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50-467: The largest Serbian thermal power plant TPP Nikola Tesla is located on the outskirts of the municipality. Obrenovac was also submerged and completely evacuated during the 2014 Southeast Europe floods . Obrenovac is situated 30 km south-west of central Belgrade near bends of the river Sava to the north. The river Kolubara flows to the east of the town on its way to join the Sava. Total land area of

100-502: A genetically random, maritime or juvenile form of U. minor , insufficiently differentiated to merit varietal status, its name a relic of taxonomic conservatism. Numerous cultivars have been raised in Europe since the 18th century, although many are now probably either extinct owing to the ravages of Dutch elm disease, or survive unrecognized in sucker form: The tree's natural range generously overlaps that of wych elm Ulmus glabra to

150-400: A height of 220 metres and a second with a height of 150 metres. Located between the villages of Skela and Ušće . There are two generation units with a total capacity of 1240 MW. TPP Nikola Tesla B was first synchronised on March 11, 1983. Its chimney is 280 metres tall. Located on the right bank of the river Velika Morava near the town of Svilajnac . 125 MW Power Generator. Located at

200-510: A hugely variable reaction to Dutch elm disease (DED), including all the fashionable pre-20th century plantsman's clones (see Subspecies and varieties). However, field elm is genetically highly variable; Italian specimens when inoculated with the pathogen displayed between 15 and 100% dieback and between 70 and 100% wilting, whereas with trees tested in Spain, the variability ranged from 5 to 100% dieback, and 20 to 95% wilting. In 2013 researchers at

250-675: A lesser extent in the United States. The hybrid Ulmus davidiana var. japonica × U. minor was raised at the Arnold Arboretum before 1924. Most of the European research was based at Wageningen in the Netherlands until 1992, whence a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after

300-439: A national "Monument of Nature", lost its crown in a recent storm (2009) and has now been pollarded; it is regenerating vigorously. A rare example of a centuries-old field elm that retains its heartwood and crown is the 360-year-old specimen in the village square of Strinylas, Corfu . A tree said to be of similar age (200 cm d.b.h.) still stands (2013) in the city of Sliven , Bulgaria; other veterans are said to survive in

350-612: A status of a protected cultural monument. The Day of the Municipality is December 20, the date of the decree of Prince Miloš Obrenović by which the name of Obrenovac was instituted, and its patron day is the Holy Trinity. The Municipality of Obrenovac was incorporated within community of Belgrade municipalities in 1957. Obrenovac was Serbian town which suffered the greatest damage by the unprecedented floods in May 2014. Most of

400-525: Is 15.16m long, has four axles and capacity of 56.4 tons. Field elm Ulmus minor Mill. , the field elm , is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern outposts are the Baltic islands of Öland and Gotland , although it may have been introduced by humans. The tree's typical habitat

450-468: Is 6.3 metres in girth; planted in 1636 it features on the town crest. In England, large specimens once identified as U. minor subsp. minor , the narrow- or smooth-leafed elm, were once commonplace in the eastern counties before the advent of DED. The largest recorded tree in the UK grew at Great Amwell , Hertfordshire , measuring 40 m in height and 228 cm d.b.h. in 1911. Another famous specimen

500-536: Is a power plant complex operated by Elektroprivreda Srbije , located on the right bank of the river Sava , approximately 40 km upstream from Downtown Belgrade , near the city municipality of Obrenovac . By far the largest one in Serbia , the complex generates around 17,263 GWh annually, which covers almost half of Serbia's needs for electricity . The complex and two of its plants are named in honor of Nikola Tesla . These power plants use lignite mined from

550-507: Is active since c.1900. Two wells were drilled in the 1930s, one kilometer apart, both reaching the same spring at the depth of 469 m (1,539 ft). One well was arranged as a spa, while the other was an unregulated water well called Cevka ("small pipe"), even used by the local farmers for their cattle. In 2017–2018 Cevka was urbanized and arranged as a proper spa, too, with pools. Spas, hotel, and health care center form one health and touristic complex spreading on 20 ha (49 acres). Water

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600-589: Is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including Palestine and Israel, and is distinguished by its leaves, densely downy on the underside when mature. The latter is a little-known tree found in Iran, in the Zagros forests and the Kerman / Kermanshah area. Green and Richens also sank U. minor var. suberosa (Moench) Rehder - the so-called 'Cork-barked elm', korkulme (Germany) or wiąz korkowa (Poland), as

650-616: Is located on the outskirts of the town; its chimney is widely visible as the surrounding area is generally flat. Touristic facilities include the Zabran forest on the right bank of the Sava. It is located outside of the urban zone of Obrenovac, northeast of the town and west of the Kolubara's mouth into the Sava. It is also accessible by boat as it has a peer. The forest has a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long trim trails and arranged excursion sites. The pathways and bicycle path connect Zabran and

700-430: Is low-lying forest along the main rivers, growing in association with oak and ash , where it tolerates summer floods as well as droughts. Current treatment of the species owes much to Richens , who noted (1983) that several varieties of field elm are distinguishable on the European mainland. Of these, he listed the small-leaved U. minor of France and Spain; the narrow-leaved U. minor of northern and central Italy;

750-424: Is not for human consumption and has a temperature of 21 to 22 °C (70 to 72 °F). In the village of Skela, in the western section of the municipality, there is a popular attraction of ethno-yard which includes the mini-zoo. Other green areas include another protected natural monument, "Group of pedunculate oaks at Jozić cabin", which are over 200 years old, Arboretum with exotic and autochthonous plants, and

800-735: Is not used in Flora Europaea . In 2009 Dr Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh wrote: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, which have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers. This means that enigmatic British elms such as Plot elm and English elm have been shown to be single clones of field elm. Although Richens did not have

850-785: Is powered from Brgule. The railway has connection to the Belgrade–Bar railway at Vreoci. Main railway tracks: Terminal railway tracks: There are several loading, unloading train stations and interstations. Loading stations: Unloading stations: Interstations: Railway transport of TPP NT has a fleet of 18 electric locomotives and 8 diesel locomotives. Nine locomotives are used for freight train hauling and 16 are used for maneuvering. Electric locomotives Diesel locomotives Railway transport of TPP NT operates with 334 Class F special open high-sided wagons made by Arbel . Wagons are equipped with hydraulic installation for fast discharge, which allows to unload coal for 1–2 seconds. Each wagon

900-566: Is separated from Sava by the embankment ( dolma ) with promenade. Present forests developed after the area was cut clean in 1941 and 1942, and are mostly short-lived sprout forests of low quality. More quality groves of pedunculate oak and narrow-leafed ash , once omnipresent and dominant in the entire Sava valley, are preserved for its genetic importance. Also dwindling is the presence of other species of higher quality, like silver poplar , grey poplar , European white elm , field elm and European wild pear . Autochthonous species are threatened by

950-551: The First World War , and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees highly resistant to disease which were released after 1989. The elms by Willy Lott's Cottage and Flatford Mill , Suffolk , in Constable 's paintings and drawings were, according to Richens, "smooth-leaved elm" ( U. minor ), though

1000-463: The RB Kolubara as fuel. Coal is transported from the mines via a standard-gauge railroad about 30 km long capable of supplying a total of 37 million tons of coal a year. Six generation units with a combined capacity of 1650.5 MW that makes it the largest power facility in the former Yugoslavia . TPP Nikola Tesla A was first synchronised on March 27, 1970. It has two chimneys: one with

1050-489: The Universidad Politėcnica de Madrid announced the discovery and cloning of trees in Spain with levels of resistance greater than 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' (see Cultivation). Tolerance of elm yellows (phloem necrosis) is generally good, U. minor exhibiting symptoms such as the 'witch's broom' only sporadically throughout Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia , however the disease was often locally common within

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1100-474: The EU, with a view to returning field elm to cultivation. Results from Spain (2013), for example, confirm that a very small number of surviving field elms (about 0.5% of those tested) appear to have comparatively high levels of tolerance of the disease, and it is hoped that a controlled crossing of the best of these will produce resistant Ulmus minor hybrids for cultivation. In the UK, despite its late leaf-flush in

1150-642: The Natural History Home. There is also a game hunting ground "Posavina" in the municipality. On the location of the old landfill along the Kolubara river, an arboretum was planted on 1.4 ha (3.5 acres). It contains over 600 plants from 40 deciduous and 20 coniferous species, both autochthonous and allochthonous (China, Japan, Korea, America), including an orchard with old, Serbian varieties. Species include paulownia , metasequoia , larch , taxodium , liquidambar , koelreuteria , sweet maple , poplar , willow , ash and oak . The arboretum

1200-664: The Turkish rule it was called Palež ('arson'), possibly as a reference to frequent looting and fires it was subjected to. On 11 April 1815, during the Second Serbian Uprising , the town was burned to the ground by Serbian forces in a battle against Ottomans. It was restored in 1859 by prince of Serbia Miloš Obrenović , after whom it was named. Church of the Holy Spirit was built in Obrenovac in 1870 and has

1250-437: The beach Perilo on the Sava. Under the name Obrenovački Zabran, the area is protected as the natural monument. The forest is one of the rare remaining autochthonous high forests in the floodplains of the Sava and Kolubara river. It influences the microclimate and mitigates the bad aftermaths of the Obrenovac's high level of industrialization. The area was protected on 29 November 2013 and covers 47.77 ha (118.0 acres) and

1300-483: The count), several varieties and numerous complex hybrids. In 1992 Armstrong identified no fewer than forty British species and microspecies. Clive Stace (1997) wrote of the British elms "The two-species ( glabra and minor ) concept of Richens is not sufficiently discriminating to be of taxonomic value". Nevertheless, it is Richens’ classification which has been the most commonly adopted in recent years, although it

1350-617: The densely hairy leaved U. minor of southern Italy and Greece; the U. minor with small-toothed leaves from the Balkans; the U. minor with large-toothed leaves from the Danube region; and the small-leaved U. minor from southern Russia and Ukraine. As for British varieties, "the continental populations most closely related [to eastern English Field Elm] are in central Europe", while south-western forms were introduced from France. He concluded, however, that owing to incomplete field-research at

1400-672: The early 17th C by the Duc de Sully , A tree approximately 400 years old and 5.55 metres in girth grows in the town of Mergozzo in Piedmont , Italy. 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by lopping, while in Spain the elm in the Plaza del Olmo ("Elm square" in Spanish) in Navajas , Valencia ,

1450-413: The edge of Kolubara coal basin in the village Veliki Crljeni . Capacity 271 MW. TPP Nikola Tesla operates its own railway with over 100 km of trackage total. The railway is used for transporting coal from the mines to the power plants. It is independent from the national rail freight transport company Srbija Kargo . Railway tracks are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz overhead line. The line

1500-544: The evidence to prove it, he was correct in recognising a series of clones and grouping them together as a variable species." It is hoped that analysis of molecular markers will ultimately eliminate the taxonomic confusion. The tree typically grows to < 30 m (98 ft) and bears a rounded crown. The bark of the trunk is rough, furrowed lightly in older trees to form a block pattern. Young branchlets occasionally have corky wings. The shoots are slender compared with those of wych elm. The leaves are smaller than those of

1550-513: The extent of its hybridisation with U. minor . The resulting hybrid has not yet been given a formal botanical name, though there are cultivated forms such as 'Recerta' and 'Fiorente' (see 'Hybrid cultivars'). U. minor hybridises naturally with U. glabra , producing elms of the Ulmus × hollandica group, from which there have arisen a number of cultivars: The tree has featured strongly in artificial hybridization experiments in Europe and to

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1600-693: The focal-point of the village until the late 20th century. The tallest recorded field elms in Greece were two specimens planted in 1650 beside the newly built church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, in Omali Voiou (Oμαλή Bοΐου) near Siatista , which, despite being open-grown trees, attained a height of 40 metres by the mid-20th century. The immemorial elm opposite the village square of Aidona in Thessaly , Greece which has been "listed" as

1650-567: The later introduced and fast spreading species, like American ash , Canadian poplar , box elder , common milkweed , common ragweed , annual fleabane and, especially invasive, desert false indigo . They are gradually being replaced with the older species. Not far from the Zabran is the hotel "Obrenovac", located at the entry into the town from the Belgrade direction. The hotel has thermal springs, outdoor and indoor Olympic swimming pools, aqua park and sports complex. The spa with sulfuric water

1700-555: The leaf veins, detectable with the aid of a magnifying glass. The samarae are oval or obovate, glabrous, 12–15 mm ( 15 ⁄ 32 – 19 ⁄ 32  in) long, notched at the top, with the seed close to the notch. Ulmus minor in France generally begins to flower and fruit when aged 10 years. The species readily produces suckers from roots and stumps, even after devastation by Dutch elm disease ; consequently genetic resources are not considered endangered. The species has

1750-629: The municipality of Obrenovac is 411 km (159 sq mi). Apart from the town, it consists of the following villages: Some of the neighborhoods in the town are Topolice, Rojkovac, Dudovi, Rvati, Muzička kolonija, Sljivice, Belo polje, Gaj, and Stočnjak. In the Middle Ages, the area was part of Serbian states. King of Srem Dragutin Nemanjić ruled it between 1282 and 1319, and established monasteries in Grabovac and Mislođin . In 1521, it

1800-526: The north and its suckering habits, continental U. minor was occasionally planted as an ornamental urban tree. Augustine Henry wrote in 1913 that the U. minor planted in parks in Scotland were of French origin. More recently U. minor seed was imported to the UK from Italy. There are mature survivors in Edinburgh that are not the common U. minor cultivars (2015). U. minor has been introduced to

1850-411: The north, and readily hybridizes with it to produce the so-called 'Dutch elm' Ulmus × hollandica . In Spain and Italy Ulmus minor has naturally hybridized with Siberian elm U. pumila . In Spain U. pumila was introduced in the 16th century and has since spread widely, contributing to conservation concerns for U. minor . In Italy U. pumila was introduced in the 1930s; research is ongoing into

1900-430: The other European species, hence the specific epithet minor , however they can vary greatly according to the maturity of the tree. Leaves on juvenile growth (suckers, seedlings etc.) are coarse and pubescent, whereas those on mature growth are generally smooth, though remaining highly variable in form; there are generally fewer than 12 pairs of side veins. A common characteristic is the presence of minute black glands along

1950-398: The population has been evacuated to safety. Sudden surge of water from Kolubara river on May 15 devastated the town, killing at least 14 persons, with several persons still missing. According to the 2022 census results, the municipality of Obrenovac has a population of 68,882 inhabitants. The ethnic composition of the municipality: The largest Serbian thermal power plant TPP Nikola Tesla

2000-532: The south of the town on the Valjevo road. The most famous football club from Obrenovac is FK Radnički Obrenovac ; its stadium is beside the Belgrade road. The oldest school in the town is found next to Topolice. It carries the name of Jovan Popović. The school was built by Miloš Obrenović . The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): The first elementary school in Obrenovac

2050-411: The southern hemisphere, notably Australasia and Argentina. U. minor can live to a great age. An ancient field elm stood until recently in the village square of Metaxades , Thrace , Greece. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm was growing beside a spring. An elm (reputedly the original) and the fountain were

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2100-457: The species in France, including Paris . U. minor in general and a number of clones in particular (see 'Cultivars' below) were once commonly cultivated across Europe in town and country, but owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease, U. minor is now uncommon in cultivation. However, in an ongoing project that began in the 1990s, several thousand surviving field elms have been tested for innate resistance by national research institutes in

2150-528: The time of writing, it was "not possible to present an overall breakdown of the European Field Elm into regional varieties". The epithet 'red' elm was commonly used by British foresters, an allusion to the colour of the timber. Richens sank a number of British elms, notably English elm , as either subspecies or varieties of U. minor in 1968. However, Melville , writing ten years later, identified five distinct species (including U. glabra in

2200-647: The village of Samuilovo , 7 km from Sliven. In France, a tree reputedly over 650 years old survived in the centre of Biscarrosse south of Bordeaux until the summer of 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease. Another veteran with a 6-metre girth survives at Bettange , France, close to the Belgian border, reputedly planted in 1593. Other wrecks include 'l'ormeau de Sully' in Villesèquelande near Carcassonne , "a magnificent tree supported by three metal props", said to have been planted in

2250-504: Was conquered by the Ottoman Empire , who ruled it for the next 300 years. Subsequently, it was site of numerous battles in frequent Ottoman–Habsburg wars and often changed hands. Austrian Regent of Serbia Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg built a summer house in nearby village of Stubline (then Neudorf ). During a period of Austrian rule, between 1688. and 1717, the town was called Zweibrücken ('two bridges'), and during

2300-536: Was accepted, despite the wide source-area claimed for it ("Italy, Spain, Portugal and Algeria"), as U. carpinifolia var. italica Henry , by Krüssman (1984), who included a photograph of a specimen in Gisselfeld Park , Denmark. Bean (1988), however, considered it "a variety of rather dubious standing", and it was ignored by Richens (1983). U. canescens Melville and U. boissieri Grudz. were both sunk as U. minor by Richens. The former

2350-443: Was destroyed during the 2014 floods and was replanted. A Natural Exhibition Home was built, with several permanent exhibitions, including one on moths and butterflies, and the canal with a small bridge was dug. The orchard contains chestnut , almond , medlar , old varieties of apples ( kolačara , budimka ) and pears ( karamanka ). There is a green market in the centre of the town, and also flea market (as of August 2006) to

2400-547: Was established in 1824 and is one of the oldest schools in Serbia. Now there are 10 elementary schools in the municipality, as well as the Gymansium (established in 1922), Technical High School, and Agricultural High School. Three bus lines connect Obrenovac with Belgrade: 860, 860E and 861A. Obrenovac is twinned with following cities and municipalities: TPP Nikola Tesla TPP Nikola Tesla , commonly known as TENT ,

2450-823: Was the great elm that towered above its two siblings at the bottom of Long Melford Green, Long Melford , Suffolk, till the group succumbed to disease in 1978. The three "were survivors of a former clone of at least nine elms, one dating from 1757". The Long Melford elms were painted in 1940 by the watercolourist S. R. Badmin in his 'Long Melford Green on a Frosty Morning', now in the Victoria and Albert Museum . The largest known surviving trees in England are at East Coker , Somerset (30 m high, 95 cm d.b.h. ), Termitts Farm near Hatfield Peverel , Essex (25 m high, 145 d.b.h.), and Melchbourne , Bedfordshire , (147 cm d.b.h.). The name Ulmus minor subsp. minor

2500-896: Was used by R. H. Richens for field elm that was not English elm , Cornish elm , Plot elm or Guernsey elm . Many publications, however, continue to use plain Ulmus minor for undifferentiated field elm; indeed Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh argued in his 2002 paper 'British Elms' that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies. Some authorities, among them Richens and Coleman, include English elm among varieties of field elm, Richens calling English elm U. minor var. vulgaris . Richens sank as undifferentiated U. minor certain local English forms such as U. minor 'Goodyeri' , U. minor 'Hunnybunii' , U. minor 'Sowerbyi' , and U. minor 'Coritana' . Henry 's Ulmus nitens var. italica , 'Mediterranean Elm' (1913), distinguished by its 14 to 18 pairs of leaf-veins,

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