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102-478: The Old Municipal Hall was built by the Demetrio Ledesma, who was the presidente municipal of Jaro which was then a separate administrative unit from Iloilo City . In 1933, the building was under construction and was completed in 1934. In 1941, Jaro was absorbed into Iloilo City which meant that the building no longer functions as a municipal hall. It was then used as the headquarters of Jaro's police and

204-588: A Banquet for Spaniards. Twenty-seven Spanish sailors died due to poisoning by Cebuanos. Rajah Humabon restored friendly relations with Lapu-Lapu, as he is married to Hara Humamay, Lapu-lapu niece. Under Philip II, in 1565, the Spaniards in Mexico returned to Cebu to avenge Magellan's death against the treachery of Cebuanos. Miguel López de Legazpi pillaged and burned houses in Cebu for days. Cebuanos retreated, fearing

306-541: A consecutive number of 66, 50, 169, and then another 169 Mexican soldiers from Latin America during the years 1603, 1636, 1670, and 1672. In 1586, it welcomed 20 Spanish Households and the garrison was reinforced by 30 Spanish and/or Mexican soldiers. Later in the 1700s, Iloilo was home to 166 Spanish Filipino families and 29,723 native families. Unlike the Indianized Cebuanos who were neutral to

408-637: A crown attorney [ fiscal ]; a bailiff [ alguacil mayor ]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district said Island of Luzon, and the rest of the Philippines, the Archipelago of China , and its Mainland , discovered and to be discovered. And we order that the governor and captain general of said Islands and Provinces, and president of their Royal Audiencia, have exclusively

510-749: A district of Iloilo City), Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned and launched, on May 8, 1570, with the help of seafaring inhabitants of the Island. After the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War , the Capital of the Spanish East Indies was transferred to Iloilo, with General Diego de los Rios as the new Governor General residing in

612-552: A few Spanish elements. A sizeable proportion of the current population of the Northern Marianas Islands (45–55%) and Guam (30–45%), as well as that of Palau (15–25%) is of Filipino descent. Some of the local peoples in the previously stated territories also use Filipino names and surnames (one example is the surname Pangelinan, which comes from the Filipino surname Pangilinan). The current Chamorro population

714-586: A footprint of less than 100 square meters (1,100 sq ft). Iloilo City lone district representative Jerry Treñas authored the Republic Act 1055 or the "An Act Declaring the Jaro Cathedral, Molo Church, The Iloilo City Central Business District, Fort San Pedro, Jaro Plaza Complex, Molo Plaza Complex and Plaza Libertad Complex" which declared historic sites in Iloilo City which includes

816-562: A life of civilization and progress." The Ayuntamiento of Iloilo also affirmed its allegiance and loyalty to Spain and made a similar protestation. Condemning the uprising, the city's letter to the Governor General says: "Those dark betrayals, the mere notion of which embarrasses good and loyal Filipinos, have produced a unanimous sentiment of protest and indignation among the Ilongo people, who engrave its most honorable blazon in

918-570: A massacre of the Spanish on 1 May. Consolidated onto the Trinidad and the Victoria , the survivors were able to reach the city-state of Tidore in the Spice Islands on 8 November. Its sultan Al-Mansur promptly pledged his realm as Spain's vassal the next day, hoping to use them as a counterweight to Portuguese support of his rival Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate . Within a year, he

1020-578: A ready response of the Tagalog mercenaries, who had no local attachment to the city. The Americans fired the first shell on February 11, 1899. Foreign eyewitnesses observed that the bombardment damaged quite a few buildings. In the meantime, from early morning, the withdrawing native soldiers, followed by a riffraff mob, were observed to have rushed hither and thither, throwing firebrands on to petroleum-washed houses. The Chinese had to barricade themselves to no use since fire burned their bazaars. Europeans and

1122-571: A satellite office for Region 6 ( Western Visayas ). The National Museum also uses the building as a site for its training, conferences, seminars and other services. The building was returned to the ownership of the Iloilo CIty government by the NMP on February 28, 2024. Juan Arellano is the architect of the Art deco building. The historic building is 2-storeys high, made from a mix of concrete, and has

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1224-402: A settlement in the areas between Ogtong ( Oton ) and the present-day La Villa Rica de Arevalo district of Iloilo City. Though founded in 1566, Oton, which forms a big part of the area in the said settlement with Arevalo, was established formally in 1572 as the second official Spanish colonial outpost after Cebu City . The city was founded by 80 pure Spaniards from Europe and was reinforced by

1326-473: Is a conglomeration of former towns, now organized as geographical or administrative districts . These districts include Villa de Arevalo , Iloilo City Proper , Jaro (an independent city before), La Paz , Mandurriao , Molo , and Lapuz (declared a separate district in 2008). In 1566, the Spanish settled in Iloilo, establishing it as one of the oldest Spanish colonial centers in the Philippines. The city

1428-611: Is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines , located on the southeastern coast of the island of Panay . According to the 2020 census, Iloilo City has a population of 457,626 people, making it the most populous city in Western Visayas. For the metropolitan area , the total population is 1,007,945 people. It is the largest city and capital of Iloilo province, where

1530-437: Is allegedly a direct Spanish translation from two manuscripts acquired from locals in Iloilo sometime after 1858 when he was stationed there. The details on Santaren's account corroborate most of Monteclaro's. However, the manuscripts that Santaren translated from were presumably only written during the colonial era in romanized Hiligaynon , since pre-colonial Visayans transmitted history via oral tradition, not in writing. Thus it

1632-491: Is also popular for the Dinagyang Festival , well-preserved heritage houses , centuries-old Catholic churches , museums , river esplanades , and Spanish colonial and American-era architecture buildings, as well as being the center of Candelaria devotion in the Philippines. The name "Iloilo" is derived from the older name "Ilong-ilong" ( Philippine Spanish : Ilong̃-ílong̃ ) meaning "nose-like", referring to

1734-488: Is believed to be partly of Filipino descent, both because of the historic links between Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands and the Philippines during Spanish rule, and currently through different waves of migration. The cuisines of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau are also heavily influenced by Filipino cuisine, with dishes like Pancit , Lumpia , Kelaguen , Halo-halo and Okoy being

1836-672: Is still unlikely that they are of pre-colonial origin. It is, however, accurate to regard the Maragtas (or at least elements of it) as being derived from local folk history, rather than authentic history or simply fabrications by Monteclaro. There was a mention of Iloilo's current town of Oton in Yuan Dynasty records in the 1300s when Oton was called in Hokkien Chinese : 啞陳 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : A-tân . In Panay, according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., "...in

1938-958: The Captaincy General of the Philippines was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Real Audiencia of Manila was created on 5 May 1583 and the first session was held on 15 June 1584 as the highest tribunal of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, that had the Governor-General of the Philippines as its ex officio highest judge. Both institutions were created by the Royal Decree of King Felipe II . Law XI (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Manila en las Filipinas) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of

2040-574: The Code of Kalantiaw ) is now regarded by modern scholars to be an early 20th century hoax . The historicity of the epic was first challenged by the historian William Henry Scott in 1968. Scott successfully defended his criticism before a panel of experts in Filipino history (including Gregorio Zaide , Teodoro Agoncillo , etc.), some of whom had once promoted the inclusion of Maragtas in books on Philippine history. A more recent 2019 thesis, "Mga Maragtas ng Panay: Comparative Analysis of Documents about

2142-481: The Hiligaynon people of "Oton" ( Panay ) as the island of Leyte , which correlates with the linguistic subgrouping of the Hiligaynon language . Numerous legends however, exist on the origins of the Hiligaynon people . Among them is the epic Maragtas by Pedro Monteclaro (first published in 1907), which describes how ten datu and their families, led by Datu Puti, left the "kingdom of Borneo " to escape

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2244-734: The Indian Ocean around the Cape , a monopoly supported by papal bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas , Spanish contact with the Far East waited until the success of the 1519–1522 Magellan – Elcano expedition that found a Southwest Passage around South America into the Pacific . The expedition reached the outskirts of the East Indies on 6 March 1521, sighting the Marianas . Upon reaching

2346-487: The Philippines , Magellan was able to convert and ally with Rajah Humabon , the Rajah of Cebu at that time, but died shortly thereafter in the Battle of Mactan while trying to shore up Humabon's control over nearby islands. When the expedition's new leaders refused to honor Magellan's will and free his Malay slave Enrique , Enrique—who also acted as their interpreter—was able to turn Humabon against them, provoking

2448-624: The Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the original decree and the one of 25 May 1596—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia and its president. "In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; four judges of civil cases [ oidores ], who will also be judges of criminal cases [ alcaldes del crimen ];

2550-699: The Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City . After independence of the Mexican Empire , Manila reported directly to Madrid. The territories ruled included present-day Philippines , Guam and the Mariana Islands , as well as Palau , part of Micronesia and for a brief period Northern Taiwan and parts of North Sulawesi and the Moluccas ( Dutch East Indies (VOC)). Cebu was

2652-750: The captaincy general in Manila for the Spanish Crown , initially reporting to Mexico City , then later directly reporting to Madrid after the Spanish American Wars of Independence . The king of Spain traditionally styled himself "King of the East and West Indies" (Spanish: Rey de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales ). From 1565 to 1821 these territories, together with the Spanish West Indies , were administered through

2754-517: The promontory between two rivers ( Iloilo and Batiano ) where the Fort San Pedro and the 17th-century Spanish port were located. Little is known historically about the region prior to the arrival of the Spanish. In Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas (1668), the Jesuit missionary Francisco Ignacio Alcina (1668) identifies the origin of

2856-716: The Becerra Law of 1889, the ayuntamiento of Iloilo was established on January 7, 1890, its inauguration led by the former Governor-General Valeriano Weyler . Iloilo City was the second-most important city in the archipelago at the end of the Spanish Regime. The immediate reaction of Ilonggo elite to the outbreak of the 1896 rebellion in Manila was that of surprise. They immediately responded with protestations of outrage and affirmed their loyalty to Spain. The Ilonggos themselves were united in their support of Spain during

2958-625: The Bornean Settlement Tradition" (Talaguit, 2019) has uncovered a slightly earlier account of the Bornean migration myth by the Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Tomas Santaren. His account, Bisayan Accounts of Early Bornean Settlements , was first published in 1902 as an appendix to the book Igorrotes: estudio geográfico y etnográfico sobre algunos distritos del norte de Luzon by Fr. Angel Perez. Santaren's account

3060-653: The Country . For over 256 years, the Spanish East Indies were governed by a governor-captain general, and an audiencia . All economic matters of the Philippines were managed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain, located in Mexico. Because the eastward route was more widely used for military purposes, in addition to commerce that included the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade, most government correspondence went through Mexico, rather than directly to Spain (with

3162-669: The East Indies for 350,000 ducats in the Capitulation of Zaragoza on 22 April 1529. Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, Antonio de Mendoza encouraged the exploration of these Asian territories and commissioned the expedition of his in-law Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542–1543. Miguel López de Legazpi set out from Mexico, and established

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3264-626: The Ilonggos would be short-lived. The American forces arrived in Iloilo on December 27, 1898, under the command of General Marcus P. Miller , and were afterwards reinforced up to a total strength of about 3,000 troops and two ships, to take possession of the territory in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. The Federal State of the Visayas was established on December 2, 1898, to promote the ideal of federation for an independent Philippine nation. It

3366-586: The Islamic slave-raiding into the Visayas islands, the Christian Visayans from Iloilo together with Spanish officers and their Latino soldiers from Peru soon founded Zamboanga City and settled in it, using it as a fortress to prevent Moro attacks in the Visayas, and as a staging ground for Christian campaigns into Muslim Mindanao. In 1700, due to ever-increasing attacks especially from the Dutch and

3468-690: The Jaro Health Center and Jaro Fire Station would be built besides the building. In 2014, the Iloilo City Council approved an ordinance that donated the building to the National Museum of the Philippines so that the organization can use the building as a regional office. Restoration works was done on the building which costed around ₱20 million . In 2017, the National Museum moved to the building and established

3570-518: The Moros, the Spaniards again moved their seat of power some 25 kilometres (16 miles) eastward to the village of Irong-Irong, which had natural and strategic defense against raids. At the mouth of the river that snakes through Panay, the Spaniards built the Fortificación de Nuestra Señora del Rosario en el Puerto de Yloylo, Provincia de Oton (now called Fort San Pedro ) to better guard against

3672-775: The Muslims who invaded their homeland at the culmination of the Reconquista ), Zamboanga was also taken from the Sultanate of Sulu via the efforts of Spanish and Peruvian soldiers and native allies as all these territories were incorporated into the Spanish East Indies. The Philippines became the center of operations for further Spanish wars in Asia including the Castilian War against the Sultanate of Brunei, raids against

3774-816: The Ottoman protectorate of the Sultanate of Aceh, the brief conquests of the Sultanates of Tidor and Ternate as well as Spanish campaigns into Cambodia and Taiwan. These and other Asian territories claimed by the Spanish crown were to be governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City. The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spices, silver, gold and other Asian-Pacific islander products to Mexico. Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to Veracruz and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to

3876-547: The Philippine flag, without having any trouble with the American ships on standby in the waters between the two islands. On February 10, an Extraordinary Session at the City Hall discussed plans for the impending bombardment of the city. There was a proposal to burn Iloilo, but the Mayor protested to this barbarous plan. A majority in the meeting was in favor of burning, which was seen as an invitation to despoil, lay waste and slay. The instigators who had no property interests in Iloilo, but who were so jealous of those who have, found

3978-500: The Spaniards built Fort Santo Domingo near Keelung in 1626 and a mission in Tamsui in 1628, which they occupied until they lost in the Second Battle of San Salvador . Several Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the 16th century, including New Guinea ( Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545), the Solomon Islands ( Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568), and the Marquesas Islands ( Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595), but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. During

4080-501: The Spaniards or the partially Islamized Tagalogs of Manila who were more hostile, the people of Madja-as welcomed the Iberians as allies since at that time period, Madja-as was locked in a war against the invading Muslims, especially with the Sultanate of Brunei and its vassal states, the Sultanate of Sulu and the Kingdom of Maynila which, according to Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Sande , are their blood-cousins. The people then fervently accepted Christianity as they supplied

4182-485: The Spanish half-castes had to defend themselves with every means possible, including bribing the rioters with a few pesos. Two British warships in the roadstead sent boats ashore and landed a party of marines, who made a gallant effort to save foreign properties, as the United Kingdom had a strong business interest in Iloilo and a Consulate. By 1 o'clock of the same day, the Americans made a landing and restored order. Sentinels were stationed to protect what still remained of

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4284-544: The Spanish were able to resist the British invasion and kept the British confined to Manila and nearby Cavite . Rebellions by local leaders at the instigation of the British, such as that of Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela , were crushed by the Spanish. Under the peace settlement, Manila was exchanged, along with British-occupied Havana , for Florida and Menorca . Manila was ceded back to Spanish authorities in April 1764. The Seven Years' War prompted Charles III to initiate extensive governmental reforms throughout

4386-464: The Western and Eastern Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. King of Italy , King of Bohemia and Hungary. He commissioned Ferdinand Magellan to circumnavigate the globe especially to establish International Trade in Spice Island. The dangerous and uncertain voyage as 5 ships with 270 men departs from Seville and by 1520, the expedition have traversed for months calm Ocean they called Pacifico or Peaceful. The mountains of Samar and Leyte

4488-530: The ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island." In 1519, King Charles I of Spain already acquired and inherited Catholic kingdoms. He was the King of all Spain, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Burgundy and Luxembourg , Count of Holland , Count of Barcelona , Count of Flanders , Prince of Asturias , Archduke of Austria , King of Aragon , King of Jerusalem , Catalonia, Valencia, Naples, two Sicilies, Corsica and Sardinia. King of

4590-533: The archipelago were converted and reformed and they abandoned the practice of slaving, piracy and raiding and contented themselves to be simple soldiers or farmers. In 1581, Ronquillo moved the colonial center from Ogtong to approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) eastward due to recurrent raids by Moro pirates and Dutch and English privateers. He renamed this new colonial seat La Villa Rica de Arévalo in honor of his hometown in Ávila, Spain . Ronquillo also settled groups of Spanish and Mexican soldiers to become

4692-415: The archipelago's Capital. On a side note, at the beginning of the American period until the Second World War , Cebu became the second port of importance (Iloilo having been partly ravaged by bombardment, fire, and riots during the American occupation of Iloilo City). Yet, it was also during this period of Philippine history that Iloilo was more popularly known as the Queen City of the South . This points to

4794-441: The attack was repulsed by a force of 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Mexican arquebusiers under the command of the Don Juan Garcia de Sierra (the Spanish alcalde mayor ), who died in battle. With the increase in Moro incursions toward the end of the sixteenth century, Spanish defenses in the Visayas were strengthened by the construction of a fort at Iloilo staffed by two companies of (Mexican) soldiers. In 1635, in an effort to check

4896-434: The bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest of partially Islamized Manila, whose rulers were related to the Sultan of Brunei. When the Spaniards came to the Visayas, they noted that the pirates among them were more terrifying than the Mohammedans of Jolo and Mindanao. All year long, after the harvest, they would sail toward faraway places to hunt slaves and make surprise attacks on settlements. Those who did not live along

4998-412: The city also asked its representatives to visit local authorities and to elevate their protests against the revolt. And so did the Filipino parish priests of Jaro, Molo, Mandurriao, and Arévalo. Towns in Iloilo province also condemned the Manila uprising, and those of the neighboring provinces of Cápiz and Antique, as well as the island of Negros, followed suit. This emboldened the Ilonggo elite to initiate

5100-459: The city is geographically situated and grouped under the Philippine Statistics Authority , but remains politically independent in terms of government and administration. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo–Guimaras metropolitan area , as well as the regional center of the Western Visayas region. The city serves as the regional hub for education, culinary arts, religion, healthcare, tourism, culture, industry, governance, and economy. The city

5202-499: The city, forced the Generals to collect money from the towns of Panay in order to appease the Visayan contingents. The same thing happened to the Tagalog component of the troops. The danger of riots in the city and the attitude of native soldiers fomented fear among the inhabitants. Chinese merchants closed their stores leaving only a small hole for transacting business. Many prominent families, who were in constant fear for their safety, went over to Negros Island in small schooners that flew

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5304-460: The city, killed Makatunaw and his family, retrieved the stolen properties of the 10 datus, enslaved the remaining population of Odtojan, and sailed back to Panay. Labaw Donggon and his wife, Ojaytanayon, later settled in a place called Moroboro . The Maragtas also goes on to describe other settlements by " Malay datu " in other areas in the Visayas and Luzon . While once widely accepted and included in school textbooks, Maragtas (as well as

5406-449: The city. A truce was declared between the American and the Spanish forces pending the negotiations of the joint commission of both warring Countries in Paris, France for the terms of peace. Meanwhile, General Aguinaldo sent several small vessels to Panay with Tagalog revolutionaries in order to stir up rebellion in the Visayas. He was anxious to secure all territories he could before the conditions for peace should be settled in Paris. At stake

5508-404: The cruel reign of Sultan Makatunaw. They arrived in the island of Panay and negotiated a sale of the lowlands with King Marikudo of the Ati people . The price is said to be a golden salakot for Marikudo and a long golden necklace for his queen, Maniwan-tiwan. A pact of friendship was then forged between the two peoples, and the Atis performed their native songs and dances, which is then said to be

5610-500: The economic boom of Iloilo in the 19th century was the development of the sugar industry in Iloilo and its neighboring island of Negros. Sugar during the 19th century was of high demand. Nicholas Loney , the British vice-consul in Iloilo, developed the industry by giving loans, constructing warehouses in the port, and introducing new technologies in sugar farming. The rich families of Iloilo developed large areas of Negros , which were later called haciendas, because of sugar's high demand in

5712-422: The exception of a short period at the end of the 18th century). In 1821, the New Spanish Viceroyalty collapsed following the Mexican War of Independence , which resulted in the First Mexican Empire . All control of the Spanish East Indies government was then transferred to Madrid, until the United States annexed most Spanish territories in the Asia-Pacific region after the Spanish–American War of 1898. In 1574

5814-414: The fact that the moniker was associated with the Queen Regent's favor and with the honorary title granted to Iloilo City as La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad (The Most Loyal and Noble City), due to the loyalty of its citizens to the Spanish Crown. Besides, the Ilonggos, who were among the first allies of the Spanish Crown in the archipelago, contributed in the Spanish conquest of Luzon. It was in Arevalo (later,

5916-460: The first UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy in the Philippines. The city is also home to several notable institutions, including the Central Philippine University , the first Baptist and second American and Protestant -founded university in the country and Asia , which is ranked globally by Quacquarelli Symonds and Times Higher Education . It is also known for housing the UNESCO-listed Hinilawod Epic Chant Recordings. Iloilo City

6018-427: The first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, which became the town of San Miguel in present-day Cebu. That same year, another member of the expedition, Andrés de Urdaneta , discovered a maritime route from the Philippines to Mexico, across the Pacific, leading to the important transpacific transport link of the Manila-Acapulco Galleons . In 1571, exploiting a rivalry between the states of Tondo and Maynila,

6120-400: The first colonists of Arevalo as he built his mansion in the area. The Chinese traders supplying the colonists then established themselves in Iloilo's parian Molo . Meanwhile, Jaro was soon filled up with various kinds of mestizos (Mixed raced people), La Paz district was where devotees to the Mexican-made image of Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage , congregated; and Mandurriao hosted

6222-422: The first half of the seventeenth century, there were a number of clashes with the Dutch in and around the Spanish East Indies as the Dutch expanded their interests in South East Asia. The most important of these were a series of naval battles in 1646, when the local Spanish forces defeated a concerted effort of the Dutch to take control of the Philippines. In 1668, Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores established

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6324-431: The first mass was celebrated. It was the first Spanish settlement and the birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines. The locals were introduced to visit another kinsman chieftain along the Butuan River . The King of Butuan received the Spaniards on April 8, 1521. Returning to Limasawa, The Prince of Limasawa also told them about 3 powerful Kedatuan – in Sugbu, Yrong-yrong and Tondo. On March 17, 1521, Magellan named

6426-422: The first mission on Guam, where he and Saint Pedro Calungsod were later martyred. Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In 1762, British troops captured Manila and held it for twenty months as well as making unsuccessful attempts to take control of Bulacan , Pampanga , and parts of Ilocos during the Seven Years' War . With an army made up mostly of local allied forces,

6528-421: The first seat of government, which later transferred to Manila . As a result of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the United States occupied the Philippines and Guam, while Spain sold other smaller islands to Germany in the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 . The few remaining islands were ceded to the United States when the Treaty of Washington was ratified in 1901. With the Portuguese guarding access to

6630-441: The first two years of the revolutionary period. Shortly after the Cry of Balintawak , the Jaro Ayuntamiento (another colonial city adjacent to Iloilo City), composed of native Ilonggos, convened a special session on September 1, 1896, where the Manila uprising was condemned as an unpatriotic act "that finds no echo in the noble hearts of Jareños, who do not forget the immense gratitude they owe Spain who, from nothing, raised us to

6732-447: The former municipal hall as part of a Cultural Heritage Tourism Zone. This led to the restoration of the building. After the rehabilitation efforts of the building was completed, the National Museum of the Philippines declared the site as an "Important Cultural Property" on February 17, 2017. Iloilo City Iloilo City , officially the City of Iloilo ( Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa sang Iloilo ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Iloilo ),

6834-469: The government forces against Katipunan troops led by Emilio Aguinaldo, in the battlegrounds of Cavite province. The Ilonggo volunteers established for themselves a distinguished combat record in Cavite. Once the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed, they returned to Iloilo. In April 1898 their homecoming, just like their departure, was met with much fanfare. This galvanized the Ilonggos into more public outpourings and manifestations of loyalty to Spain. Due to

6936-476: The growing Indian community near the Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple . In the early days of the Spanish period; the first Manila Galleons were originally constructed at the port of Oton to the west of Iloilo. Since there was no precedent in Spain for the immensity of a Manila-Galleon, it could be argued that the proto-type Manila galleons were of Visayan design since the Visayans were already constructing huge multi-masted 4 to 5 decked caracoas in their wars against

7038-439: The heavily armored Spaniards now with formidable reformed-infantry called Tercios composed of alabardero , alférez with a sword and Arcabucero with gunpowder . Miguel López de Legazpi directed Felipe de Salcedo along with Spanish Friar Martín de Rada and other Augustinian missionaries to look for food. They disembarked in Iloilo and established a temporary settlement in Araut somewhere in Dumangas . In 1566, they founded

7140-426: The influence of the new regime established by the government of Aguinaldo did not have effective extent far beyond a day's march from the Capital. At the threshold of the City and Province of Iloilo, the Americans were waiting for a signal from Manila. Two more ships supplemented the U.S. forces, even though no clashes with the revolutionaries took place after the Spaniards abandoned the city. Miller expressed demands for

7242-439: The island of Mindanao and Nueva Castilla (New Castile) for Luzon. Because Spanish interest in the region was primarily focused on its use as a base for trade with East Asia, direct Spanish control over the area expanded slowly. The Batanes Islands were conquered in the 18th century by José Basco . The highlands of Luzon remained outside Spanish control until the early 19th century, and the southernmost tip of Palawan , not until

7344-433: The judges of said Audiencia, so that they give their consultive opinions, and having heard them, he should provide the most convenient to the service of God and ours and the peace and tranquility of said Province and Republic". The Spanish East Indies came to be defined as: The timeline of the territories ruled by Spain included: The Spanish used several names that are not currently used. Gran Moluca (Great Molluccas) for

7446-482: The last capital of the Spanish Empire in Asia and the Pacific. Military Provincial Governor Ricardo Monet, who was representing Governor General de los Rios, together with Lt. Col. Agustín Solís, formally handed over Plaza Alfonso XII to Delgado, who represented Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the newly established Philippine Republic, in Iloilo. Delgado was named provincial governor afterwards. The newly found freedom of

7548-615: The late 1890s. The rest of Mindanao ( Caesarea Karoli )—aside from outposts in Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga , Cotabato , and the islands of Basilan and Jolo , the rest was nominally under Spanish control, recognizing Spanish rule, but left to administer their own affairs, as in the cases of the Sulu , and the Maguindanao sultanates, as well as a number of other Lumad tribes not affiliated with either. Similarly, Palau and

7650-416: The late 18th century, the development of large-scale weaving industry started the movement of Iloilo's surge in trade and economy in the Visayas. Sometimes referred to as the "Textile Capital of the Philippines", the products were exported to Manila and other foreign places. Sinamay, piña, and jusi are examples of the products produced by the looms of Iloilo. Because of the rise of the textile industry, there

7752-669: The later being a city-state established by Bruneian Islamic colonists, meant to supplant Tondo, the Spaniards captured Maynila and renamed it Manila , a former satellite-state of the Brunei Sultanate and then Manila was made the seat of the Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines . The Hindu Rajahnate of Butuan and the Kedatuans of Dapitan and Madja-as willingly joined the Spaniards to ally against their common Muslim rivals (Spain recently expelled

7854-584: The leadership of General Martín Delgado, practically the whole island of Panay, except for Iloilo (the City Proper), Jaro, La Paz, and Molo, was under the revolutionary dominion. By December, de los Rios held only the city and port of Iloilo. On December 25, 1898 (fifteen days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10), the Spanish government surrendered to the Ilonggo revolutionaries at Plaza Alfonso XII ( Plaza Libertad today), making Iloilo

7956-555: The loyalty of the Ilonggos, the city of Iloilo was honored with the perpetual title of Muy Noble (Most Noble). The Royal Decree granting this title was signed on March 1, 1898, by Queen Regent Maria Cristina. Over time, this title earned for Iloilo City the reputation of it being the Queen's Favored City in the South or simply Queen's City in the South , being the second Spanish port of importance next to Manila, and being located south of

8058-458: The newly discovered Island as " Las islas de San Lázaro". By April 7, Magellan arrived in Sugbu. Datu Zula of Mactan sent Magellan 2 goats. " On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, the second chief of the island of Mactan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because of

8160-419: The organization of volunteers to be sent to quell what was seen as a mostly-Tagalog rebellion. The move was backed by the Spanish and foreign communities of Iloilo. A battalion of five hundred native volunteers was raised, which was divided into two companies, and placed under the cadre of mostly Spanish officers. They arrived in Manila on January 16, 1897. They were one of the largest native contingent to serve

8262-662: The origin of the Ati-Atihan Festival . According to Augustinian Friar Rev. Fr. Santaren recording in the Spanish era of this Pre-Spanish legendary history, that Datu Macatunao or Rajah Makatunao who was the "sultan of the Moros," and a relative of Datu Puti who seized the properties and riches of the ten datus was eventually killed by the warriors named Labaodungon and Paybare, after learning of this injustice from their father-in-law Paiburong (Datu of Iloilo), sailed to Odtojan in Borneo where Makatunaw ruled. The warriors sacked

8364-457: The other chief Lapu-Lapu, who refused to obey the king of Spain. " Humabon tricked Magellan to kill Lapu Lapu , the Datu or chieftain of nearby Mactan Island . The men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did not engage in battle with Lapu-Lapu. Magellan was hit by a poisoned arrow he turned toward his men who were returning to the ships and fell down. The next day, Rajah Humabon of Sugbu offered

8466-532: The other kingdoms and thus, the technical know-how to construct the first Manila galleons was an amelioration of Visayan shipbuilding with Spanish shipbuilding. Oton built the first Manila galleons before operations were eventually transferred to the Bicol and Cavite shipyards. In the year 1600, a large Muslim attack on Iloilo City was launched, with a force of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors, raiding and attacking several Visayan islands in order to abduct slaves. However,

8568-534: The overseas possessions. An intendencia was established in Manila in 1784 to handle the government finances and to promote the economy. (The plan to introduce more intendencias throughout the Philippines did not materialize.) In a similar vein, to promote innovation and education among the residents of the islands, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of

8670-454: The population in these countries were forced to use Spanish names and surnames, many of which are still in use. Also, because of the introduction of new tools, products, crops and technology by Spaniards in the three centuries of colonial rule, many Spanish loanwords entered the native languages of these countries. Art forms such as music, architecture and fashion also have much Spanish influence. The national cuisines of these countries also have

8772-496: The provisional government in Panay, became the federal state's president and Iloilo City was designated as the Visayas capital. After the Spanish forces left the city, the revolutionary forces made a formal entry amidst music and banners. A government was constituted. On January 17, 1899, an election placed Raymundo Melliza, of a notable family from Molo that was respected by both the natives and foreigners, to office as Mayor. However,

8874-682: The raids which were now the only threat to their hold on the islands. Irong-Irong or Ilong-Ilong was shortened to Iloilo. Later, the natural port area quickly became the capital of the province. Spanish colonial local government in Iloilo allowed Chinese migrants which worked among the city's industries (the Locsin, Lopez, Jalandoni, Lim and Sy families) and Latin Americans from across the Pacific ( Viceroyalty of New Spain ) to man its military fortifications (the Araneta, De Rama and Arroyo families). In

8976-614: The rest of Europe, while Spanish-Mexican navigators brought with them Hispanic and indigenous Mexican customs, religion, languages, foods, and cultural traditions to the Philippines, Guam, and the Mariana Islands. In 1606, the Spanish established trade links with the Maluku Islands , which continued until 1663. Contacts with Japan were also established and Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent as ambassador in 1611, until Japan closed its trading post in 1630. In northeastern Taiwan,

9078-488: The rivers, would make their raids in the months of February, March, April, October and November, going deeper into the interior parts of the islands, sacking the villages. These raiding expeditions are called panggubat (noun) or manggubat (gerund verb form). However, upon Christianization and Hispanization, the fiercest slave-raiders among the Philippine islands, the people Panay and the other Christianized peoples of

9180-404: The sacred and inextinguishable love that it professes to the glorious Spanish nationality that it legitimately feels proud of. The Ilongos are Spaniards, Your Excellency, and Spaniards will they be until death, because they do not want to live and die in another way than under the shadow of the august Castillan standard, to which they owe being dignified and free men now." The foreign community in

9282-495: The superior government of the entire district of said Audiencia in war and peace, and shall make provisions and favors in our Royal Name, which in conformity to the laws of this Compilation and the rest of the Kingdoms of Castile and the instructions and powers that We shall grant, he should and can do; and in gubernatorial matters and cases that shall arise, that are of importance, said president-governor should consult on them with

9384-569: The surrender of Iloilo but no gun was fired. The Americans were waiting for the right moment, for it was not until February 6, 1899, that the American Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, hostilities broke out between Aguinaldo's forces and the Americans in Luzon. Emissaries brought Aguinaldo's message to the Ilonggos to hold the City against the enemies. The demand for surrender

9486-652: The townspeople's goods. In due course, indemnity claims were forwarded to the American military authorities, but were all rejected. Ten years later, an article published in the local paper Nuevo Heraldo summarized the downfall of the Queen City in these words: Spanish East Indies The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through

9588-582: The vast majority of the Caroline Islands were not governed by Spanish missions until the early 19th century. Spain's influence on its former territories in Asia-Pacific is significant to this day. The majority of the people of the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands belong to the Catholic faith which was introduced by Spanish missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. A large part of

9690-489: The world market. Because of the increase in commercial activity, infrastructures, recreational facilities, educational institutions, banks, foreign consulates, commercial firms and much more sprouted in Iloilo. On October 5, 1889, a royal decree raised Iloilo's status from a town to a city, this on account of growing development in commerce and industry making her second to Manila in importance. Iloilo thus succeeded Manila, Cebu and Vigan as officially declared cities. Through

9792-463: Was also a rise of the upper middle class. However, with the introduction of cheap textile from the UK and the emergence of the sugar economy, the industry waned in the mid-19th century. The waning textile industry was replaced, however, by the opening of Iloilo's port to the world market in 1855. Because of this, Iloilo's industry and agriculture was put on direct access to foreign markets. But what triggered

9894-636: Was bestowed with the honorific title "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (The Most Loyal and Noble City) by Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain and served as the last capital of the Spanish Empire in Asia and the Pacific , as well as the capital of the short-lived Federal State of the Visayas . In modern times, Iloilo City remains prominent in the country, with its Spanish influence still highly evident in its architecture, culture, cuisine, and historical landmarks. Renowned for dishes like La Paz Batchoy , Kansi , Kadyos, Baboy, kag Langka (KBL) , Laswa , and Pancit Molo , Iloilo City has been recognized as

9996-648: Was composed of the Cantonal governments of Bohol and Negros, as well as the Provisional Government in the Visayas, which exercised powers over Panay and Romblon. The government of the federal state was patterned after the United States federalism and the Swiss confederacy . The government was reportedly created following consultations with Emilio Aguinaldo . Roque Lopez, who was the president of

10098-665: Was joined in this by Yusuf, sultan of Jailolo on nearby Halmahera . In the event, though, Portuguese under Antonio de Brito forced Al-Mansur to surrender the Spaniards who had stayed in his realm and abjure any connection to Spain on 14 May 1522, the Victoria limped back to Spain to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe on September 6, the Trinidad surrendered herself to De Brito to avoid starvation in November, and Charles   I signed away any of his interests in

10200-513: Was renewed by Miller, on February 7, upon receipt of orders from Manila, with the threat to bombard Iloilo by the 12th day of the month if no surrender would take place. As the Americans were preparing to attack the city, the 1,650 native troops under General Martin Delgado became uncontrollable and insolent to their officers. They were promised a monthly remuneration of Php4 and food, but only received Php1. Threats of mutiny, sacking and burning of

10302-401: Was the hope that actual possession of territories would influence the final decision. By October 1898, fresh Tagalog expeditions were sent to Panay and coerced or persuaded its people to rise in greater force than ever, until finally, General de los Rios had to fall back to Iloilo. By the middle of November, after having secured the support of the inhabitants of the towns outside Iloilo through

10404-505: Was visible as they drew closed which the crew called " Las Velas " or the Sails. They disembark in unpopulated Homonhon Island for a week from a long journey for food and water and call the place "Buenas Senas" or good sign. They navigated through the Strait of Siargapo and at landed Limasawa Island and were received peacefully by locals. Delighted, the Spaniards planted a cross on a hill and

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