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53-578: Initial ideas for OBIS were developed at a CoML meeting on benthic (bottom-dwelling) ocean life in October 1997. Recommendations from this workshop led to a web site ( http://marine.rutgers.edu/OBIS ) at Rutgers in 1998 to demonstrate the initial OBIS concept. An inaugural OBIS International Workshop was held on November 3–4, 1999 in Washington, DC, which led to scoping of the project and outreach to potential partners, with selected contributions published in

106-427: A jaw , hyoid and/or the middle ear ossicles . An iodine-concentrating organ called the endostyle , which functions as a filter feeding organ in aquatic animals has evolved into the thyroid in most vertebrates. Vertebrates vary in body length ranging from the frog species Brachycephalus pulex , a Brazilian flea toad, with a minimum adult snout–vent length of 6.45 millimetres (0.254 in) to

159-563: A Tax Institute at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania to interpret new taxes and new trends in public finance for the average citizen. From 1936 to 1945, Harold S. Sloan , an economist and Alfred's younger brother, served as director and vice president of the foundation. The Sloan Foundation also made many civic contributions to the foundation's home city of New York, including grants to Lincoln Center for

212-417: A central nervous system arising from a single nerve cord dorsal to the gut tube , headed by a series of (typically paired) brain vesicles, is unique to vertebrates. This is in stark contrast to invertebrates with well-developed central nervous systems such as arthropods and cephalopods , which have an often ladder-like ventral nerve cord made of paired segmental ganglia on the opposite ( ventral ) side of

265-436: A full web GIS based system was introduced for the first time along with a new version of the web site which resulted in considerably more detailed and flexible presentation of search results along with a number of new search options. In April 2018, funding was announced to develop a new "2.0" version of OBIS with improved capabilities., and is released on 29 January 2019. The website URL changed from iobis.org to obis.org. Over

318-525: A hollow neural tube ) running along the dorsal aspect of the notochord . Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells, which are progenitor cells critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components. Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the dorsal nerve cord during development, initiate the formation of neuronal ganglia and various special sense organs. The peripheral nervous system forms when neural crest cells branch out laterally from

371-589: A protein related to ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase are exclusively shared by all vertebrates and reliably distinguish them from all other animals. A specific relationship between vertebrates and tunicates is strongly supported by two CSIs found in the proteins Rrp44 (associated with the exosome complex ) and serine palmitoyltransferase . These are exclusively shared by species from these two subphyla, but not cephalochordates . This indicates hat vertebrates are more closely related to tunicates than cephalochordates. The "Notochordata hypothesis" suggested that

424-511: A result of synonym resolution, i.e. reduction of taxa recorded under multiple names to a single accepted name), based on contributions from 500 institutions from 56 countries. In 2009 OBIS was adopted as a project by International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) programme of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and in 2011, with the cessation of funding for

477-606: A series of crescentic openings from the pharynx to the outside. Each gill is supported by a cartilaginous or bony gill arch , which develop embryonically from pharyngeal arches . Bony fish have three pairs of gill arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, while the primitive jawless fish have seven pairs. The ancestral vertebrates likely had more arches than seven, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gill opens, although most, if not all, of these openings are actually involved in filter feeding rather than respiration . In jawed vertebrates ,

530-602: A special issue of Oceanography magazine, within which OBIS founder Dr. J. F. Grassle articulated the vision of OBIS as "an on-line, worldwide atlas for accessing, modeling and mapping marine biological data in a multidimensional geographic context." In May 2000, US Government Agencies in the National Oceanographic Partnership Program together with the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation funded eight research projects to initiate OBIS. In May 2001,

583-677: Is currently under the direction of IODE with advice from a steering group, the IODE Steering Group for OBIS (SG-OBIS); operational activities are directed by an OBIS Executive Committee (OBIS-EC) with support from various OBIS Task Teams and ad-hoc OBIS project teams. The OBIS secretariat, hosted at the UNESCO/IOC project office for IODE in Ostend (Belgium), includes the OBIS project manager and data manager and in addition to maintaining

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636-440: Is found in invertebrate chordates such as lancelets (a sister subphylum known as the cephalochordates ), though it lacks eyes and other complex special sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates. Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalization. The rostral end of the neural tube is expanded by a thickening of the walls and expansion of the central canal of spinal cord into three primary brain vesicles :

689-551: Is thus now located in Ostend, in the same building which is also home to VLIZ. VLIZ maintains two taxonomic databases, the World Register of Marine Species and IRMNG , the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera , both of which feed into taxonomic decisions used to control the display of species-based information in OBIS and also provide the taxonomic hierarchy via which OBIS content can be navigated. OBIS

742-635: The Cephalochordata is the sister taxon to Craniata (Vertebrata). This group, called the Notochordata, was placed as sister group to the Tunicata (Urochordata). Studies since 2006 analyzing large sequencing datasets however strongly support Olfactores (tunicates + vertebrates) as a clade, and hence the placement of Cephalochordata as sister-group to Olfactores (known as the " Olfactores hypothesis "). The following cladogram summarizes

795-559: The Chengjiang biota and lived about 518 million years ago. These include Haikouichthys , Myllokunmingia , Zhongjianichthys , and probably Haikouella . Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to

848-673: The Indo-Pacific Mollusc Database and more. By May 2006, the OBIS Portal was able to access 9.5 million records of 59,000 species from 112 databases, and by December 2010 (at the conclusion of the Census of Marine Life) provided access to 27.7 million records representing 167,000 taxon names. As at July 2018, the OBIS website states that the system provides access to over 45 million observations of nearly 120,000 marine species (the reduced number of names cited being as

901-474: The Izu–Ogasawara Trench at a depth of 8,336 metres (27,349 feet). Many fish varieties are the main predators in most of the world's freshwater and marine water bodies . The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods, a single lineage that includes amphibians (with roughly 7,000 species); mammals (with approximately 5,500 species); and reptiles and birds (with about 20,000 species divided evenly between

954-633: The Jurassic . The Cenozoic world saw great diversification of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fish (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from the Tibetan stone loach ( Triplophysa stolickai ) in western Tibetan hot springs near Longmu Lake at an elevation of 5,200 metres (17,100 feet) to an unknown species of snailfish (genus Pseudoliparis ) in

1007-464: The Latin vertebratus ("jointed"), from vertebra meaning "joint", in turn from Latin vertere to turn. All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan of five synapomorphies . These are a rigid axial skeleton that includes a vertebral column developed around an elastic notochord . The notochord becomes the intervertebral discs , and runs dorsally to the gut tube along

1060-539: The OBIS Portal has been through a number of iterations since its inception in 2002. Initially the system retrieved remote data in real time in response to a user query and used the KGS ;Mapper to visualize the results. In 2004, centralized metadata indexing and cacheing was introduced leading to faster and more reliable results, and the c-squares mapper was added to options for data visualization. In 2010,

1113-574: The Placodermi and the Acanthodii , both considered paraphyletic . Other ways of classifying the vertebrates have been devised, particularly with emphasis on the phylogeny of early amphibians and reptiles. An example based on Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004) is given here († = extinct ): While this traditional classification is orderly, most of the groups are paraphyletic , i.e. do not contain all descendants of

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1166-399: The blue whale , at up to 33 m (108 ft). With only one exception, the defining characteristic of all vertebrates is the vertebral column , in which the embryonic notochord found in all chordates is replaced by a segmented series of mineralized elements called vertebrae separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs , which are embryonic and evolutionary remnants of

1219-565: The genetics of organisms. Phylogenetic classification is based solely on phylogeny . Evolutionary systematics gives an overview; phylogenetic systematics gives detail. The two systems are thus complementary rather than opposed. Conventional classification has extant vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. The commonly held classification lists three classes of fish and four of tetrapods . In addition to these, there are two classes of extinct armoured fishes,

1272-410: The prosencephalon ( forebrain ), mesencephalon ( midbrain ) and rhombencephalon ( hindbrain ), which are further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups. Two laterally placed retinas and optical nerves form around outgrowths from the midbrain, except in hagfish which may have secondarily lost the structures. The forebrain is more well-developed in most tetrapods and subdivided into

1325-432: The telencephalon and diencephalon , while the midbrain dominates in fish and some salamanders . In vertebrates with paired appendages, especially tetrapods, a pair of secondary enlargements of the hindbrain become the cerebella , which modulate complex motor coordinations . The brain vesicles are usually bilaterally symmetrical , giving rise to the paired cerebral hemispheres in mammals . The resultant anatomy of

1378-667: The OBIS system also provides training and technical assistance to its data providers, guides new data standards and technical developments, and encourages international cooperation to foster the group benefits of the network. Data available via OBIS cover all groups of organisms that have any association with marine or estuarine habitats, also including shorelines and the atmosphere above the ocean, such as marine vertebrates (fishes, marine mammals, turtles, seabirds, etc.); marine invertebrates (including zooplankton ); marine bacteria ; and marine plants (e.g. phytoplankton, seaweeds, mangroves). As available web technologies have developed,

1431-664: The Performing Arts , Channel 13 , New York Public Library , New York University , and the Fund for the City of New York . Starting January 2018, Adam Falk, past president of Williams College, assumed the presidency of the foundation. The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation makes grants in seven broad subjects, known within the foundation as major program areas: The Sloan Work and Family Researchers Network supports research and education about work-family issues. The foundation also funded

1484-765: The Rutgers-based secretariat and portal from the Sloan Foundation, an offer of hosting by the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) in Ostend , Belgium was accepted to become the long term host for the system and also the OBIS secretariat moved from Rutgers University to the IOC Project Office for IODE in Ostend from where OBIS is presently maintained and additional development is carried out. The web address changed to [1] . OBIS

1537-492: The Sloan Foundation made a gift of more than $ 5 million to establish a School of Industrial Management, now known as the MIT Sloan School of Management. Vertebrates Ossea Batsch, 1788 Vertebrates ( / ˈ v ɜːr t ə b r ɪ t s , - ˌ b r eɪ t s / ) are animals with a backbone or spine, consisting of vertebrae and intervertebral discs . The vertebrae are irregular bones , and

1590-682: The US National Science Foundation funded Rutgers University to develop a global portal for OBIS. Also in 2001, an OBIS International Committee was formed and its first meeting was held in August 2001. The production version of the OBIS Portal was launched at Rutgers University in 2002 as the web site http://www.iobis.org , serving 430,000 species-based georeferenced data records from 8 partner databases including fish records from FishBase , cephalopods from CephBase , corals from Biogeoinformatics of Hexacorals , mollusks from

1643-418: The axial endoskeleton (enclosed by protective skeletal extensions known as neural arches ), with a fore-end enlargement that is contained within a distinct skeletonized braincase (hence the alternative name for vertebrates, the craniates ). All vertebrate embryos develop transient pharyngeal arches , which in fish develop into the branchial arches that support the gills . Other vertebrate features are

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1696-427: The brain (which itself is a fused cluster of segmental ganglia from the rostral metameres ). Molecular markers known as conserved signature indels (CSIs) in protein sequences have been identified and provide distinguishing criteria for the vertebrate subphylum. Specifically, 5 CSIs in the following proteins: protein synthesis elongation factor-2 , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 , adenosine kinase and

1749-409: The class's common ancestor. For instance, descendants of the first reptiles include modern reptiles, mammals and birds; the agnathans have given rise to the jawed vertebrates ; the bony fishes have given rise to the land vertebrates ; the traditional " amphibians " have given rise to the reptiles (traditionally including the synapsids or mammal-like "reptiles"), which in turn have given rise to

1802-556: The demise of virtually all jawless fishes save for lampreys and hagfishes, as well as the Placodermi , a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian as well as the eurypterids , dominant animals of the preceding Silurian , and the anomalocarids . By the middle of the Devonian, several droughts, anoxic events and oceanic competition led a lineage of sarcopterygii to leave water, eventually establishing themselves as terrestrial tetrapods in

1855-408: The dorsal nerve cord and migrate together with the mesodermal somites to innervate the various different structures that develop in the body. The vertebrates are the only chordate group with neural cephalization , and their neural functions are centralized towards a series of enlarged clusters in the head , which give rise to a brain . A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord

1908-483: The first gill arch pair evolved into the jointed jaws and form an additional oral cavity ahead of the pharynx . Research also suggests that the sixth branchial arch contributed to the formation of the vertebrate shoulder, which separated the head as a distinct part of the body. In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, the larvae bear external gills , branching off from the gill arches. These are reduced in adulthood, their respiratory function taken over by

1961-816: The foundation awarded a $ 3 million grant to the Wikimedia Foundation . It made additional grants in July 2011 and January 2017. The Sloan Foundation is the primary funder of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , a major astronomical survey that began data collection in 2000. In 1945, the Sloan Foundation donated $ 4 million to launch the Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, now the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. In 1950,

2014-421: The gill arches form during fetal development , and form the basis of essential structures such as jaws , the thyroid gland , the larynx , the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals ) and, in mammals, the malleus and incus . The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on the embryonic dorsal nerve cord (which then flattens into a neural plate before folding and fusing over into

2067-400: The gut tube, with a split brain stem circumventing the foregut around each side to form a brain on the dorsal side of the mouth . The higher functions of the vertebrate CNS are highly centralized towards the brain (particularly the forebrain), while the invertebrate CNS is significantly more decentralized with the segmental ganglia having substantial neural autonomy independent of

2120-488: The initial years of Alfred P. Sloan ’s presidency, the foundation devoted its resources almost exclusively to education in economics and business. Grants were made to develop materials to improve high school and college economics teaching; for preparation of and wide distribution of inexpensive pamphlets on the pressing economic and social issues of the day; for weekly radio airing of round table discussions on current topics in economics and related subjects; and for establishing

2173-443: The internal gills proper in fishes and by cutaneous respiration in most amphibians. While some amphibians such as axolotl retain the external gills into adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods , who evolved lungs (which are homologous to swim bladders ) to breathe air. While the more specialized terrestrial vertebrates lack gills,

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2226-430: The intervertebral discs are of fibrocartilage . The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord . The other feature unique to vertebrates is the presence of a cranium , or skull. The vertebrates make up the subphylum Vertebrata with some 65,000 species in the phylum Chordata . The vertebrates include mammals , birds , amphibians , and various classes of reptiles and fish . Classes of fish include

2279-407: The jawless Agnatha , and the jawed Gnathostomata . The jawed fish include both the cartilaginous fish and the bony fish . Bony fish include the lobe-finned fish , which gave rise to the tetrapods , the animals with four limbs. Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species ; the rest are all invertebrates , that lack a backbone. The word 'vertebrate' derives from

2332-432: The length of an animal, hence the common name of backbone. The axial endoskeleton typically continues beyond the anus / cloaca to form an elongated tail . Some vertebrates evolved to become tailless with only a vestigial coccyx . A dorsal nerve cord , which folds and fuses into a hollow neural tube during embryonic development and eventually gives rise to the brain and spinal cord , runs more dorsally to

2385-460: The mammals and birds. Most scientists working with vertebrates use a classification based purely on phylogeny , organized by their known evolutionary history and sometimes disregarding the conventional interpretations of their anatomy and physiology. In phylogenetics , the relationships between animals are illustrated as a hierarchy known as a phylogenetic tree . The cladogram below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for

2438-496: The national workplace flexibility campaign as part of the Working Families program led by Kathleen E. Christensen . The Sloan Research Fellowships are annual awards given to more than 126 young researchers and university faculty, to further studies in chemistry , computational and evolutionary microbiology, computer science , economics , mathematics , neuroscience , ocean sciences and physics . In March 2008,

2491-411: The notochord. Hagfish are the only extant vertebrate whose notochord persists and is not integrated/ replaced by the vertebral column. A few vertebrates have secondarily lost this feature and retain the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon . Most vertebrates are aquatic and carry out gas exchange via gills . The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of

2544-444: The period 2004–present, an international network of Regional OBIS Nodes has also been established, that are facilitating the connection of data sources in their region to the master OBIS data network and also increasingly provide specialised services or views of OBIS data to users in their particular region. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is an American philanthropic nonprofit organization . It

2597-609: The relationships between the Olfactores (vertebrates and tunicates) and the Cephalochordata.   Amphioxiformes (lancelets)  [REDACTED]   Tunicata /Urochordata ( sea squirts , salps , larvaceans )  [REDACTED]   Vertebrata   [REDACTED] Vertebrates originated during the Cambrian explosion , which saw a rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrates belongs to

2650-661: The seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small eel-like conodonts , are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic. The first jawed vertebrates may have appeared in the late Ordovician (~445 mya) and became common in the Devonian period , often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of bony fishes , the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii , evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw

2703-650: The succeeding Carboniferous . Amniotes branched from amphibious tetrapods early in the Carboniferous period. The synapsid amniotes were dominant during the late Paleozoic, the Permian , while diapsid amniotes became dominant during the Mesozoic . In the sea, the teleosts and sharks became dominant. Mesothermic synapsids called cynodonts gave rise to endothermic mammals and diapsids called dinosaurs eventually gave rise to endothermic birds , both in

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2756-402: The two classes). Tetrapods comprise the dominant megafauna of most terrestrial environments and also include many partially or fully aquatic groups (e.g., sea snakes , penguins , cetaceans). There are several ways of classifying animals. Evolutionary systematics relies on anatomy , physiology and evolutionary history, which is determined through similarities in anatomy and, if possible,

2809-418: Was established in 1934 by Alfred P. Sloan Jr. , then-president and chief executive officer of General Motors . The Sloan Foundation makes grants to support original research and broad-based education related to science, technology, and economics. The foundation is an independent entity and has no formal relationship with General Motors. As of 2022, the Sloan Foundation's assets totaled $ 2.0 billion. During

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