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99-627: Ohalo II is the name given to the archaeological site located on the southwest shore of the Sea of Galilee in the Levant Jordan Rift Valley . The site consists of the remains of six charcoal rings where brushwood dwellings had been during the Upper Paleolithic. The huts are oval in shape and average between 9 and 16 feet long. They were simple in design, were constructed of tree branches and brushwood, and "probably only took

198-669: A 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the Lajia archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China. Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (around 3500–2000 BCE). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of

297-626: A 40-mile (64 km) hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims, called the " Jesus Trail ". It includes a network of footpaths, roads and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples. It ends at Capernaum on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus expounded his teachings. Another key attraction is the site where the Sea of Galilee's water flows into the Jordan River, to which thousands of pilgrims from all over

396-447: A different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants, and this is why it improves water efficiency. In southern Australia millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost-sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or higher. It is sown at a shallow depth. Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it

495-414: A few hours to make." Hearths were located outside the huts. In addition to the huts, the site also contains a grave and an area that was probably used as a refuse dump. The site is littered with a treasure trove of artifacts, including flints, animal bones, and remnants of fruit and cereal grains. Hundreds of species of birds, fish, fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and large animals have been identified at

594-551: A few. This suggests a marked preference of certain species of edible plants. A seed of particular interest comes from the Rubus fruit, which was fragile, difficult to transport, and preferably eaten immediately after collection. The presence of Rubus seeds at the Ohalo II site could indicate that the seeds were dried in the sun or by the fire for storage: early evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption. Most importantly,

693-489: A food in parts of some countries, such as China , India , Burma and North Korea . People affected by gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet , can replace gluten -containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten , its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten -containing cereals. The following table shows

792-577: A handle. The finds shed new light on cereal harvesting techniques some 8,000 years before the Natufian culture and 12,000 years before the establishment of sedentary farming communities in the Near East. Furthermore, the new finds accord well with evidence for the earliest ever cereal cultivation at the site and the use of stone-made grinding implements. A study analysing the distribution of flint materials and plant materials showed that distinct parts of

891-556: A highly varied group of small-seeded grasses , widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe Paniceae . Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa, especially in India , Mali , Nigeria , and Niger , with 97% of production in developing countries . The crop is favoured for its productivity and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include

990-476: A historical record of 3.47 meters (11.4 ft), while the 2019–20 winter brought a 2.82 meters (9 ft 3 in) rise. The Water Authority dug a new canal in order to let 5 billion liters (1.1 × 10  imp gal; 1.3 × 10  U.S. gal) of water flow from the lake directly into the Jordan River, bypassing the existing dams system for technical and financial reasons. The National Water Carrier of Israel , completed in 1964, transports water from

1089-712: A new water source for the city. March 2018 was the lowest point in water income to the lake since 1927. In September 2018 the Israeli energy and water office announced a project to pour desalinated water from the Mediterranean Sea into the Sea of Galilee using a tunnel. The tunnel is expected to be the largest of its kind in Israel and will transfer half of the Mediterranean desalted water and will move 300 to 500 million cubic meters of water per year. The plan

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1188-591: A plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country's water infrastructure via the National Water Carrier , in order to supply the water demand of the growing country. The carrier was completed in 1964. The Israeli plan, to which the Arab League opposed while endorsing its own plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River , sparked political and sometimes even armed confrontations over

1287-419: A routine sonar scan in 2003 (finding published in 2013), archaeologists discovered an enormous conical stone structure. The structure, which has a diameter of around 230 feet (70 m), is made of boulders and stones. The ruins are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old and are about 10 metres (33 ft) underwater. The estimated weight of the monument is over 60,000 tons. Researchers explain that

1386-556: A term derived from Latin millium , the Latin name for these plants. In ancient Egyptian millet was called besha or beṭ-t , in Coptic ⲃϣⲧⲉ (bēshte). Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major cereals . The millets are closely related to sorghum and maize within

1485-673: A variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso , doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe . From there it was taken to Namibia , where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non- Sahelian country where pearl millet—locally known as mahangu —is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1'

1584-434: A woman as a donor to the church's construction. This inscription is the first in the region to mention a female donor. The water level is monitored and regulated. There are three levels at which the alarm is rung: Daily monitoring of the Sea of Galilee's water level began in 1969, and the lowest level recorded since then was November 2001, which today constitutes the "black line" of 214.87 meters below sea level (although it

1683-652: Is 166.7 km (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately 43 metres (141 ft). The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River , which flows through it from north to south with the outflow controlled by the Degania Dam . The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel , between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in

1782-426: Is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures, the value and palatability of feed reduces. The Japanese millets ( Echinochloa esculenta ) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This

1881-530: Is a freshwater lake in Israel . It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea , a salt lake ), with its elevation fluctuating between 215 and 209 metres (705 and 686 ft) below sea level (depending on rainfall). It is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. Its area

1980-470: Is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process. Millet is the main ingredient in bánh đa kê, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried coconut meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake. In parts of Africa it is mixed with milk and consumed as Brukina . In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets. Millet

2079-422: Is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi . In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity, it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle. Millet is a C4 plant, which means that it has good water-use efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses

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2178-399: Is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake, which are held in check by the weight of the freshwater on top of them. After five years of drought up to 2018, the Sea of Galilee was expected to drop near the black line. In February 2018, the city of Tiberias requested a desalination plant to treat the water coming from the Sea of Galilee and demanded

2277-415: Is believed that in the first half of the 20th century, the water level had fallen lower than the current black line at times of drought). The Israeli government monitors water levels and publishes the results daily. Increasing water demand in Israel, Lebanon and Jordan, as well as dry winters, have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line to dangerously low levels at times. The Sea of Galilee

2376-546: Is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BCE in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum ) around 3700 BCE, also in Indian subcontinent. Various millets have been mentioned in some of the Yajurveda texts, identifying foxtail millet ( priyaṅgu ), Barnyard millet ( aṇu ) and black finger millet ( śyāmāka ), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BCE in India. Upon request by

2475-963: Is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research in Telangana , India, and by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service at Tifton, Georgia , United States. Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding

2574-630: Is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $ 2–$ 3 per kg; it is quick to establish, can be grazed early, and is suitable for both sheep and cattle. Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum . Millet does not contain prussic acid , which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by

2673-491: Is labor division based on sex. Such a division has been observed in many past societies, however the culture-specific variability of this is also very high. As such, if this observed labor division was indeed related to gender, the finds at Ohalo II reflect the oldest evidence for such a situation. Sea of Galilee The Sea of Galilee ( Hebrew : יָם כִּנֶּרֶת , Judeo-Aramaic : יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, Arabic : بحيرة طبريا ), also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret ,

2772-484: Is over 65 percent (see mahangu ). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia , Nigeria and Uganda . Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as

2871-670: Is required. Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso , Chad and the Gambia . In Mali and Senegal , millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it

2970-416: Is said to cost five billion shekels. Since the beginning of the 2018–19 rainy season, the Sea of Galilee has risen considerably. From being near the ecologically dangerous black line of −214.4 m, the level has risen by April 2020 to just 16 cm (6.3 in) below the upper red line, a result of strong rains and a radical decrease in pumping. During the entire 2018–19 rainy season the water level rose by

3069-458: Is significant evidence to suggest that the center of activity for the inhabitants of Hut 1 was along the northern wall where the 40 cm long trapezoidal stone laid. There is strong evidence to suggest that this stone was used for the grinding of grain. It appears that someone attempted to embed the stone deep into the ground, using sand to provide a base beneath the grinding stone and small cobbles to provide additional support. A starch grain study

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3168-500: Is the name used by the medieval Persian and Arab scholars Al-Baladhuri , Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir . In 1989, remains of a hunter-gatherer site were found under the water at the southern end. Remains of mud huts were found in Ohalo . Nahal Ein Gev, located about 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the lake, contains a village from the late Natufian period. The site is considered one of

3267-556: The Early Neolithic of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north), where proso millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation. Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago. Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under

3366-673: The Indian Government in 2018, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(FAO) declared 2023 as International Year of Millets. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from Pennisetum violaceum . Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at Birimi in northern Ghana (1740 cal BC ) and Dhar Tichitt in Mauritania (1936–1683 cal BC) and

3465-606: The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled. The Sea of Galilee's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control, and the area was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires. The palace of Minya was built by the lake during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715 CE). Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned. In 1187, Sultan Saladin defeated

3564-547: The Jordan Rift Valley , formed by the separation of the African and Arabian plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes , and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident from the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee . The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With

3663-686: The Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria . The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake. However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during

3762-603: The Mumun pottery period (about 1500–300 BCE) in Korea. Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass , were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period sometime after 4000 BCE. Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong , a legendary Emperor of China, and Hou Ji , whose name means Lord Millet. Little millet ( Panicum sumatrense )

3861-549: The PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley . Bambusoideae (bamboos)  ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet ) Millets Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of

3960-482: The Pleistocene (about 1.8 million years ago), and caused the subsidence of the lake area. As a result of horizontal shifts in the north–south direction and subsidence of the area, a lake was formed, with an asymmetrical bottom—steeper in the east and a gentler in the west. In the southern part an underwater cliff is present, covered by the lake's sediments. The cliff is distinct in the western part and less so in

4059-468: The Sahara in western Africa. Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1',

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4158-585: The 1967 Six-Day War. During the war, Israel captured the Golan Heights , which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee. Up until the mid-2010s, about 400 million m (14 billion cu ft) of water was pumped through the National Water Carrier each year. Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty , Israel also supplies 50 million m (1.8 billion cu ft) of water annually from

4257-587: The Jordan basin . The lake lies in the center of the Jordan Valley, in the northern part of the Syrian-African rift . Several directions of tectonic movements characterize the region, mirroring the patterns typical of the entire Syrian-African rift: north–south movements, which started about 20 million years ago; stretching movements in the east–west direction, which began later, at the beginning of

4356-586: The Kinneret Cemetery next to Rachel —two prominent national poets. In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine , while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine while France would control Syria. This required the allies to fix the border between

4455-548: The Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan, while the government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes. On 15 May 1948, Syria invaded the newborn state of Israel, capturing territory along

4554-529: The Mandatory Syria ( State of Damascus ) off from the lake. The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the River Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at Semakh on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on

4653-510: The Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton . Fauna include zooplankton , benthos and a number of fish species such as Mirogrex terraesanctae . The Fishing and Agricultural Division of the Ministry of Water and Agriculture of Israel lists 10 families of fish living in

4752-422: The Sea of Galilee. Under the 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Syria, Syria occupied the northeast shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. The agreement stated that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Syria remained in possession of the lake's northeast shoreline until the 1967 Arab-Israeli war . In the 1950s, Israel formulated

4851-445: The ancient Via Maris , which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks , Hasmoneans , and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the lake including Hippos and Tiberias . Contemporary Roman–Jewish historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reports a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in

4950-581: The armies of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin , largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee. The lake had little importance within the early Ottoman Empire . Tiberias did see a significant revival of its Jewish community in the 16th century but had gradually declined until the city was destroyed in 1660 . In

5049-456: The blue tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus ), and the redbelly tilapia ( Tilapia zillii ). Fish caught commercially include Tristramella simonis and the Galilean tilapia, locally called "St. Peter's fish". In 2005, 300 short tons (270 t) of tilapia were caught by local fishermen. This dropped to 8 short tons (7.3 t) in 2009 because of overfishing . A fish species that is unique to

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5148-402: The burning was intentional or accidental is unknown. But what may have been tragic for its ancient inhabitants turned out to be a boon for archaeologists: at the same time as the village was destroyed, water levels at the Sea of Galilee rose and buried the site. Fortunately, ...calm, relatively deep water covered the site, and the immediate deposition of fine clay and silt layers began. Together,

5247-445: The cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia . There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulfur or salt blocks with millet. The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing

5346-778: The changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed. The modern Hebrew name Kineret comes from the Hebrew Bible , where it appears as the "sea of Kineret" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27 , and spelled כנרות "Kinerot" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2 . This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit , in the Aqhat Epic . As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the "fenced cities" in Joshua 19:35 . A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology presumes that

5445-586: The city of Tiberias founded on its western shore in honour of the second Roman emperor, Tiberius . In the New Testament, the term "sea of Galilee" ( Greek : θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας , thalassan tēs Galilaias ) is used in the Gospel of Matthew 4:18; 15:29 , the Gospel of Mark 1:16; 7:31 , and in the Gospel of John 6:1 as "the sea of Galilee, which is [the sea] of Tiberias" (θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος, thalassēs tēs Galilaias tēs Tiberiados ),

5544-526: The cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice , especially in northern China and Korea. The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought, and this has been suggested to have aided its spread. Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BCE. Millet

5643-596: The demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel , had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee. The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the River Jordan , Lake Hula , Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk . The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore, cutting

5742-539: The early 18th century, Tiberias was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar , becoming the center of his rule over Galilee, and seeing also a revival of its Jewish community. In 1908, Jewish pioneers established the Kinneret Farm at the same time as and next to Moshavat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake. The farm trained Jewish immigrants in modern farming. One group of youth from the training farm established Kvutzat Degania in 1909–1910, popularly considered as

5841-692: The early and mid-1990s dried out the marshy northern margin of the lake. It is hoped that drastic reductions in the amount of water pumped through the National Water Carrier will help restore the lake's ecology over the span of several years. The lake, with its immediate surrounds, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports populations of black francolins and non-breeding griffon vultures as well as many wintering waterbirds, including marbled teals , great crested grebes , grey herons , great white egrets , great cormorants and black-headed gulls . Millet Millets ( / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ t s / ) are

5940-426: The east. The Sea of Galilee in its current form was preceded by Lake Lisan , which extended from the northern Sea of Galilee to Hatzeva in the south, more than 200 km (120 mi) from the present southernmost point of the lake. Lake Lisan was preceded by Lake Ovadia, a much smaller fresh water lake. Lake Kinneret was formed in its current form less than 20,000 years ago, as a result of tectonic subsidence and

6039-479: The extremely high concentration of seeds clustering around the grinding stone in the northern wall of Hut 1 led archeologist Ehud Weiss to believe that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption. A 2015 study reported that its "findings represent the earliest indications for the presence of proto-weeds in a site predating the Neolithic plant domestication by some 11,000 years. This study shows for

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6138-468: The family Poaceae (the grasses), but they belong to different tribes and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are: Eragrostideae tribe in the subfamily Chloridoideae : Paniceae tribe in the subfamily Panicoideae : Andropogoneae tribe, also in the subfamily Panicoideae : Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists , relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that

6237-409: The first kibbutz , another group founded Kvutzat Kinneret in 1913, and yet another the first proper kibbutz, Ein Harod , in 1921, the same year when the first moshav , Nahalal , was established by a group trained at the farm. The Jewish settlements around Kinneret Farm are considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early Zionism ; Kvutzat Kinneret is the birthplace of Naomi Shemer , buried at

6336-618: The first drought-induced drop in water levels at the Sea of Galilee. However, when the drought abated and waters of the Sea of Galilee rose, the site became inaccessible, and work at Ohalo was halted for 10 years, until the water receded again in 1999. The Israeli Antiquities Authority organized the excavations on Ohalo II, which continued when sea levels permitted. The two main excavations at Ohalo II occurred from 1989 to 1991 and from 1999 to 2000. The site spanned 2000 square meters, and revealed unusually well-preserved material. In addition to rare organic matter found, archaeologists also discovered

6435-546: The first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the Neolithic Revolution . According to Sugimoto (2015), the Iron Age IB (1150–1000 BCE) cities in the northeastern region of the Sea of Galilee likely reflect the activities of the Kingdom of Geshur , mentioned in the Bible. Also, the later Iron Age IIA–B cities here are linked with the southern expansion of the Aram-Damascus kingdom. Among these Galilean cities are Tel Dover, Tel ‘En Gev, Tel Hadar, Tel Bethsaida, and Tel Kinrot. The Sea of Galilee lies on

6534-446: The first time that proto-weeds grew in the vicinity of human camps and most probably also in small-scale, cultivated plots. The exact spatial distribution of the seed around a grinding stone further indicates extensive preparation. The seeds were scattered in a U-shape around the grinding stone, Weiss hypothesized that a woman was squatting at the open end of the U, and actively distributing the seeds all around her while grinding. There

6633-568: The hut via natural forces such as wind. In addition, statistical analysis demonstrates that the concentration of plant matter was significantly higher around the walls than the center. Had the seeds been deposited by the collapsed roof, they would have evenly scattered on the ground. Furthermore, just 13 species of fruit and cereal make up about half of the total number of seeds found in the area; these include brome grains ( Bromus pseudobrachystachys ), wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ) and millet grass grains ( Piptatherum holciforme ), just to name

6732-530: The huts were used for different purposes. The concentration of flint material in the entrance area contrasts with plant material concentration and grinding stone placement in other parts of the hut, suggesting a distinct separation in activity space for food-preparation and tool-making. It is likely that this was a deliberate division of space within the hut. However it is also possible that these two activities were not absolutely restricted to their respective areas. One possible interpretation of this observed divide

6831-477: The lake bottom. It is possible that the rise in sea level that made preservation possible at Ohalo II was either caused by increase in global temperature at the end of the last glacial period or by an earthquake that changed the course of the water flowing into the Sea of Galilee. The site was discovered in 1989, when an extended drought caused a 9-meter drop in water levels in the Sea of Galilee. Dani Nadel of University of Haifa excavated Ohalo II in 1989 during

6930-436: The lake to Jordan . In recent years the Israeli government has made extensive investments in water conservation , reclamation and desalination infrastructure in the country. This has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the lake annually in an effort to restore and improve its ecological environment, as well as respond to some of the most extreme drought conditions in hundreds of years affecting

7029-504: The lake to the population centers of Israel, and in the past supplied most of the country's drinking water. In 2016 the lake supplied approximately 10% of Israel's drinking water needs. In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee, sharply reducing the water flow into the lake. This project and Israel's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in

7128-414: The lake's intake basin since 1998. Therefore, it was expected that in 2016 only about 25 million m (880 million cu ft) of water would be drawn from the lake for Israeli domestic consumption, a small fraction of the amount typically drawn from the lake over the previous decades. Tourism around the Sea of Galilee is an important economic segment. Historical and religious sites in

7227-437: The lake, Tristramella sacra , used to spawn in the marsh and has not been seen since the 1990s droughts. Conservationists fear this species may have become extinct . Low water levels in drought years have stressed the lake's ecology . This may have been aggravated by over-extraction of water for either the National Water Carrier to supply other parts of Israel or, since 1994, for the supply of water to Jordan. Droughts of

7326-418: The lake, with a total of 27 species – 19 native and 8 introduced species . Local fishermen talk of four types of fish: "مشط musht" ( tilapia ); sardin (the Kinneret bleak, Mirogrex terraesanctae ); "بني biny" or Jordan barbel, Luciobarbus longiceps ( barb-like ); and North African sharptooth catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ). The tilapia species include the Galilean tilapia ( Sarotherodon galilaeus ),

7425-527: The lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the Jesus Boat , in 1986. In the New Testament, much of the ministry of Jesus occurs on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic Gospels of Mark 1 :14–20), Matthew 4 :18–22), and Luke 5 :1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from

7524-695: The late 1st century CE name. Sea of Tiberias is also the name mentioned in Roman texts and in the Jerusalem Talmud , and it was adopted into Arabic as Buḥayret Ṭabariyyā (بحيرة طبريا), "Lake Tiberias". From the Umayyad through the Mamluk period, the lake was known in Arabic as Bahr al-Minya , the "Sea of Minya", after the Umayyad qasr complex, whose ruins are still visible at Khirbat al-Minya . This

7623-745: The local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread ( rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti . Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka , naachanie in Maharashtra , or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with

7722-658: The lower Tilemsi valley in Mali (2500 to 2000 cal BC). Studies of isozymes suggest domestication took place north east of the Senegal River in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC. Pearl millet had arrived in the Indian subcontinent by 2000 BC to 1700 BC. Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE. Research on millets

7821-460: The name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre"), because of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for

7920-454: The origin of the town's name. All Old and New Testament writers use the term "sea" (Hebrew יָם yam , Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke , who calls it "the Lake of Gennesaret" ( Luke 5:1 ), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ ( limnē Gennēsaret ), the "Grecized form of Chinnereth." The Babylonian Talmud as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name "Sea of Ginosar" after

8019-628: The popular ragi rotti and Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture. Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian , German , and Chinese cuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato , and/or various types of squash . In Germany, it

8118-415: The region draw both local and foreign tourists. The Sea of Galilee is an attraction for Christian pilgrims who visit Israel to see the places where Jesus performed miracles according to the New Testament. Alonzo Ketcham Parker, a 19th-century American traveler, called visiting the Sea of Galilee "a 'fifth gospel' which one read devoutly, his heart overflowing with quiet joy". In April 2011, Israel unveiled

8217-399: The remains of several small dwellings, hearths outside the dwellings, a human burial, and stone tools . The excavation of Ohalo II revealed three surprises: organic material that had been well preserved for thousands of years, clues concerning how people thrived during one of the coldest time periods in history, and some of the earliest evidence for bedding in human history. It is possible that

8316-453: The sea provides the setting for Jesus' third post-resurrection appearance to his disciples ( John 21 ). In 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's revolt was put down which was part of the Jewish–Roman wars . The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem . The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly Tiberias. It was in this region that

8415-454: The sea. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture , particularly bananas , dates, mangoes, grapes and olives in the fertile belt of land surrounding it. The Turkish Aviators Monument, erected during the Ottoman era, stands near Kibbutz Ha'on on the lakeshore, commemorating the Turkish pilots whose monoplanes crashed en route to Jerusalem. The warm waters of

8514-690: The shores of the Kinneret: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James . One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount , is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the Kinneret. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water , calming the storm , the disciples and the miraculous catch of fish , and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha ). In John's Gospel

8613-588: The shrinking up of Lake Lisan. In 1986 the Ancient Galilee Boat , also known as the Jesus Boat, was discovered on the northwest shore during a drought when water levels receded. It is an ancient fishing boat from the 1st century AD, and although there is no evidence directly linking the boat to Jesus and his disciples, it nevertheless is an example of the kind of boat that Jesus and his disciples, some of whom were fishermen, may have used. During

8712-466: The site is larger than the area that has been excavated, but unless sea levels continue to drop, archaeologists will not be able to investigate the full range of the site. Archeologists have conducted an exhaustive study of Hut 1 at Ohalo II; this hut yielded over 90,000 seeds. The seeds account for more than 100 species of wild barley and fruits. Such a high concentration of seeds in the hut makes it highly unlikely that they were accidentally deposited into

8811-471: The site resembles early burial sites in Europe and was likely built in the early Bronze Age . In February 2018, archaeologists discovered seven intact mosaics with Greek inscriptions. One inscription, at five meters one of the longest found to date in western Galilee, gives the names of donors and the names and positions of church officials, including Irenaeus, bishop of Tyre in 445. Another mosaic mentions

8910-401: The site. These finds have greatly expanded knowledge of Upper Paleolithic hunting and gathering practices. At the time hunter-gatherers settled down at Ohalo II, the Sea of Galilee was newly formed and may have been attractive to many bands of people. After Ohalo II had been occupied for a relatively short amount of time, probably only a few generations, the village burned to the ground. Whether

9009-478: The small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side. Ginosar is yet another name derived from "Kinneret". The word Galilee comes from the Hebrew Haggalil (הַגָלִיל), which literally means "The District", a compressed form of Gelil Haggoyim "The District of Nations" (Isaiah 8:23). Toward the end of the 1st century CE, the Sea of Galilee became widely known as the Sea of Tiberias after

9108-740: The sole exception is China , number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes. Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar , jola , dzonnalu , jwaarie , or jondhahlaa in Gujarati , Kannada , Telugu , Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari , kora , or panjappullu in Malayalam ; or cholam in Tamil ) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make

9207-676: The southern area, particularly around the entrance of Hut 1. There were also heavy cores and primary elements found in that vicinity. It is probable that individuals conducted flint-knapping near the entrance by the light from the door. Use-wear analysis of five glossed flint blades found at Ohalo II provides the earliest evidence for the use of composite cereal harvesting tools. The wear traces indicate that tools were used for harvesting near-ripe semi-green wild cereals, shortly before grains are ripe and disperse naturally. The studied tools were not used intensively, and they reflect two harvesting modes: flint knives held by hand and inserts hafted in

9306-453: The water sediments sealed the site and protected the remains in situ for millennia. Since then, the rate of decomposition has been extremely low in the submerged anaerobic conditions and the preservation of organic material has been excellent. This submersion and sedimentation (likely in combination with the charring) slowed the growth of bacteria in organic plant remains, preventing their destruction and preserving them through millennia on

9405-401: The widely cultivated sorghum ; apart from that, pearl millet is the most commonly cultivated of the millets. Finger millet , proso millet , and foxtail millet are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies". Etymologically, millet is

9504-568: The world come to be baptized every year. Israel's most well-known open water swim race, the Kinneret Crossing, is held every year in September, drawing thousands of open water swimmers to participate in competitive and noncompetitive events. Tourists also partake in the building of rafts on Lavnun Beach , called Rafsodia. Here many different age groups work together to build a raft with their bare hands and then sail that raft across

9603-706: Was conducted and grain remains were found on the grinding stone surface. A follow-up study was able to give further evidence to this use, documenting the processing of wild barley, wild wheat and wild oats on the stone. The flint tools in Ohalo II are highly varied, representing all stages of core reduction and are distributed in a pattern. Bladelets form a large percentage of the debris in hut I, which also include blades , flakes, primary elements, core trimming elements, and cores . There are 132 retouched tools, which are modified versions of stone flakes . A fairly large concentration of minute bladelets and flakes , along with other angular and fire-cracked fragments were found in

9702-649: Was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BCE, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia and northern Greece. Hesiod describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer." And millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BCE by Theophrastus in his "Enquiry into Plants". Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) were important crops beginning in

9801-483: Was then introduced to Chad . The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin . In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million tonnes . India is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from Niger (at 3.7 million tonnes) to Chad (0.7 million tonnes);

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