Mexican) Savage Skulls Los Solidos Spanish Cobras Spanish Gangster Disciples Sureños (Mexican) 18th Street gang 38th Street gang Avenues Azusa 13 Barriox13 Culver City Boys El Monte Flores Florencia 13 Logan Heights Gang OVS Playboys Puente 13 Santa Monica 13 Toonerville Rifa 13 Varrio Nuevo Estrada Venice 13 Vineland Boys Westside Locos White Fence Temple Street Texas Syndicate (primarily Mexican) Tren de Aragua (Venezuelan) Trinitarios (Dominican) Vatos Locos Young Lords White American Chicago Gaylords Dead Man Incorporated Dixie Mafia State Line Mob Popes Simon City Royals (primarily White, also Hispanics) European-American Albanian mafia Albanian Boys Rudaj Organization Greek mafia Philadelphia Greek Mob Velentzas crime family Polish Mob Russian mafia Serbian mafia Irish-American Irish Mob Charlestown Mob Egan's Rats Gustin Gang Hogan Gang K&;A Gang Mullen Gang North Side Gang Westies White Hand Gang Winter Hill Gang Italian and Italian-American American Mafia Bufalino crime family Buffalo crime family Chicago Outfit Cleveland crime family Colorado crime family D'Aquila crime family Dallas crime family DeCavalcante crime family Detroit Partnership Five Families (New York City) Genna crime family Kansas City crime family Los Angeles crime family Milwaukee crime family Morello crime family New Orleans crime family Patriarca crime family Philadelphia crime family Pittsburgh crime family Rochester crime family San Francisco crime family San Jose crime family Seattle crime family St. Louis crime family Trafficante crime family 10th & Oregon Crew Broadway Mob Camorra New York City East Harlem Purple Gang Jousters Murder, Inc. 'Ndrangheta New Springville Boys Sicilian Mafia South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Jewish-American Jewish Mob Bugs and Meyer Mob Eastman Gang Lenox Avenue Gang Murder, Inc. Odesa mafia The Purple Gang Yiddish Black Hand Zwi Migdal Israeli mafia Abergil crime family New York divorce coercion gang Polynesian and Native American The Company Native Mob Red Skin Kingz Sons of Samoa Tongan Crip Gang West and South Asian Armenian Power Chaldean mafia Independent Soldiers Israeli mafia Punjabi mafia Turkish mafia VVT (Tamil) West African Cape Verdean organized crime Nigerian mafia Outlaw motorcycle gangs Bandidos Breed Brother Speed Devils Diciples Diablos Dirty Dozen El Forastero Free Souls Galloping Goose Grim Reapers Gypsy Jokers Hells Angels Red Devils Highwaymen Iron Horsemen Mongols Outlaws Black Pistons Pagans Sons of Satan Sons of Silence Vagos Warlocks (Florida) Warlocks (Pennsylvania) White supremacist 211 Crew Aryan Brotherhood Aryan Brotherhood of Texas Aryan Circle Aryan Nations Aryan Republican Army Atomwaffen Division Combat 18 The Covenant,
3696-565: The United States entered a period of economic difficulty known as the Long Depression . As a result, Americans increasingly competed for jobs that were typically performed by Chinese immigrants. The period was marked by increased racial discrimination , anti-Chinese riots (particularly in California), and new laws that prevented participation in many occupations on the U.S. West Coast . Consequently, many Chinese immigrants moved to
3773-411: The apartments to cause trouble. There is also supposedly a concern that Fujianese are more likely to make the apartments too overcrowded by subdividing an apartment into multiple small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. This could also be particularly seen on East Broadway . Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only 10 percent of Chinese speakers in Manhattan's Chinatown, it
3850-426: The approximate border zone between the Fuzhou and Cantonese communities in Manhattan's Chinatown. Unlike most other urban Chinatowns, Manhattan's Chinatown is both a residential area as well as commercial area. Many population estimates are in the range of 90,000 to 100,000 residents. One analysis of census data in 2011 showed that Chinatown and heavily Chinese tracts on the Lower East Side had 47,844 residents in
3927-461: The boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Some Chinese landlords in Manhattan, especially the many real estate agencies that are mainly of Cantonese ownership, were accused of prejudice against the Fuzhou immigrants, supposedly making Fuzhou immigrants feel unwelcome because concerns that they would not be able to pay rent or debt to gangs that may have helped smuggled them in illegally into the United States, and because of fear that gangs will come up to
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#17327805980414004-512: The buildings to build newer structures. Often, whenever this happens, many Fuzhounese tenants are more likely to be evicted, especially in the eastern portion of Chinatown , where illegal subdivision, overcrowding, lack of leases, and lack of immigrant paperwork are common. In addition, since the 2000s, there have been city officials inspecting apartment buildings and cracking down on illegal units. With tenants that have rent-stabilized leases, legal residency documents, no apartment subdivisions, and
4081-435: The communal gathering venue established decades ago in the western portion of Chinatown, to shop, work, and socialize—in contrast to the Cantonese population and community identity which are shifting from Brooklyn's original Sunset Park Chinatown to the satellite Chinatowns in Brooklyn. Although the term Little Hong Kong was used a long time ago to describe Manhattan's Chinatown relating to when an influx of Hong Kong immigrants
4158-400: The country, the population of Chinatown increased dramatically. Geographically, much of the growth occurred in neighborhoods to the north. The Chinatown grew and became more oriented toward families due to the lifting of restrictions. In the earliest years of the existence of Manhattan's Chinatown, it had been primarily populated by Taishanese -speaking Chinese immigrants and the borderlines of
4235-469: The economy include factories. The proximity of the fashion industry has kept some garment work in the local area, though much of the garment industry has since moved to China. The local garment industry now concentrates on quick production in small volumes and piece work , which is generally done at the worker's home. Much of the population growth is due to immigration. Chinese American Service League Too Many Requests If you report this error to
4312-419: The enclave was originally Canal Street to the north, Bowery to the east, Worth Street to the south, and Mulberry Street to the west. After 1965, there came a wave of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong and Guangdong province in mainland China, and Standard Cantonese became the dominant tongue. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Hong Kongese neighborhood, however
4389-458: The fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. Ah Ken is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1850s; he is the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to Chinatown. As a Cantonese businessman, Ah Ken eventually founded
4466-469: The growth slowed down later on during the 1980s–90s. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the influx of Guangdong and Hong Kong immigrants began to develop newer portions of Manhattan's Chinatown going north of Canal Street and then later the east of the Bowery . However, until the 1980s, the western section was the most primarily fully Chinese developed and populated part of Chinatown and the most quickly flourishing busy central Chinese business district with still
4543-594: The historic core west of Bowery . In addition Mandarin began to eclipse Cantonese as the predominant Chinese dialect in New York's Chinatown during the period. The New York Times says that the Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown in terms of being a cultural center for Chinese-speaking New Yorkers' politics and trade. Despite the area's gentrification, it is still a popular Chinese commercial shopping district, frequented by residents of
4620-417: The lowest paying jobs. As they settled in the eastern borderline of Chinatown along East Broadway and Eldridge Street, it became fully part of Chinatown and slowly through the 1990s it would develop into being Little Fuzhou. This has resulted in referring to East Broadway as Fuzhou Street No. 1, which emerged during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and Eldridge Street as Fuzhou Street No. 2, which developed during
4697-478: The main busy Chinese business district. As a result, it has influenced many Fuzhounese to learn Cantonese for businesses, especially large businesses like the Dim Sum restaurants on what is known as Little Fuzhou on East Broadway . The Fuzhounese, the subgroup of non-Cantonese-speaking Chinese with the most interactions with Cantonese, also constitute the majority of non-native Cantonese-speaking Chinese. Many of
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#17327805980414774-458: The mid-1990s and early 2000s. Little Fuzhou became known as a new Chinatown, separate from the older, more Cantonese-dominated Chinatown from The Bowery going west, though there are still a little bit of remaining long time Cantonese residents and businesses in and around what is now the Little Fuzhou enclave. Not only did the Fuzhou immigration influx establish a new portion of Manhattan's Chinatown, they contributed significantly in maintaining
4851-410: The most primarily affected by the decline in business. Businesses in Little Fuzhou may be affected by the spread of gentrification from the nearby Lower East Side and East Village . In 2016, the oldest continuously run business in Manhattan's Chinatown was up for sale: Wing on Wo and Co , established in 1890. The building was worth around $ 10 million, including six stories and a store front, one of
4928-405: The number of residents was 84,840, and 66% of them were Asian. The census tabulation area for Chinatown is bounded to the north by Houston Street ; to the east by Avenue B , Norfolk Street, Essex Street and Pike Street ; to the south by Frankfort Street; and to the west by Centre Street and Bowery . Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Chinatown was 47,844,
5005-494: The only buildings left of its kind in the area. Mei Lum , a grandchild of the original owner, stepped in before the sale and took over the business to preserve its history and position within the neighborhood, to "regenerate, encourage and protect" Chinatown's culture. Lum started the "W.O.W. Project", which hopes to "preserve Chinatown's creative scene through art and activism". Events such as Open Mic nights and exhibitions would start conversations about this neighborhood's past and
5082-463: The only park in Chinatown, was built in 1897 on what was once the center of the infamous Five Points neighborhood. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous ghetto area of immigrant New York, as portrayed in the book and film Gangs of New York . In the years after the United States enacted the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , allowing many more immigrants from Asia into
5159-781: The people that have lived there. For example, in February 2020, the W.O.W. Project exhibited ethnographic research and oral history interviews that highlighted stories of migration, displacement, and everyday resilience in Chinatowns all over the world. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , the W.O.W. Project started a project called Love Letters to Chinatown. Chinese greengrocers and fishmongers are clustered around Mott Street, Mulberry Street, Canal Street (by Baxter Street), and all along East Broadway (especially by Catherine Street). The Chinese jewelers' district
5236-732: The population. The racial composition of Chinatown changed substantially from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the increase in the White population by 42% (2,321), the decrease in the Asian population by 15% (5,461), and the decrease in the Hispanic / Latino population by 15% (1,121). The Black population decreased by 3% (62) and remained a small minority, while the very small population of all other races decreased by 21% (208). Chinatown lies in Manhattan Community District 3 , which encompasses Chinatown,
5313-451: The primarily Cantonese populated original longtime established Chinatown of Manhattan from the proximity of The Bowery going west, known as Little Hong Kong/Guangdong . As many Fuzhounese and Cantonese speakers now speak Mandarin —the official language in Mainland China and Taiwan —in addition to their native languages , this has made it more important for Chinatown residents to learn and speak Mandarin. Although now overtaken in size by
5390-407: The racial and ethnic composition of Asian identifying individuals within the community dropped from 34.8% in 2000 to 28.1% in 2021, a 6.7% decrease Since the early 2000s, there has been a continuously increasing number of buildings in Chinatown, neighboring Two Bridges , and the Lower East Side , taken over by new landlords and real estate developers, who then charged higher rents and/or demolished
5467-485: The rapidly growing Flushing Chinatown (located in the New York City borough of Queens ) and Brooklyn Chinatown , the Manhattan Chinatown remains a dominant cultural force for the Chinese diaspora , as home to the Museum of Chinese in America and as the headquarters of numerous publications based both in the U.S. and China that are geared to overseas Chinese . Chinatown is part of Manhattan Community District 3 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 10013 and 10002. It
5544-708: The remaining Chinatowns are located in the boroughs of Queens (up to four, depending upon definition) and Brooklyn (three) and in Nassau County , all on Long Island in New York State ; as well as in Edison and Parsippany-Troy Hills in New Jersey . In addition, Manhattan's Little Fuzhou , an enclave populated primarily by more recent Chinese immigrants from the Fujian Province of China,
5621-563: The second Chinese neighborhood in Manhattan, the tenth large Chinese settlement in New York City, and the twelfth within the overall New York City metropolitan region. As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017, and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants , New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs , which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens , adjacently located on Long Island , leading
5698-606: The traditional dominance of Cantonese-speaking residents, which were largely working class in Manhattan's Chinatown and the neighborhood's poor housing conditions, they were unable to relate to Manhattan's Chinatown and mainly settled in Flushing, creating a more middle class Mandarin Town and an even smaller one in Elmhurst. As a result, Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's emerging Chinatown were able to continue retaining its traditional, almost-exclusive Cantonese society. However, there
5775-413: Was already a small and slow-growing Fuzhou immigrant population in Manhattan's Chinatown since the 1970s–80s in the eastern section of Chinatown east of the Bowery. In the 1990s, though, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western Lower East Side , which 50 years earlier was populated by Eastern European Jews and 20 years earlier was occupied by Hispanics . From the late 1980s through
5852-453: Was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 3 was $ 39,584. In 2018, an estimated 18% of Community District 3 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,
5929-536: Was pouring in at that time and even though not all Cantonese immigrants come from Hong Kong, this portion of Chinatown has heavy Cantonese characteristics, especially with the Standard Cantonese , which is spoken in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China being widely used, so it is in many ways a Little Hong Kong . A more appropriate term would be Little Guangdong-Hong Kong or Cantonese-Hong Kong Town since
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